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formation and its later effects within a relatively short period."},{"text":"Animals mature more slowly than humans.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the developmental difference between animals and humans. Animals generally mature faster, so researchers can study attachment development and longer-term outcomes more quickly."},{"text":"Animals live longer than humans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lifespan is not what makes these studies quicker, and most laboratory animals do not outlive humans. Their faster maturation compresses developmental changes into a shorter period."},{"text":"Animals develop at the same rate as humans.","correct":false,"explanation":"If animals and humans developed at the same rate, animal studies would offer no time advantage. Animals mature faster, allowing development to be observed sooner."}]},{"id":"ecfa70f2-f7af-4517-acc0-344a9abc2a08","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A key issue in animal studies is whether findings can be [ ] to humans.","back":"A key issue in animal studies is whether findings can be extrapolated to humans.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"extrapolated","correct":true,"explanation":"Extrapolation involves applying conclusions from one population or species to another. Researchers must consider whether animal attachment findings accurately represent human attachment."},{"text":"operationalised","correct":false,"explanation":"Operationalisation means defining a variable in a measurable way, not transferring findings between species. The issue is whether animal findings can be extrapolated to humans."},{"text":"standardised","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardisation keeps procedures consistent across participants or conditions; it does not describe applying animal conclusions to people. Such cross-species application is called extrapolation."},{"text":"randomised","correct":false,"explanation":"Randomisation concerns assigning subjects or ordering procedures to reduce bias, not transferring conclusions between species. Findings from animals may instead be extrapolated to humans."}]},{"id":"98e56e8f-758f-4708-ab86-bb1e8aac95d6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which bird species did Lorenz study?","back":"Geese.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Geese.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lorenz studied imprinting in greylag geese, observing whether newly hatched goslings followed their biological mother or the first moving object they encountered."},{"text":"Ducks.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ducks are often associated with imprinting, which makes this a tempting confusion. Lorenz’s well-known attachment study used greylag geese and their goslings."},{"text":"Chickens.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chicks can display imprinting, but they were not the species in Lorenz’s classic study. He investigated imprinting among greylag geese."},{"text":"Swans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Swans are related waterfowl and therefore a plausible mix-up, but Lorenz conducted his classic imprinting research using greylag geese."}]},{"id":"0555fe9e-c210-4883-a687-8df0ee84502b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Lorenz's study, eggs left with the mother were the [ ], while incubator-hatched eggs were the [ ].","back":"In Lorenz's study, eggs left with the mother were the control group, while incubator-hatched eggs were the experimental group.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In Lorenz's study, eggs left with the mother were the control group, while incubator-hatched eggs were the experimental group.","correct":true,"explanation":"The naturally hatched eggs provided the normal comparison condition, making them the control group. Artificial incubation was the manipulated condition, so those eggs formed the experimental group."},{"text":"In Lorenz's study, eggs left with the mother were the experimental group, while incubator-hatched eggs were the control group.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the group labels. Eggs left with the mother experienced normal hatching and formed the control group, while artificial incubation defined the experimental group."},{"text":"In Lorenz's study, eggs left with the mother were the control group, while incubator-hatched eggs were the control group.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only the naturally hatched eggs were the control group. The incubator condition altered the goslings’ first moving stimulus, making those eggs the experimental group."},{"text":"In Lorenz's study, eggs left with the mother were the experimental group, while incubator-hatched eggs were the experimental group.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study required a normal comparison group as well as a manipulated group. Mother-hatched eggs were the control group, and incubator-hatched eggs were the experimental group."}]},{"id":"29affcac-4ed6-4edf-b159-a694f8eb729d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Lorenz's experimental group, what was the first moving object goslings saw?","back":"They saw Lorenz.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They saw Lorenz.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lorenz ensured that the incubator-hatched goslings first encountered him as a moving object, causing them to imprint on and follow him."},{"text":"They saw their mother goose.","correct":false,"explanation":"The incubator-hatched goslings were separated from their biological mother at hatching. Their first moving object was Lorenz, so they imprinted on him instead."},{"text":"They saw another young gosling.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the goslings hatched in an incubator, Lorenz arranged for himself to be their first moving stimulus. They therefore imprinted on Lorenz, not another gosling."},{"text":"They saw a mechanical bird.","correct":false,"explanation":"Artificial moving models feature in some animal research, but Lorenz personally acted as the first moving stimulus. The incubator-hatched goslings therefore followed him."}]},{"id":"3179a575-1ba8-4186-a04d-a138d12235d2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When Lorenz lifted the box, who did naturally hatched goslings go to?","back":"Their mother goose.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their mother goose.","correct":true,"explanation":"Naturally hatched goslings first saw and imprinted on their biological mother. When released from the box, they correctly followed the mother goose."},{"text":"Their human keeper.","correct":false,"explanation":"Following a human was characteristic of the incubator-hatched group, which imprinted on Lorenz. Naturally hatched goslings had imprinted on their mother goose and approached her."},{"text":"Their nearest gosling.","correct":false,"explanation":"The test examined which attachment figure each group followed, not whether goslings stayed near their peers. Naturally hatched goslings went to their mother goose."},{"text":"Their incubator group.","correct":false,"explanation":"The naturally hatched goslings did not choose a group of incubator-reared peers. Having imprinted naturally, they approached and followed their mother goose."}]},{"id":"1ea57510-9b19-4840-aa0f-13b89b762d5d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When Lorenz lifted the box, who did incubator-hatched goslings go to?","back":"Lorenz.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Lorenz.","correct":true,"explanation":"The incubator-hatched goslings had seen Lorenz during the critical period and imprinted on him. Consequently, they approached Lorenz when the box was lifted."},{"text":"The mother goose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Approaching the mother goose was the response of the naturally hatched group. The incubator-hatched goslings had imprinted on Lorenz and therefore went to him."},{"text":"The other goslings.","correct":false,"explanation":"The goslings did not simply follow members of their own species. Imprinting directed the incubator-hatched group towards Lorenz, their first moving stimulus."},{"text":"The nearest adult goose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imprinting was based on the first moving object encountered, rather than recognition of any adult goose. The incubator-hatched goslings therefore approached Lorenz."}]},{"id":"695c11c6-c712-4db9-8b53-09473c4fd34c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For geese, Lorenz's critical period was [ ].","back":"For geese, Lorenz's critical period was a few hours after hatching.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"a few hours after hatching","correct":true,"explanation":"Lorenz found that imprinting had to occur within a brief critical period shortly after hatching. For geese, this window lasted only a few hours."},{"text":"several days after hatching","correct":false,"explanation":"This makes the imprinting window too long. Lorenz concluded that geese must encounter an attachment figure during a critical period lasting only a few hours after hatching."},{"text":"the first few weeks after hatching","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses rapid avian imprinting with the much longer development of human attachment. For geese, Lorenz identified a critical period of only a few hours."},{"text":"any time before reaching adulthood","correct":false,"explanation":"Imprinting cannot occur equally throughout development; it is restricted to a short critical period. Lorenz found that this occurs within a few hours after hatching."}]},{"id":"0079e8f1-f75a-4198-ab67-e39095093d89","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happened if goslings missed the critical period for imprinting?","back":"They did not attach to a mother figure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They did not attach to a mother figure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lorenz proposed a brief critical period shortly after hatching. Goslings that encountered no suitable moving object during this period subsequently failed to form an imprinting attachment."},{"text":"They attached more strongly to a mother figure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Missing the critical period did not strengthen later attachment. Lorenz found that goslings which missed this early opportunity did not attach to a mother figure."},{"text":"They attached later to a mother figure.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes imprinting can simply be delayed until a suitable figure appears. Lorenz argued that goslings missing the critical period did not later attach to a mother figure."},{"text":"They attached equally to every mother figure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imprinting does not become indiscriminate after the critical period. Lorenz found that goslings which missed the period did not attach to a mother figure at all."}]},{"id":"02435714-3042-4d25-b3a6-6edaf76152cc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If birds imprinted on humans, what later behaviour did Lorenz observe?","back":"They directed courtship behaviour toward humans.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They directed courtship behaviour toward humans.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lorenz observed that imprinting affected later sexual preferences. Birds imprinted on humans subsequently treated humans as potential mates and directed courtship behaviour towards them."},{"text":"They directed feeding behaviour toward humans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Humans initially provided care, but Lorenz's notable later finding concerned mate choice rather than feeding. Human-imprinted birds directed courtship behaviour towards humans when sexually mature."},{"text":"They directed aggressive behaviour toward humans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing abnormal sexual preference with hostility misrepresents Lorenz's observation. Birds imprinted on humans later directed courtship behaviour, rather than specifically aggressive behaviour, towards humans."},{"text":"They directed avoidance behaviour toward humans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imprinting produced attraction and identification, not avoidance. Lorenz observed that birds imprinted on humans later directed courtship behaviour towards humans."}]},{"id":"9aa6aa2d-b2af-45d3-89b6-508b9e9a6e47","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which mammalian ability weakens direct generalisation from Lorenz to humans?","back":"Mammals can form attachments at any time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mammals can form attachments at any time.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mammalian attachment is more flexible than avian imprinting and is not confined to Lorenz's brief critical period. This difference limits direct generalisation from goslings to humans."},{"text":"Mammals can form attachments only after weaning.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mammalian attachment is not restricted to the period after weaning. Unlike Lorenz's birds, mammals can form attachments at any time, limiting direct generalisation to humans."},{"text":"Mammals can form attachments to moving objects.","correct":false,"explanation":"Following moving objects describes imprinting in birds and does not identify the key difference. Mammals can form attachments at any time rather than within Lorenz's narrow critical period."},{"text":"Mammals can form attachments only to feeders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Harlow's research showed that mammals do not attach only to individuals providing food. Mammals can form attachments at any time, making Lorenz's fixed critical-period account less applicable."}]},{"id":"a8d046f1-7968-46b4-8a8c-5a2264dcda05","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Guiton et al. found chickens imprinted on [ ] could later learn to prefer [ ].","back":"Guiton et al. found chickens imprinted on yellow washing-up gloves could later learn to prefer other chickens.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Guiton et al. found chickens imprinted on yellow washing-up gloves could later learn to prefer other chickens.","correct":true,"explanation":"The chickens initially displayed sexual imprinting on yellow washing-up gloves, but experience with their own species enabled them to develop a preference for other chickens."},{"text":"Guiton et al. found chickens imprinted on white laboratory coats could later learn to prefer other chickens.","correct":false,"explanation":"The study used yellow washing-up gloves, not white laboratory coats, as the unusual imprinting object. The chickens could later learn to prefer other chickens."},{"text":"Guiton et al. found chickens imprinted on yellow washing-up gloves could later learn to prefer human handlers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The later preference shifted towards members of the chickens' own species, not human handlers. This showed that the effects of imprinting could be modified through later experience."},{"text":"Guiton et al. found chickens imprinted on wooden feeding boxes could later learn to prefer yellow washing-up gloves.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses and replaces the study's key stimuli. Chickens were initially imprinted on yellow washing-up gloves but could later learn to prefer other chickens."}]},{"id":"073cfe34-4a0f-428f-aa6d-b92285187ed3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Lorenz claim did Guiton et al.'s findings challenge?","back":"Imprinting is permanent and irreversible.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Imprinting is permanent and irreversible.","correct":true,"explanation":"The chickens' later preference for their own species showed that an early imprint could be modified. This challenged Lorenz's claim that imprinting remains permanent and cannot be reversed."},{"text":"Imprinting is limited to mammals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imprinting was demonstrated primarily through bird research, so it is not limited to mammals. Guiton et al. challenged the claim that imprinting is permanent and irreversible."},{"text":"Imprinting is caused by feeding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feeding-based attachment is associated with Learning Theory, not the claim tested by Guiton et al. Their findings challenged the idea that imprinting is permanent and irreversible."},{"text":"Imprinting is restricted to mothers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lorenz already showed that birds could imprint on humans or objects, not only mothers. Guiton et al. specifically challenged the claim that imprinting is permanent and irreversible."}]},{"id":"c89cdddd-1f0f-4d59-972b-895c4eb4c209","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Harlow reared [ ] baby [ ] with surrogate mothers.","back":"Harlow reared 16 baby rhesus monkeys with surrogate mothers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Harlow reared 16 baby rhesus monkeys with surrogate mothers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Harlow used 16 infant rhesus monkeys, separating them from their biological mothers and providing wire and cloth-covered surrogates to investigate feeding and contact comfort."},{"text":"Harlow reared 16 baby chimpanzees with surrogate mothers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing Harlow's subjects with another primate changes the study's sample. He reared 16 baby rhesus monkeys with wire and cloth-covered surrogate mothers."},{"text":"Harlow reared 8 baby rhesus monkeys with surrogate mothers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The species is correct, but the sample size has been halved. Harlow reared 16 baby rhesus monkeys with surrogate mothers."},{"text":"Harlow reared 8 baby chimpanzees with surrogate mothers.","correct":false,"explanation":"This changes both the sample size and the species. Harlow's study involved 16 baby rhesus monkeys reared with surrogate mothers."}]},{"id":"bbf2f6da-53cb-4ffd-b95b-e7e00ca3be5f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What Learning Theory claim did Harlow challenge?","back":"Infants attach to whoever feeds them.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Infants attach to whoever feeds them.","correct":true,"explanation":"Learning Theory treats food as the primary reinforcer and the feeder as a secondary reinforcer. Harlow challenged this by showing that contact comfort was more important than feeding."},{"text":"Infants attach to whoever protects them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protection may contribute to caregiving, but it was not the Learning Theory prediction Harlow tested. The theory claimed infants attach to whoever feeds them."},{"text":"Infants attach to whoever resembles them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical resemblance is not the reinforcement mechanism proposed by Learning Theory. Its claim was that infants attach to whoever feeds them because that person becomes associated with food."},{"text":"Infants attach to whoever approaches them.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mere proximity was not the Learning Theory explanation of attachment. The theory argued that infants attach to whoever feeds them through association with the rewarding effects of food."}]},{"id":"2b3e10aa-e9bd-456b-859b-8696ac4fbe23","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What were Harlow's two surrogate mother types?","back":"

Plain wire mother
Cloth-covered mother

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Plain wire mother
Cloth-covered mother

","correct":true,"explanation":"Harlow compared a bare wire surrogate with a soft cloth-covered surrogate. The monkeys preferred the cloth mother, demonstrating the importance of contact comfort."},{"text":"

Plain wooden mother
Wire-covered mother

","correct":false,"explanation":"Harlow did not compare wooden and wire-covered models. His two surrogates were a plain wire mother and a soft cloth-covered mother."},{"text":"

Cloth-covered mother
Fur-covered mother

","correct":false,"explanation":"This removes the crucial contrast between an uncomfortable wire surrogate and a comforting soft surrogate. Harlow used a plain wire mother and a cloth-covered mother."},{"text":"

Plain wire mother
Food-covered mother

","correct":false,"explanation":"Food was dispensed by one surrogate in different conditions, but the second mother was not food-covered. The models were a plain wire mother and a cloth-covered mother."}]},{"id":"25e39070-60e8-4b64-97bb-7be418a777ee","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which surrogate did Harlow's monkeys prefer, regardless of milk?","back":"The cloth-covered mother.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The cloth-covered mother.","correct":true,"explanation":"The monkeys consistently preferred the soft cloth-covered surrogate because it provided contact comfort, even when the wire surrogate was the one supplying milk."},{"text":"The wire mother.","correct":false,"explanation":"The wire mother was approached for milk but was not preferred overall. The monkeys spent most of their time with the cloth-covered mother because it provided contact comfort."},{"text":"The milk-producing mother.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes attachment was based primarily on feeding. The monkeys preferred the cloth-covered mother regardless of which surrogate supplied milk, demonstrating the importance of contact comfort."},{"text":"The most familiar mother.","correct":false,"explanation":"Familiarity was not the determining feature in Harlow’s comparison. The monkeys preferred the cloth-covered mother because its softness provided comforting physical contact."}]},{"id":"461057a9-6a5d-499d-8ce0-aa4836f1c13c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Harlow concluded [ ] was more important than [ ] in attachment.","back":"Harlow concluded contact comfort was more important than food in attachment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Harlow concluded contact comfort was more important than food in attachment.","correct":true,"explanation":"The monkeys preferred the soft surrogate even when the wire surrogate provided milk, showing that comforting physical contact was more important for attachment than feeding."},{"text":"Harlow concluded food was more important than contact comfort in attachment.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Harlow’s conclusion. The monkeys preferred the cloth-covered surrogate regardless of milk, so contact comfort was more important than food in forming attachment."},{"text":"Harlow concluded contact comfort was more important than social learning in attachment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Harlow’s surrogate-mother study did not test contact comfort against social learning. It showed that contact comfort was more important than food in attachment."},{"text":"Harlow concluded familiarity was more important than food in attachment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The monkeys’ preference was attributed specifically to the soft surrogate’s contact comfort, not merely familiarity. Harlow concluded that contact comfort was more important than food."}]},{"id":"63caa841-d043-4e02-b598-566481da444d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Harlow's maternally deprived monkeys behave socially as adults?","back":"

More aggressive
Less sociable

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

More aggressive
Less sociable

","correct":true,"explanation":"Maternal deprivation disrupted normal social development. As adults, the monkeys were typically more aggressive and less sociable, demonstrating lasting effects of early attachment disruption."},{"text":"

Less aggressive
More sociable

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the observed pattern. Maternally deprived monkeys developed abnormal social behaviour and became more aggressive and less sociable as adults."},{"text":"

More cooperative
Less withdrawn

","correct":false,"explanation":"Maternal deprivation did not improve cooperation or reduce withdrawal. The deprived monkeys showed impaired social development, becoming more aggressive and less sociable."},{"text":"

Less fearful
More confident

","correct":false,"explanation":"These traits wrongly suggest improved social adjustment. Harlow’s deprived monkeys experienced lasting social difficulties and were more aggressive and less sociable in adulthood."}]},{"id":"25624f42-d555-412d-9bd6-8419257182b0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How did Harlow's maternally deprived monkeys often behave as mothers?","back":"They neglected or attacked their young.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They neglected or attacked their young.","correct":true,"explanation":"Females deprived of normal maternal care often failed to develop appropriate parenting behaviour, leading them to neglect or physically attack their own offspring."},{"text":"They nurtured and protected their young.","correct":false,"explanation":"This suggests normal maternal behaviour, but deprivation disrupted later parenting. The affected monkeys often neglected or attacked their young rather than nurturing and protecting them."},{"text":"They fed and groomed their young.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feeding and grooming would indicate effective maternal care. Harlow found that maternally deprived monkeys often displayed abnormal parenting by neglecting or attacking their offspring."},{"text":"They comforted and defended their young.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes attentive parenting rather than the observed effects of deprivation. The maternally deprived monkeys often neglected or attacked their young because normal maternal behaviour had not developed."}]},{"id":"6145708a-970e-4fb1-bd30-167d0d23218f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Harlow's monkey critical period was [ ]; after this, attachment was [ ].","back":"Harlow's monkey critical period was 90 days; after this, attachment was impossible.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Harlow's monkey critical period was 90 days; after this, attachment was impossible.","correct":true,"explanation":"Harlow identified a 90-day critical period for attachment in the monkeys. If attachment had not formed within this period, it could not be formed afterwards."},{"text":"Harlow's monkey critical period was 30 days; after this, attachment was impossible.","correct":false,"explanation":"This shortens the critical period by 60 days. Harlow placed the monkey attachment critical period at 90 days, after which attachment was considered impossible."},{"text":"Harlow's monkey critical period was 90 days; after this, attachment was difficult.","correct":false,"explanation":"The duration is correct, but the outcome is understated. Harlow concluded that after the 90-day critical period, forming an attachment was impossible rather than merely difficult."},{"text":"Harlow's monkey critical period was 180 days; after this, attachment was automatic.","correct":false,"explanation":"This doubles the reported period and reverses its consequence. Harlow identified 90 days as the critical period, after which attachment was impossible."}]},{"id":"387fc39a-bca6-4618-a5d4-49e5aaca0b2a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What main ethical issue affected Harlow's research?","back":"Monkeys suffered immense intentional distress.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Monkeys suffered immense intentional distress.","correct":true,"explanation":"Harlow deliberately exposed monkeys to severe and lasting psychological distress through isolation and maternal deprivation, creating the research’s central ethical concern."},{"text":"Monkeys suffered brief accidental discomfort.","correct":false,"explanation":"The harm was neither brief nor accidental. Harlow intentionally subjected monkeys to prolonged deprivation and isolation, causing immense distress and lasting behavioural damage."},{"text":"Monkeys received insufficient food and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lack of food and water was not the principal ethical problem. The central issue was the immense intentional distress caused by isolation and maternal deprivation."},{"text":"Monkeys faced unavoidable natural distress.","correct":false,"explanation":"The suffering was created deliberately as part of the experimental procedure, not encountered naturally. The main ethical issue was the monkeys’ immense intentional distress."}]},{"id":"da82ef51-e869-4353-8957-c9455f58b922","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What practical child-protection value did Harlow's work have?","back":"It helped social workers identify risk factors in neglect and abuse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It helped social workers identify risk factors in neglect and abuse.","correct":true,"explanation":"Harlow’s findings showed how early deprivation could damage later development, helping social workers recognise risk factors and intervene in cases involving child neglect or abuse."},{"text":"It helped social workers measure children’s intelligence after neglect and abuse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Harlow’s work examined attachment and deprivation rather than intelligence testing. Its child-protection value was helping social workers identify risk factors associated with neglect and abuse."},{"text":"It helped social workers predict adult criminality from neglect and abuse.","correct":false,"explanation":"The research did not establish that neglect could reliably predict criminality. Its practical value was identifying developmental risk factors in cases of child neglect and abuse."},{"text":"It helped social workers justify institutional isolation of neglected children.","correct":false,"explanation":"Harlow’s findings demonstrated the damaging effects of social isolation rather than supporting it. They helped social workers identify risk factors linked to neglect and abuse."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-18","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Animal studies of attachment","title":"Animal studies of attachment Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/psychology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"513ce44a-4db5-5e52-a7a1-cae885ec229b","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]