"LA","specification":"","difficulty":3,"difficultyBand":"medium","totalMarks":4,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"d118d31c-9ecb-47d0-bdc8-34d8e7b5602c","label":null,"content":"Briefly discuss one limitation of using Lorenz's research on imprinting to explain attachment in human infants.","markscheme":"- Identifies a relevant limitation, such as the difficulty of extrapolating findings from precocial birds to humans B1\n- Explains that geese are precocial (mobile from birth) and imprint immediately for survival B1\n- Contrasts this with human infants who are altricial (born helpless) and form complex, reciprocal emotional attachments gradually B1\n- Explains clearly how these biological and behavioral differences limit our ability to apply Lorenz's findings to human attachment C1","marks":4,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"species_difference","label":"Compare birds with humans","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"State the limitation","content":"A limitation is that it is difficult to **extrapolate** (apply findings from one species to another) from Lorenz's geese to human infants. \n\n**Examiner note — B1:** This identifies the relevant limitation: difficulty extrapolating findings from precocial birds to humans.","highlights":[{"text":"Lorenz's research on imprinting to explain attachment in human infants","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Explain the geese","content":"Geese are **precocial**, meaning they are mobile from birth. They imprint immediately after hatching because following a caregiver helps them survive. \n\n**Examiner note — B1:** This explains that geese are precocial and imprint immediately for survival."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Contrast human infants","content":"Human infants are **altricial**, meaning they are born relatively helpless. Rather than imprinting straight away, they develop complex, reciprocal emotional attachments gradually with caregivers. \n\n**Examiner note — B1:** This contrasts altricial human infants with geese by explaining gradual, reciprocal emotional attachment."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Link to the limitation","content":"Therefore, the biology and behaviour involved in goose imprinting are different from human attachment. Lorenz's findings may not explain how human infants form attachments, so applying them to humans is limited. \n\n**Examiner note — C1:** This explicitly links the biological and behavioural differences to the limited applicability of Lorenz's findings to human attachment."}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-07-21T04:43:47.012Z","modelVersion":"gpt-5.6-terra","explanationVersion":"v3"},"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null},{"id":"b5bf7fda-7e05-4d5a-a874-0b51d13d4fad","revisionId":"6368b352-b75a-49ed-a5b6-deb46a67089d","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"","difficulty":3,"difficultyBand":"medium","totalMarks":4,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"1b49d207-4b32-4ec4-8d1e-679580d9cea6","label":null,"content":"Outline what **one** animal study of attachment demonstrated about the development of attachments, and explain **one** limitation of this research.","markscheme":"- Outlines findings of one recognized animal study of attachment (Harlow or Lorenz) clearly and accurately B1\n- Provides appropriate detail or elaboration of these findings showing what was demonstrated (e.g., contact comfort being a stronger determinant of attachment than food for Harlow's monkeys, or rapid imprinting during a critical period for survival for Lorenz's geese) B1\n- Identifies a relevant limitation of the chosen study (e.g., severe ethical distress caused to animals, extrapolation difficulties from animals to humans, or subsequent research questioning the permanence of imprinting) B1\n- Explains how this li

Animal studies of attachment

Question 13

Animal studies of attachment Questions

Animal studies of attachment

Question 13

Animal studies of attachment Questions