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A candidate must secure a majority of electoral votes to win."},{"text":"House of Representatives.","correct":false,"explanation":"The House chooses the president only if no candidate wins an Electoral College majority. Under normal circumstances, the Electoral College formally elects the president."},{"text":"United States Senate.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Senate may choose the vice-president if no candidate wins an electoral majority, but the Electoral College is the body that formally elects the president."},{"text":"Supreme Court.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Supreme Court interprets constitutional law and may rule on election disputes, but it does not elect the president. That formal role belongs to the Electoral College."}]},{"id":"7e9e34bb-500a-4949-be6d-318d29bc75e5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many electoral votes are needed to win the presidency?","back":"270 electoral votes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"270 electoral votes.","correct":true,"explanation":"There are 538 electoral votes, so a candidate needs an absolute majority. Half is 269, making 270 the minimum required to win the presidency."},{"text":"269 electoral votes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is exactly half of the 538 electoral votes, not a majority. A candidate needs one more, making 270 the minimum required to win."},{"text":"271 electoral votes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This would secure victory, but it is not the minimum needed. An absolute majority of the 538 electoral votes is reached at 270."},{"text":"538 electoral votes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the total number of electors with the winning threshold. A candidate needs a majority of the 538 votes, which is 270."}]},{"id":"81160f07-ad11-476f-bc8e-262bd0caaaa5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Electoral College has [ ] electors; each state gets electors equal to its [ ].","back":"The Electoral College has 538 electors; each state gets electors equal to its House members plus two senators.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Electoral College has 538 electors; each state gets electors equal to its House members plus two senators.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 538 electors comprise 435 corresponding to House seats, 100 corresponding to senators, and three for Washington, DC. Each state’s allocation equals its congressional representation."},{"text":"The Electoral College has 535 electors; each state gets electors equal to its House members plus two senators.","correct":false,"explanation":"This adds the 435 representatives and 100 senators but overlooks Washington, DC’s three electors. Including them produces the correct Electoral College total of 538."},{"text":"The Electoral College has 538 electors; each state gets electors equal to its House members plus one senator.","correct":false,"explanation":"Each state has two senators, so its electoral allocation adds two to its number of House members. The total Electoral College contains 538 electors."},{"text":"The Electoral College has 435 electors; each state gets electors equal to its House members plus one senator.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the number of House seats with the Electoral College total and undercounts Senate representation. There are 538 electors, allocated as House members plus two senators per state."}]},{"id":"ce8d413b-97a1-440b-a7da-c87ad802cf60","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Under most states’ winner-takes-all rules, what does a narrow state victory usually give a candidate?","back":"All of that state’s electoral votes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"All of that state’s electoral votes.","correct":true,"explanation":"In most states, the candidate receiving the most statewide popular votes gains the state’s entire Electoral College allocation, even when the victory margin is very narrow."},{"text":"All of that state’s popular votes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Popular votes remain individual votes and are not transferred to the winner. A narrow plurality usually awards the candidate all of that state’s electoral votes."},{"text":"All of that state’s congressional seats.","correct":false,"explanation":"Congressional seats are decided in separate House and Senate elections. Winner-takes-all rules instead usually give the presidential candidate all of the state’s electoral votes."},{"text":"All of that state’s convention delegates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Convention delegates are awarded during party nomination contests, not the presidential election. A statewide victory usually gives a candidate all of that state’s electoral votes."}]},{"id":"43c1a14c-055c-40f2-b591-95701dfc37ac","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a candidate win the presidency while losing the national popular vote?","back":"

Electoral votes, not national vote, decide the presidency.
Winner-takes-all rewards narrow swing-state wins.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Electoral votes, not national vote, decide the presidency.
Winner-takes-all rewards narrow swing-state wins.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The presidency is decided through state electoral votes rather than the nationwide vote total. Winner-takes-all allocation can turn narrow victories in decisive states into a winning electoral majority."},{"text":"

Popular votes, not electoral votes, decide the presidency.
Proportional allocation rewards narrow swing-state wins.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the constitutional system and misstates most states’ allocation rules. Electoral votes decide the presidency, while winner-takes-all can heavily reward narrow victories in swing states."},{"text":"

Electoral votes, not national vote, decide the presidency.
Winner-takes-all rewards large safe-state margins.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although electoral votes determine the result, extra votes in safe states usually add no electoral advantage. Winner-takes-all instead makes narrow victories in competitive states especially valuable."},{"text":"

Congressional seats, not national vote, decide the presidency.
Run-off voting rewards narrow swing-state wins.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Congressional seats and run-off voting do not normally determine the presidential result. Electoral votes decide it, and winner-takes-all rules reward narrow victories in key swing states."}]},{"id":"86ef72ca-7c68-4bca-81f4-7e7417c90624","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In 2016, [ ] won the popular vote, but [ ] won the Electoral College.","back":"In 2016, Hillary Clinton won the popular vote, but Donald Trump won the Electoral College.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In 2016, Hillary Clinton won the popular vote, but Donald Trump won the Electoral College.","correct":true,"explanation":"Clinton received nearly three million more popular votes nationwide, but Trump secured decisive state victories that gave him 304 electoral votes and therefore the presidency."},{"text":"In 2016, Donald Trump won the popular vote, but Hillary Clinton won the Electoral College.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two outcomes. Hillary Clinton won the nationwide popular vote, while Donald Trump gained the Electoral College majority and became president."},{"text":"In 2016, Bernie Sanders won the popular vote, but Donald Trump won the Electoral College.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sanders contested the Democratic primaries but was not the Democratic nominee in the general election. Hillary Clinton won the popular vote, while Donald Trump won the Electoral College."},{"text":"In 2016, Hillary Clinton won the popular vote, but Hillary Clinton won the Electoral College.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clinton did win the national popular vote, but she did not win enough state electoral votes. Donald Trump won the Electoral College and therefore the presidency."}]},{"id":"5944a916-e43a-46e4-88a7-03c688e85c96","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In primaries and caucuses, what do contests award for the National Party Convention?","back":"Delegates.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Delegates.","correct":true,"explanation":"Primary and caucus results determine the allocation of delegates, who attend the National Party Convention and formally support candidates in the party’s presidential nomination process."},{"text":"Electors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electors belong to the Electoral College and formally vote after the presidential election. Primaries and caucuses instead award delegates to the National Party Convention."},{"text":"Representatives.","correct":false,"explanation":"Representatives are elected to serve in the House of Representatives, not awarded through presidential nomination contests. Primaries and caucuses award convention delegates."},{"text":"Nominees.","correct":false,"explanation":"The eventual nominee is selected through the wider nomination process and convention. Individual primaries and caucuses directly award delegates who support particular candidates."}]},{"id":"b9fd0dcf-6472-4cd9-ac5b-84ebd5a3866f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The House of Representatives has [ ] members elected every [ ].","back":"The House of Representatives has 435 members elected every two years.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The House of Representatives has 435 members elected every two years.","correct":true,"explanation":"The House contains 435 voting members apportioned among the states by population. Every representative serves a two-year term, so the entire House is regularly contested."},{"text":"The House of Representatives has 535 members elected every two years.","correct":false,"explanation":"This combines the 435 House members with the 100 senators to produce the size of Congress. The House itself has 435 members elected every two years."},{"text":"The House of Representatives has 435 members elected every four years.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses House elections with the presidential election cycle. The House has 435 members, but representatives serve two-year terms rather than four-year terms."},{"text":"The House of Representatives has 100 members elected every six years.","correct":false,"explanation":"These figures describe the Senate’s membership and senators’ term length. The House of Representatives instead has 435 members, each elected for two years."}]},{"id":"60667448-289a-4259-8f62-2f57fd46d00d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can gerrymandering protect House incumbents?","back":"It creates safe districts by drawing boundaries to advantage a party.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It creates safe districts by drawing boundaries to advantage a party.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gerrymandering can concentrate opposition voters and distribute the incumbent party’s supporters strategically, producing safe districts where the incumbent faces little serious electoral competition."},{"text":"It creates competitive districts by drawing boundaries to advantage a party.","correct":false,"explanation":"Advantaging one party normally makes a district safer, not more competitive. Gerrymandering protects incumbents by creating safe districts with boundaries that favour their party."},{"text":"It creates safe districts by drawing boundaries to advantage the opposing party.","correct":false,"explanation":"Boundaries favouring the opposing party would threaten the incumbent rather than protect them. Gerrymandering protects House incumbents by creating safe districts that favour their own party."},{"text":"It creates safe districts by drawing boundaries to divide a party’s supporters equally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing supporters equally would reduce a party’s advantage and could make the seat competitive. Gerrymandering instead creates safe districts by drawing boundaries to advantage a party."}]},{"id":"2104c143-4fa3-40b8-9dae-fc62b207c77f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A donor gives money directly to a federal candidate committee. What type of money is this?","back":"Hard money.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hard money.","correct":true,"explanation":"Money given directly to a federal candidate committee is hard money. It is subject to contribution limits and disclosure rules under federal campaign finance law."},{"text":"Soft money.","correct":false,"explanation":"Soft money is generally associated with funds not given directly to a federal candidate committee, often supporting parties or non-federal activity. Direct candidate donations are hard money."},{"text":"Independent expenditure.","correct":false,"explanation":"An independent expenditure pays for political communication without coordinating with the candidate, rather than donating directly to the candidate committee. A direct donation is hard money."},{"text":"Dark money.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dark money describes political spending where the original donor is not fully disclosed, not the basic category for a direct candidate contribution. That contribution is hard money."}]},{"id":"9949cf35-18a7-4c5f-9d43-0208fd790c9c","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do PACs and Super PACs differ?","back":"

PACs: limited direct donations to candidates.
Super PACs: unlimited independent spending, no direct donations/coordination.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

PACs: limited direct donations to candidates.
Super PACs: unlimited independent spending, no direct donations/coordination.

","correct":true,"explanation":"PACs may make limited contributions directly to candidates, whereas Super PACs may raise and spend unlimited sums independently but cannot donate to or coordinate with campaigns."},{"text":"

PACs: unlimited direct donations to candidates.
Super PACs: limited independent spending, direct donations allowed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the key legal distinction. PAC contributions are limited, while Super PACs can spend unlimited amounts independently but cannot make direct donations or coordinate with campaigns."},{"text":"

PACs: limited independent spending, no candidate donations.
Super PACs: unlimited direct donations to candidates.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Super PACs cannot make unlimited direct donations to candidates, and ordinary PACs can make limited direct contributions. The defining difference concerns contribution limits and independent spending."},{"text":"

PACs: unlimited donations to parties and candidates.
Super PACs: unlimited spending with campaign coordination.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither group has unlimited coordinated spending. PACs face contribution limits, while Super PACs may spend unlimited sums only independently and without coordinating with candidates."}]},{"id":"8c4d792d-2f26-4263-937a-733eb0dff848","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Buckley v Valeo 1976, limits on [ ] could be constitutional, but limits on [ ] breached the First Amendment.","back":"In Buckley v Valeo 1976, limits on contributions could be constitutional, but limits on independent spending breached the First Amendment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In Buckley v Valeo 1976, limits on contributions could be constitutional, but limits on independent spending breached the First Amendment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Buckley distinguished contributions from independent spending: contribution limits could prevent corruption or its appearance, but restricting independent expenditure was treated as an unconstitutional limit on political expression."},{"text":"In Buckley v Valeo 1976, limits on independent spending could be constitutional, but limits on contributions breached the First Amendment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The case reached the opposite conclusion. Limits on contributions could be constitutional because of anti-corruption concerns, while limits on independent spending breached the First Amendment."},{"text":"In Buckley v Valeo 1976, limits on campaign advertising could be constitutional, but limits on contributions breached the First Amendment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Buckley did not generally place contributions beyond constitutional regulation. It accepted some contribution limits but rejected limits on independent spending as an infringement of political expression."},{"text":"In Buckley v Valeo 1976, limits on party donations could be constitutional, but limits on candidate spending breached the First Amendment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The important distinction was not party donations versus candidate spending. The ruling allowed some contribution limits but struck down limits on independent spending, which it treated as protected speech."}]},{"id":"764b7cf6-2708-496c-b806-c6a86dd38bf8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Citizens United v FEC 2010 allow corporations and unions to fund?","back":"Independent political communications.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Independent political communications.","correct":true,"explanation":"Citizens United v FEC held that corporations and unions could use their funds for independent political communications, provided the spending was not coordinated with candidates."},{"text":"Direct contributions to federal candidates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Citizens United did not authorise corporations and unions to make direct contributions to federal candidates. It protected their ability to fund independent political communications."},{"text":"Unlimited donations to candidate committees.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ruling concerned independent spending, not unlimited donations to candidate committees. Direct contributions remain subject to separate campaign finance restrictions, while independent political communications were allowed."},{"text":"Coordinated campaign advertising.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coordination with a candidate’s campaign would make spending subject to different rules and was not the activity protected by Citizens United. The ruling allowed independent political communications."}]},{"id":"50a2985d-a7f1-4cc1-874e-00daf720ae76","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does Supreme Court doctrine make campaign finance reform difficult?","back":"It treats political spending as protected speech.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It treats political spending as protected speech.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Supreme Court has generally treated spending used to communicate political ideas as protected speech under the First Amendment, making broad restrictions vulnerable to constitutional challenge."},{"text":"It treats political spending as unprotected commercial conduct.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political spending is not generally treated like ordinary commercial conduct with no heightened protection. The doctrine makes reform difficult because it treats political spending as protected speech."},{"text":"It treats campaign donations as a form of taxation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Campaign donations are not constitutionally classified as taxation. The relevant doctrine protects political expression and spending, limiting how far campaign finance laws can restrict political spending."},{"text":"It treats political parties as government agencies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political parties are private political organisations, not government agencies. Reform is difficult because Supreme Court doctrine treats political spending as protected speech under the First Amendment."}]},{"id":"b5377f42-ec16-459a-87af-b9b14b18d79d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The US two-party system is encouraged by [ ] and the [ ].","back":"The US two-party system is encouraged by single-member elections and the Electoral College.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The US two-party system is encouraged by single-member elections and the Electoral College.","correct":true,"explanation":"Single-member, plurality elections discourage smaller parties because only one candidate wins each seat, while the Electoral College rewards broad support in states and reinforces the two-party system."},{"text":"The US two-party system is encouraged by proportional representation and the Electoral College.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proportional representation usually allows smaller parties to gain seats according to their vote share. The relevant electoral feature is single-member elections, alongside the Electoral College."},{"text":"The US two-party system is encouraged by single-member elections and the national popular vote.","correct":false,"explanation":"The US does not elect its president through a single national popular vote. The institution that reinforces the two-party system is the Electoral College, alongside single-member elections."},{"text":"The US two-party system is encouraged by multi-member elections and the Electoral College.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multi-member elections can make it easier for several parties to win representation. The system is instead encouraged by single-member elections and the Electoral College."}]},{"id":"f6c8e8ca-55d8-46b4-bcfd-50e64165ae6c","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What is the main Democrat-Republican contrast on economic intervention?","back":"

Democrats: more tax, spending and regulation.
Republicans: more tax cuts, deregulation and free enterprise.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Democrats: more tax, spending and regulation.
Republicans: more tax cuts, deregulation and free enterprise.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Democrats generally support greater government intervention through taxation, public spending and regulation, while Republicans generally favour lower taxes, deregulation and free enterprise."},{"text":"

Democrats: more tax cuts, deregulation and free enterprise.
Republicans: more tax, spending and regulation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual party positions on economic intervention. Democrats generally favour more taxation, spending and regulation, while Republicans generally favour tax cuts, deregulation and free enterprise."},{"text":"

Democrats: less tax, spending and regulation.
Republicans: more public ownership and welfare spending.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These positions incorrectly reduce the contrast or assign interventionist policies to Republicans. The usual contrast is more government intervention for Democrats and tax cuts, deregulation and free enterprise for Republicans."},{"text":"

Democrats: more free enterprise and deregulation.
Republicans: more taxation and government regulation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the parties’ typical approaches to economic intervention. Democrats are generally associated with more tax, spending and regulation, while Republicans favour tax cuts, deregulation and free enterprise."}]},{"id":"a1eb87e4-b655-406e-a68c-5f62203f910c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Democrats are generally more supportive of [ ]; Republicans are generally more supportive of [ ].","back":"Democrats are generally more supportive of abortion rights; Republicans are generally more supportive of abortion restrictions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Democrats are generally more supportive of abortion rights; Republicans are generally more supportive of abortion restrictions.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Democratic Party broadly supports legal access to abortion, whereas the Republican Party generally favours greater legal restrictions on abortion."},{"text":"Democrats are generally more supportive of abortion restrictions; Republicans are generally more supportive of abortion rights.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the parties’ established positions. Democrats generally defend abortion rights, while Republicans tend to support restrictions on access to abortion."},{"text":"Democrats are generally more supportive of abortion rights; Republicans are generally more supportive of abortion access.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although Democrats usually support abortion rights, Republicans do not generally favour unrestricted access. The Republican position is more supportive of abortion restrictions."},{"text":"Democrats are generally more supportive of abortion restrictions; Republicans are generally more supportive of abortion bans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Democrats generally seek to protect access rather than impose abortion restrictions. Republicans are typically more supportive of restrictions on abortion."}]},{"id":"d36c3d92-4e55-4157-9f08-d7ba314d6805","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Democratic faction favours Medicare for All, stronger climate action and higher taxes on the wealthy?","back":"Liberals/progressives.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Liberals/progressives.","correct":true,"explanation":"Liberals and progressives form the Democratic faction most associated with an expanded welfare state, ambitious environmental policies and greater taxation of wealthy Americans."},{"text":"Moderates/centrists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moderates generally prefer incremental reforms and are less likely to endorse Medicare for All or substantial tax increases. Liberals and progressives favour these policies."},{"text":"Blue Dog Democrats.","correct":false,"explanation":"Blue Dog Democrats emphasise fiscal restraint and often resist expensive expansions of government healthcare. Liberals and progressives are the faction supporting Medicare for All."},{"text":"New Democrats.","correct":false,"explanation":"New Democrats are comparatively centrist and business-friendly, favouring market-based or incremental policies. Medicare for All and stronger wealth taxation are liberal or progressive priorities."}]},{"id":"25755489-ab95-4258-b23f-992aa6808771","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which Republican faction prioritises low taxes, lower spending, deregulation and smaller government?","back":"Fiscal conservatives.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fiscal conservatives.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fiscal conservatives seek to reduce taxation, public expenditure, regulation and the overall economic role of the federal government."},{"text":"Social conservatives.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social conservatives focus primarily on moral and cultural issues such as abortion, religion and family values. Fiscal conservatives prioritise low taxes, spending cuts and deregulation."},{"text":"Neoconservatives.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neoconservatives are principally associated with an interventionist foreign policy and strong national defence. Fiscal conservatives concentrate on lower taxes, spending and regulation."},{"text":"Paleoconservatives.","correct":false,"explanation":"Paleoconservatives emphasise nationalism, immigration restriction and non-intervention abroad rather than this complete economic agenda. Fiscal conservatives prioritise smaller and less costly government."}]},{"id":"aa1b21c9-0e06-4093-97cb-9ec44cb7bd0b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How has Trumpism reshaped the Republican Party?","back":"

Nationalist/populist, anti-immigration and sceptical of free trade.
Reduced dominance of Reaganite fiscal conservatism.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Nationalist/populist, anti-immigration and sceptical of free trade.
Reduced dominance of Reaganite fiscal conservatism.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Trumpism shifted Republican priorities towards nationalism, populism, immigration restriction and trade protection, weakening the previous dominance of Reagan-era commitments to free markets and fiscal conservatism."},{"text":"

Globalist/libertarian, pro-immigration and supportive of free trade.
Increased dominance of Reaganite fiscal conservatism.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Trumpism made the party more sceptical of free trade, not more committed to it. It promoted nationalism and populism while reducing the dominance of Reaganite fiscal conservatism."},{"text":"

Nationalist/populist, anti-immigration and sceptical of free trade.
Restored dominance of Reaganite fiscal conservatism.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Trumpism did strengthen nationalist and anti-immigration politics, but it weakened rather than restored the dominance of Reaganite fiscal conservatism within the Republican Party."},{"text":"

Internationalist/elitist, pro-immigration and supportive of free trade.
Reduced dominance of Reaganite fiscal conservatism.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Trumpism moved Republicans towards trade protection and tougher immigration controls, not globalism or free trade, while reducing the dominance of traditional Reaganite fiscal conservatism."}]},{"id":"98785dfa-d70d-43ef-864e-9d64c91015aa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In 2020, Black voters backed [ ], while white voters backed [ ].","back":"In 2020, Black voters backed Biden 87% to 12%, while white voters backed Trump 58% to 41%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In 2020, Black voters backed Biden 87% to 12%, while white voters backed Trump 58% to 41%.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 2020 result displayed a sharp racial voting divide: Black voters overwhelmingly supported Joe Biden, while a clear majority of white voters supported Donald Trump."},{"text":"In 2020, Black voters backed Trump 87% to 12%, while white voters backed Biden 58% to 41%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the racial voting pattern. Black voters overwhelmingly backed Biden by 87% to 12%, while white voters supported Trump by 58% to 41%."},{"text":"In 2020, Black voters backed Biden 52% to 47%, while white voters backed Trump 58% to 41%.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Black vote was not closely divided in 2020. Black voters backed Biden by 87% to 12%, while white voters backed Trump by 58% to 41%."},{"text":"In 2020, Black voters backed Biden 87% to 12%, while white voters backed Biden 58% to 41%.","correct":false,"explanation":"White voters did not back Biden by this margin. Black voters supported Biden by 87% to 12%, whereas white voters supported Trump by 58% to 41%."}]},{"id":"2fd52cb8-ac07-4976-bd38-346058af1ef0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which religious voter group backed Trump 76% to 24% in 2020?","back":"White evangelical or born-again Christians.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"White evangelical or born-again Christians.","correct":true,"explanation":"White evangelical or born-again Christians were among Trump’s strongest religious constituencies in 2020, reflecting their alignment with Republican positions on abortion and conservative judicial appointments."},{"text":"Black Protestant Christians.","correct":false,"explanation":"Black Protestant voters have historically leaned strongly Democratic and did not give Trump 76% support. That level of backing came from white evangelical or born-again Christians."},{"text":"Jewish American voters.","correct":false,"explanation":"Jewish voters generally favoured Biden rather than supporting Trump by this large margin. White evangelical or born-again Christians backed Trump 76% to 24%."},{"text":"Religiously unaffiliated voters.","correct":false,"explanation":"Religiously unaffiliated voters generally lean Democratic and were not Trump’s strongest religious constituency. White evangelical or born-again Christians produced the 76% to 24% result."}]},{"id":"3099067d-2d89-41a3-b32a-f7043bd60495","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What 2022 law showed that public pressure could limit the NRA’s influence after Uvalde?","back":"Bipartisan Safer Communities Act 2022.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bipartisan Safer Communities Act 2022.","correct":true,"explanation":"Passed after the Uvalde shooting, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act introduced limited federal gun-safety measures and demonstrated that public pressure could overcome some NRA opposition."},{"text":"Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act 1993.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Brady Act was enacted in 1993 and established federal background-check requirements; it was not the post-Uvalde measure. The relevant law was the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act 2022."},{"text":"Federal Assault Weapons Ban 1994.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Federal Assault Weapons Ban was enacted in 1994 and expired in 2004, so it could not demonstrate post-Uvalde pressure. The relevant law was the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act 2022."},{"text":"Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act 2005.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act shields firearms businesses from certain lawsuits and was passed in 2005. The post-Uvalde law was the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act 2022."}]},{"id":"e1d454eb-9a49-4a02-ab54-c2b42d98851c","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can interest groups both strengthen and weaken US democracy?","back":"

Strengthen: expertise, organisation and access between elections.
Weaken: wealthy groups gain unequal influence.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Strengthen: expertise, organisation and access between elections.
Weaken: wealthy groups gain unequal influence.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Interest groups enhance participation by supplying expertise, organisation and continuing access to policymakers, but unequal financial resources allow wealthy groups to exercise disproportionate political influence."},{"text":"

Strengthen: wealthy groups gain greater political influence.
Weaken: expertise is removed from policymaking.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Interest groups do not guarantee equal influence or remove specialist knowledge. They strengthen democracy through expertise and access, but weaken it when wealthy groups gain disproportionate influence."},{"text":"

Strengthen: all citizens receive equal political influence.
Weaken: expertise shapes government decisions.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Expertise and access are democratic benefits rather than weaknesses. The central danger is unequal influence because affluent organisations possess greater resources than less wealthy groups."},{"text":"

Strengthen: government becomes independent of organised interests.
Weaken: participation occurs between elections.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Interest groups provide participation between elections rather than preventing it, and their unequal resources can weaken political equality. Their expertise, organisation and access can strengthen democracy."}]},{"id":"80a926e7-f968-4cd7-b6e0-f15f3f300630","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is abolishing the Electoral College very unlikely?","back":"It needs a constitutional amendment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It needs a constitutional amendment.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Electoral College is established by the US Constitution, so abolishing it requires an amendment approved through the demanding process set out in Article V."},{"text":"It needs an Act of Congress.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ordinary Act of Congress cannot abolish an institution established by the Constitution. Abolition requires a constitutional amendment, which needs exceptionally broad support from Congress and the states."},{"text":"It needs a presidential executive order.","correct":false,"explanation":"A president cannot use executive authority to remove a system created by the Constitution. Abolishing the Electoral College requires a constitutional amendment under Article V."},{"text":"It needs a Supreme Court ruling.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Supreme Court can interpret the Constitution but cannot abolish one of its institutions. Removing the Electoral College requires a constitutional amendment rather than a judicial ruling."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"US democracy and participation","title":"US democracy and participation Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/politics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"cde9a91c-82fc-5c09-a10e-2f949cd7d3ff","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]