s why this is a limitation, noting that drawing direct parallels from simple animal models to complex, socio-emotional human relationships is reductionist and lacks external validity B1","marks":4,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"developed_limitation","label":"Developing one limitation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Choose a clear limitation","content":"A strong limitation is that animal attachment findings may be difficult to **generalise** to humans. Generalising means applying findings from one group or situation to another.\n\nFor the first mark, identify that different species have important biological and cognitive differences, so attachment may not develop in the same way.","highlights":[{"text":"Apart from ethical concerns, explain one limitation of extrapolating the findings of animal studies of attachment to human infants.","location":"specification"}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Use Lorenz specifically","content":"Now support the point with a named animal study. Lorenz found that precocial geese imprint very quickly after hatching, during a critical period of only a few hours.\n\nThis specific use of Lorenz earns the second mark: it shows that you know what feature of the animal study creates the problem for extrapolation."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Make the human contrast","content":"Contrast this directly with humans. Human infants are **altricial**, meaning they are born relatively helpless and depend on adult care. Their attachments develop much more slowly, across a sensitive period of several months, through reciprocal and changing interactions with caregivers.\n\nThat precise contrast earns the third mark. Do not merely say that humans are “more complex”; explain *how* their attachment development differs."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Explain the consequence","content":"Finish by linking the difference back to the limitation: using a simple imprinting model from geese to explain complex human socio-emotional relationships is reductionist and has low **external validity**. External validity is the extent to which findings apply beyond the original study.\n\nThis explanation earns the final mark because it says why direct extrapolation from the animal findings is unreliable."}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-07-21T02:57:25.417Z","modelVersion":"gpt-5.6-terra","explanationVersion":"v3"},"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":null,"firstAttemptFullMarks":null,"walkthroughVideo":null},{"id":"5fd20bcc-7401-469a-9915-379b376db3f0","revisionId":"09ee2a9e-eb4a-48f0-ae86-6a09b6fd73cd","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"","difficulty":3,"difficultyBand":"medium","totalMarks":5,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":false,"parts":[{"id":"748307c0-d45f-4648-9d13-213c42edf9d6","label":null,"content":"Describe the procedure Lorenz used to study imprinting in geese.","markscheme":"- Mentions that Lorenz randomly divided a clutch of greylag goose eggs into two groups B1\n- Explains that the control group was left to hatch naturally with their biological mother in their natural environment B1\n- Explains that the experimental group was placed in an incubator, so the first moving object they saw upon hatching was Lorenz B1\n- Describes how Lorenz marked the goslings to distinguish which group they belonged to and placed them all together under a box/mixed them up B1\n- States that he observed whether the goslings went to himself or to the natural mother when released, to test who they followed B1","marks":5,"order":0,"markingRubric":null,"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"lorenz_procedure","label":"Recall the procedure","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Split the eggs","content":"Start with the allocation of the eggs. Lorenz **randomly divided one clutch** (a group of eggs laid together) of greylag goose eggs into two groups. This earns the first B1 mark.","highlights":[{"text":"Describe t

Animal studies of attachment

Question 7

Animal studies of attachment Questions

Animal studies of attachment

Question 7

Animal studies of attachment Questions