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3b:T888,- **AO1:** Outlines internal mental processes (e.g., memory, attention) and explains how cognitive psychologists study them indirectly by making inferences from observable behaviour B1 - **AO1:** Defines schemas as cognitive frameworks or packages of information developed through experience that act as mental blueprints to help process information quickly B1 - **AO1:** Explains theoretical models (e.g., the information-processing approach) where cognitive system flow is compared to sequential stages like input, storage, and retrieval B1 - **AO1:** Explains computer models (the computer analogy) comparing human mental processing to a computer's CPU, encoding, and storage capabilities B1 - **AO1:** Outlines the emergence of cognitive neuroscience as the scientific study of biological structures (using fMRI, PET scans) that underpin cognitive processes B1 - **AO1:** Demonstrates accurate and detailed knowledge of the cognitive approach throughout the description B1 - **AO3:** Evaluates the strength of scientific and objective methods (e.g., highly controlled laboratory experiments) that enable reliable inferences and establish a credible scientific basis B1 - **AO3:** Evaluates the strength of real-world applications, specifically the development of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to treat depression by restructuring faulty schemas B1 - **AO3:** Critiques the approach for machine reductionism, pointing out that comparing human minds to computers ignores the influence of human emotion and motivation on cognitive processing B1 - **AO3:** Critiques the approach for a lack of ecological validity due to its heavy reliance on artificial, highly controlled laboratory tasks B1 - **AO3:** Employs appropriate empirical evidence (e.g., Loftus and Palmer's work on schemas/reconstructive memory, or Beck's research on depression) to support key evaluative points B1 - **AO3:** Presents a well-structured, coherent, and balanced evaluation that uses precise psychological terminology B13c:T556,- States that the cognitive approach focuses on internal mental processes (such as perception, attention, memory) which are studied indirectly by making inferences from observable behaviour B1 - Explains the role of schemas as mental frameworks of information and expectations developed from experience that help us interpret and organize incoming information B1 - Describes how theoretical and computer models (e.g., the computer analogy of inputs, processing, and outputs) are used to explain mental processes B1 - Explains the emergence of cognitive neuroscience, which studies the influence of brain structures on mental processes using neuroimaging (e.g., fMRI, PET) B1 - Evaluates the strength of using highly controlled and rigorous laboratory experiments, giving the approach high scientific credibility B1 - Evaluates the strength of practical applications, such as the development of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and the cognitive interview B1 - Evaluates the limitation of machine reductionism, which ignores the influence of human emotion and motivation on the cognitive system B1 - Evaluates the limitation of low ecological validity due to artificial experimental tasks (e.g., word lists in labs) that lack mundane realism B13d:T6c9,- **AO1:** Outlines the concept of internal mental processes (e.g., memory, perception) and how they are studied indirectly by making inferences based on observed behavior. B1 - **AO1:** Outlines the role of schemas as mental frameworks of information and expectations developed from experience that help us organize and interpret information. B1 - **AO1:** Explains the use of theoretical and computer models to represent mental processing (the computer analogy), or the emergence of cognitive neuroscience which links cognitive functions to brain structures. B1 - **AO2:** Applies schema theory to Jamil: his initial struggle occurs because his existing mental framework (schema) developed from the old software conflicts with the new software's layout. M1 - **AO2:** Applies theoretical models and cognitive neuroscience to Jamil: his flowchart acts as a theoretical/information-processing model to guide his learning, and his brain's physical adaptation to the new software represents cognitive neuroscience. M1 - **AO3:** Discusses a strength of the approach, such as its highly controlled, scientific methodology (e.g., lab experiments) which allows for reliable replication and objective measurement. A1 - **AO3:** Discusses a limitation of the approach, such as machine reductionism, which oversimplifies human cognition by ignoring the influence of emotion and motivation on how we process information. A1 - **AO3:** Discusses the high practical application of the approach, such as its contribution to the development of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) or successful educational and training designs. 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The cognitive approach investigates **internal mental processes**: thoughts and processes such as perception, attention and memory. Because these cannot be observed directly, psychologists **infer** them from observable behaviour. This clear definition earns one description mark.","highlights":[{"text":"Describe and evaluate the cognitive approach in psychology.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Explain schemas","content":"Then explain **schemas**. These are mental frameworks of information and expectations, built from experience. They help us organise and interpret new incoming information, although they can also lead us to interpret information in a biased way. Explaining their role earns another description mark."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Use cognitive models","content":"Describe how the approach uses theoretical and computer models to explain thinking. The computer analogy suggests that information is **input**, then processed, then produces an **output** such as a response or behaviour. A model is a simplified representation used to explain a process, so do not claim that people literally are computers. This earns a further description mark."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Add neuroscience","content":"Include the development of **cognitive neuroscience**. This investigates how brain structures influence mental processes, using brain-scanning methods such as fMRI or PET scans. This is a distinct descriptive point, so name both the brain link and a neuroimaging method for the mark."},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"Evaluate scientific control","content":"Now evaluate it. A strength is that cognitive psychologists often use highly controlled laboratory experiments. This makes procedures rigorous and findings more likely to be objective and replicable, giving the approach greater scientific credibility. Make the link from control to credibility explicit to earn the evaluation mark."},{"type":"text","order":5,"title":"Apply the approach","content":"A second strength is its practical value. Cognitive ideas have contributed to **Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)**, which helps people identify and change unhelpful thought patterns, and to the cognitive interview for improving eyewitness recall. These successful applications suggest that cognitive explanations are useful, earning another evaluation mark."},{"type":"text","order":6,"title":"Challenge the computer analogy","content":"A limitation is **machine reductionism**: reducing complex human thinking to information processing like that of a machine. This overlooks the effects of emotion and motivation on cognition. For example, anxiety may affect how someone attends to or remembers an event, so the explanation may be incomplete. 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Cognitive approach

Question 2

Cognitive approach Questions

Cognitive approach

Question 2

Cognitive approach Questions