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Each chamber has distinct membership rules and constitutional powers."},{"text":"unicameral","correct":false,"explanation":"A unicameral legislature has only one chamber, whereas Congress contains the House of Representatives and the Senate. The correct term for this two-chamber structure is bicameral."},{"text":"tricameral","correct":false,"explanation":"A tricameral legislature would contain three separate chambers. Congress has only the House of Representatives and the Senate, so its structure is correctly described as bicameral."},{"text":"bipartisan","correct":false,"explanation":"Bipartisan describes cooperation involving two political parties, not a legislature’s institutional structure. Because Congress has two separate chambers, the correct term is bicameral."}]},{"id":"558b9f7f-ef11-47cc-968a-1f5c4e556228","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many voting members are in the House of Representatives?","back":"435 voting members.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"435 voting members.","correct":true,"explanation":"Federal law fixes the House of Representatives at 435 voting members. These seats are reapportioned among the states after each decennial census."},{"text":"100 voting members.","correct":false,"explanation":"The figure 100 counts senators, with two representing each of the 50 states. The House of Representatives instead contains 435 voting members."},{"text":"535 voting members.","correct":false,"explanation":"The figure 535 combines the 435 voting representatives and 100 senators in Congress. The House considered by itself has 435 voting members."},{"text":"538 voting members.","correct":false,"explanation":"The figure 538 is the total number of Electoral College votes, not House membership. The House of Representatives has 435 voting members."}]},{"id":"1b7b2f5d-c14b-4cb3-820c-4c4c347fad8e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How are House seats distributed between states?","back":"According to population.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"According to population.","correct":true,"explanation":"House seats are apportioned among the states according to population, as measured by the decennial census. More populous states therefore receive more representatives."},{"text":"According to land area.","correct":false,"explanation":"A state’s physical size does not determine its House representation. Seats are apportioned according to population, meaning densely populated states may have many more representatives."},{"text":"According to electoral votes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electoral votes partly reflect House representation rather than determining it. House seats are distributed according to state population following the decennial census."},{"text":"According to equal representation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal state representation applies to the Senate, where every state has two senators. House seats are distributed according to population, subject to each state receiving at least one."}]},{"id":"27f3ad80-0523-4706-8d68-aa367c10436b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"House members serve [ ] terms, so the whole House is elected every two years.","back":"House members serve two-year terms, so the whole House is elected every two years.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"two-year","correct":true,"explanation":"Representatives serve two-year terms, and every House seat is contested at each congressional election. This makes the House especially responsive to shifts in public opinion."},{"text":"four-year","correct":false,"explanation":"Four years is the length of a presidential term, not a representative’s term. House members serve two-year terms, with the entire chamber elected every two years."},{"text":"six-year","correct":false,"explanation":"Six-year terms belong to senators, whose elections are staggered by class. House members serve two-year terms, so all House seats are contested together."},{"text":"one-year","correct":false,"explanation":"Annual House elections are not required by the Constitution. Representatives serve two-year terms, and the whole chamber faces election at the end of each term."}]},{"id":"f2a1eaab-639d-465e-854c-fac3eef7dca8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many senators does each state have?","back":"Two, regardless of population.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Two, regardless of population.","correct":true,"explanation":"Every state elects two senators, giving all states equal representation in the Senate regardless of differences in population, territory or economic importance."},{"text":"One, regardless of population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Each state receives equal Senate representation, but the allocation is two senators rather than one. With 50 states, this produces a total of 100 senators."},{"text":"Three, regardless of population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal state representation can make a fixed number seem plausible, but the Constitution assigns two senators to each state, producing 100 Senate seats overall."},{"text":"A variable number, depending on population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population determines a state’s number of House representatives, not its senators. Every state has exactly two senators, regardless of how many people live there."}]},{"id":"ca331afa-b49d-44dd-82d0-62db610e32e8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the Senate less immediately responsive than the House?","back":"Senators serve six-year staggered terms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Senators serve six-year staggered terms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Senators serve six-year terms, with roughly one-third of the chamber elected every two years. This insulates most senators from immediate shifts in public opinion."},{"text":"Senators serve two-year simultaneous terms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two-year simultaneous elections describe the electoral cycle of the House, not the Senate. Senators serve six-year staggered terms, making the Senate less immediately responsive."},{"text":"Senators serve six-year simultaneous terms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The six-year length is correct, but Senate elections are staggered rather than simultaneous. Only about one-third of senators face election every two years."},{"text":"Senators serve four-year staggered terms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Four years is associated with the presidency, not Senate membership. Senators serve six-year staggered terms, reducing the frequency with which each senator faces voters."}]},{"id":"a651f9aa-e52d-4b28-a572-79605a6a96f6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Mid-term elections often become a judgement on the [ ].","back":"Mid-term elections often become a judgement on the president.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"president","correct":true,"explanation":"Mid-term elections occur halfway through a presidential term and are commonly treated as a verdict on the president’s record, popularity and governing party."},{"text":"vice-president","correct":false,"explanation":"The vice-president may influence an administration but is not normally the central focus of mid-term voting. Mid-terms are principally interpreted as a judgement on the president."},{"text":"House Speaker","correct":false,"explanation":"The House Speaker can shape congressional politics, but mid-term elections are nationally understood as a judgement on the president and the administration’s performance."},{"text":"Senate majority leader","correct":false,"explanation":"The Senate majority leader controls much of the Senate’s agenda but is not the usual focus of mid-term evaluation. Voters primarily judge the sitting president."}]},{"id":"5c8f565b-fd69-4ca2-b8ff-144e1d1281d0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Classify the power to start revenue bills.","back":"A House exclusive power.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A House exclusive power.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Constitution’s Origination Clause requires bills for raising revenue to begin in the House of Representatives, making initiation of such bills a House exclusive power."},{"text":"A Senate exclusive power.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Senate may amend revenue bills, but it cannot originate them. Under the Origination Clause, starting revenue bills is an exclusive power of the House."},{"text":"A concurrent congressional power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both chambers must approve revenue legislation, but they do not share the power to originate it. Revenue bills must begin in the House of Representatives."},{"text":"A presidential power.","correct":false,"explanation":"The president can propose tax policies and sign or veto legislation, but cannot formally originate revenue bills. That constitutional power belongs exclusively to the House."}]},{"id":"ea86567b-4d9e-4d77-91b3-082451896022","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Classify the power to confirm many presidential appointments.","back":"A Senate exclusive power.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A Senate exclusive power.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Senate alone confirms many presidential appointments, including cabinet secretaries, ambassadors and federal judges, exercising a power not shared with the House of Representatives."},{"text":"A House exclusive power.","correct":false,"explanation":"The House does not confirm presidential appointments; that authority belongs to the Senate alone. The House has other exclusive powers, such as initiating revenue bills and impeachments."},{"text":"A concurrent power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Confirmation of many appointments is not shared equally by both chambers. It is a Senate exclusive power, whereas concurrent powers are exercised by the House and Senate together."},{"text":"A presidential power.","correct":false,"explanation":"The president nominates officials but does not unilaterally confirm many appointments. The Senate must provide its approval, making confirmation a Senate exclusive power."}]},{"id":"6e2e038f-d3f6-419f-ba49-fdabdbd085ee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Treaties require Senate ratification by a [ ] vote.","back":"Treaties require Senate ratification by a two-thirds vote.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"two-thirds","correct":true,"explanation":"The Constitution requires approval by two-thirds of senators present for the Senate to ratify a treaty negotiated by the president."},{"text":"a simple majority","correct":false,"explanation":"A simple majority is insufficient for treaty ratification. The required threshold is a two-thirds vote in the Senate, reflecting the importance of international agreements."},{"text":"three-fifths","correct":false,"explanation":"The three-fifths threshold is not the constitutional rule for treaties. Senate ratification requires a two-thirds vote, normally calculated among senators present and voting."},{"text":"unanimous consent","correct":false,"explanation":"Treaties do not require every senator to agree. The constitutional requirement is a two-thirds vote, so a minority can oppose ratification without blocking it completely."}]},{"id":"8375d616-cb6a-4402-b283-75c2ed8f1a05","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Both chambers must pass the [ ] before it can become law.","back":"Both chambers must pass the same bill before it can become law.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"same bill","correct":true,"explanation":"Both chambers must approve identical wording before legislation can be presented to the president. If their versions differ, the differences must be resolved first."},{"text":"separate bills","correct":false,"explanation":"Different versions cannot proceed directly to the president. Both chambers must pass the same bill, usually after resolving differences through negotiation or a conference committee."},{"text":"joint resolution","correct":false,"explanation":"A joint resolution is a type of congressional measure, not the required phrase for matching legislation. The House and Senate must pass the same bill before enactment."},{"text":"conference report","correct":false,"explanation":"A conference report may recommend how to reconcile House and Senate versions, but both chambers must still pass the same bill before it can become law."}]},{"id":"1f24d78a-4c27-4518-bbcb-11fc3f0f3f01","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What majority is needed in both chambers to override a presidential veto?","back":"A two-thirds majority in both chambers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A two-thirds majority in both chambers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Overriding a presidential veto requires a two-thirds majority in both the House and the Senate. If either chamber falls short, the veto remains effective."},{"text":"A simple majority in both chambers.","correct":false,"explanation":"A simple majority can pass ordinary legislation but cannot override a veto. The Constitution requires a two-thirds majority in both chambers for an override."},{"text":"A three-fifths majority in both chambers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Three-fifths is not the threshold for overriding a presidential veto. Both the House and Senate must reach a two-thirds majority."},{"text":"A two-thirds majority in the Senate only.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Senate cannot override a veto by itself. A two-thirds majority is required separately in both chambers, including the House of Representatives."}]},{"id":"b9c28c38-202a-4579-b180-e1e686d81bc2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are House members usually more sensitive to local opinion than senators?","back":"They represent local districts, not whole states.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They represent local districts, not whole states.","correct":true,"explanation":"House members represent smaller local districts and face elections every two years, making them particularly attentive to constituency opinion. Senators represent entire states."},{"text":"They represent whole states, not local districts.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the territorial distinction between the chambers. House members represent local districts, while senators represent whole states and often have broader constituencies."},{"text":"They represent national parties, not local districts.","correct":false,"explanation":"House members are elected from local districts rather than representing national parties formally. Their small constituencies and frequent elections increase sensitivity to local opinion."},{"text":"They represent local districts, not presidential voters.","correct":false,"explanation":"Presidential voters are not the relevant comparison. House members represent local districts, whereas senators represent whole states, explaining the stronger local focus in the House."}]},{"id":"0c9dea29-762d-4ec5-88d2-3191bf0ba65f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are roll-call votes often highly party-line?","back":"Democrats and Republicans are more ideologically sorted.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Democrats and Republicans are more ideologically sorted.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ideological sorting has made Democrats and Republicans more internally consistent and different from each other, increasing party-line voting and reducing overlap between congressional parties."},{"text":"Democrats and Republicans are more geographically distributed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Geographical distribution does not directly explain increasingly partisan roll-call votes. The key development is ideological sorting, which has widened differences between the parties."},{"text":"Democrats and Republicans are more electorally competitive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electoral competition alone does not produce consistently party-line voting. Ideological sorting has made each party more internally unified and distinct from the other."},{"text":"Democrats and Republicans are more institutionally independent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater institutional independence would not specifically explain members voting with their parties. Ideological sorting makes Democrats and Republicans more likely to share positions within their own party."}]},{"id":"a419518e-7c06-4204-8dc2-9b5b0749272b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can congressional caucuses shape voting behaviour?","back":"They coordinate strategy among like-minded members.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They coordinate strategy among like-minded members.","correct":true,"explanation":"Congressional caucuses bring members with shared interests or party identities together, helping them coordinate positions, messaging and voting strategy on legislation."},{"text":"They allocate seats among the states.","correct":false,"explanation":"Caucuses do not allocate congressional seats among states; representation is determined through elections and apportionment. Caucuses coordinate strategy among members with shared views."},{"text":"They appoint judges for the courts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Judicial appointments are made by the president and considered by the Senate, not appointed by congressional caucuses. Caucuses influence members by coordinating political strategy."},{"text":"They replace committees during debates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Caucuses do not replace the committee system or conduct its formal legislative stages. They shape voting behaviour by helping like-minded members coordinate strategy."}]},{"id":"918f6110-ee26-4072-8c11-d2edade80464","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do committees do to a bill during “mark-up”?","back":"They amend the bill.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They amend the bill.","correct":true,"explanation":"During mark-up, a committee examines a bill in detail and debates, revises or adds provisions before deciding whether to report it to the full chamber."},{"text":"They reject the bill automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mark-up does not mean automatic rejection. The committee considers possible changes and may amend the bill, approve it, table it or recommend further action."},{"text":"They translate the bill.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation is not the purpose of mark-up in Congress. The process involves detailed consideration and amendment of the bill before it may proceed."},{"text":"They enact the bill.","correct":false,"explanation":"A committee cannot enact a bill into law during mark-up. It can amend and report the bill, but the full chamber, the other chamber and the president remain involved."}]},{"id":"bc05533b-5f8e-4021-afbd-4db934fc4fde","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A Senate [ ] delays or blocks a vote by extending debate.","back":"A Senate filibuster delays or blocks a vote by extending debate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"filibuster","correct":true,"explanation":"A filibuster uses prolonged debate or procedural delay in the Senate to prevent or postpone a final vote on proposed legislation or another matter."},{"text":"cloture","correct":false,"explanation":"Cloture ends debate rather than extending it. The delaying tactic is a filibuster, which can block or postpone a Senate vote unless sufficient senators vote for cloture."},{"text":"reconciliation","correct":false,"explanation":"Reconciliation is a special procedure for passing certain budget measures with limited debate. A filibuster is the tactic that delays or blocks a vote by extending debate."},{"text":"discharge petition","correct":false,"explanation":"A discharge petition is a House procedure used to bring a bill out of committee. In the Senate, extended debate intended to delay a vote is a filibuster."}]},{"id":"fcf98e99-a9b6-4b07-8388-59cd6a5c4836","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For most legislation, how many votes are normally needed for cloture?","back":"60 votes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"60 votes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cloture on most Senate legislation requires three-fifths of the full Senate, which is 60 votes when all 100 seats are filled."},{"text":"51 votes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A simple majority may pass ordinary legislation once voting begins, but it does not normally invoke cloture. Ending debate on most legislation requires 60 votes."},{"text":"67 votes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A two-thirds threshold was generally required for cloture before the Senate changed its rules in 1975. The normal modern requirement for most legislation is 60 votes."},{"text":"50 votes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fifty votes can produce a majority only with the vice-president’s casting vote, but cloture on most legislation has a higher threshold of 60 votes."}]},{"id":"2dde8576-7e37-49fb-9285-cb855c999d50","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Gridlock is especially likely under [ ], when different parties control the presidency and at least one chamber.","back":"Gridlock is especially likely under divided government, when different parties control the presidency and at least one chamber.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"divided government","correct":true,"explanation":"Divided government exists when the presidency and at least one congressional chamber are controlled by different parties, increasing the likelihood of partisan conflict and legislative gridlock."},{"text":"unified government","correct":false,"explanation":"Unified government means one party controls the presidency and both chambers, generally making legislation easier to pass. The described arrangement is divided government."},{"text":"coalition government","correct":false,"explanation":"Coalition government involves multiple parties sharing executive power and is more associated with parliamentary systems. Different party control across US institutions is divided government."},{"text":"minority government","correct":false,"explanation":"Minority government describes an executive lacking a legislative majority in a parliamentary system. In the US separation-of-powers system, the stated arrangement is divided government."}]},{"id":"b53b1a30-3e94-441d-84d8-2b90aabe4e7f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can budget reconciliation affect the Senate filibuster?","back":"It can bypass the filibuster for certain budget bills.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can bypass the filibuster for certain budget bills.","correct":true,"explanation":"Budget reconciliation limits Senate debate and allows qualifying tax and spending measures to pass by a simple majority, so they cannot be blocked through the normal filibuster."},{"text":"It can abolish the filibuster for all proposed bills.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reconciliation does not abolish the filibuster for all legislation. It bypasses the filibuster only for qualifying budget measures that comply with reconciliation rules."},{"text":"It can require a supermajority for certain budget bills.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reconciliation lowers the practical threshold by preventing a filibuster; it does not impose a two-thirds requirement. Qualifying budget bills can usually pass with a simple majority."},{"text":"It can extend the filibuster for certain budget bills.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reconciliation restricts debate rather than extending it indefinitely. This enables certain budget bills to bypass the filibuster and pass with a simple Senate majority."}]},{"id":"4e838508-6961-4244-b367-1aa5765fb9b1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Trump’s two Senate acquittals show about impeachment?","back":"It is politically dependent on party support.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is politically dependent on party support.","correct":true,"explanation":"Although impeachment is a constitutional accountability mechanism, Trump’s acquittals demonstrated that conviction in the Senate depends heavily on whether enough members of his own party withdraw support."},{"text":"It is legally prohibited without criminal conviction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trump was impeached twice by the House but acquitted by the Senate, so impeachment was not legally impossible. The outcomes showed its dependence on sufficient cross-party political support."},{"text":"It is politically independent of party support.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Senate’s votes were shaped strongly by party loyalty rather than being politically neutral. Conviction requires a two-thirds majority, making support beyond the opposing party crucial."},{"text":"It is constitutionally dependent on unanimous support.","correct":false,"explanation":"The House can impeach by a simple majority, while the Senate requires two-thirds to convict. Trump’s acquittals therefore showed dependence on party support, not unanimous congressional agreement."}]},{"id":"8e83d9ad-b32a-4402-b771-8bc9de6b8478","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How does the Senate check Supreme Court membership?","back":"It confirms justices.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It confirms justices.","correct":true,"explanation":"The president nominates Supreme Court justices, but the Senate checks this appointment power by holding confirmation proceedings and voting whether to approve each nominee."},{"text":"It nominates justices.","correct":false,"explanation":"The president, not the Senate, nominates Supreme Court justices. The Senate’s constitutional check is to confirm or reject those presidential nominees."},{"text":"It elects justices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Supreme Court justices hold office during good behaviour and are not routinely elected by the Senate. The Senate checks membership by confirming presidential nominees."},{"text":"It dismisses justices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Congress may impeach and remove a justice for misconduct, but the Senate cannot dismiss justices at will. Its regular membership check is confirmation of nominees."}]},{"id":"0b4cca2e-ca3c-4311-9ce6-8e747edad5f6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which case established judicial review, limiting Congress’s control of the Court?","back":"Marbury v Madison 1803.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Marbury v Madison 1803.","correct":true,"explanation":"Marbury v Madison established judicial review by asserting the Supreme Court’s authority to invalidate legislation that conflicts with the Constitution, thereby limiting congressional power."},{"text":"McCulloch v Maryland 1819.","correct":false,"explanation":"McCulloch v Maryland upheld implied congressional powers and federal supremacy; it did not establish judicial review. That principle was established in Marbury v Madison in 1803."},{"text":"Brown v Board 1954.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brown v Board of Education ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. Judicial review had been established much earlier by Marbury v Madison in 1803."},{"text":"United States v Nixon 1974.","correct":false,"explanation":"United States v Nixon required President Nixon to surrender recordings and limited executive privilege. Marbury v Madison in 1803 was the case that established judicial review."}]},{"id":"e8e21913-8ea4-4e5b-b3a2-9bd86c2936e8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is Senate representation unequal by population?","back":"Every state gets two senators, regardless of population.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Every state gets two senators, regardless of population.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Constitution allocates two senators to every state, so sparsely populated states have the same Senate representation as highly populated states despite major population differences."},{"text":"Every state gets proportional senators, according to population.","correct":false,"explanation":"House seats, not Senate seats, are distributed according to population. Senate representation is unequal by population because every state receives exactly two senators."},{"text":"Every state gets larger delegations, according to land area.","correct":false,"explanation":"States do not receive extra senators because of geographical size. Each state has two senators regardless of either its land area or its population."},{"text":"Every state gets reallocated senators, following each census.","correct":false,"explanation":"Senate representation is not recalculated after each census; that process applies to House seats. Every state retains two senators regardless of population change."}]},{"id":"acd45cbd-0489-47c4-bf61-033438501188","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A balanced judgement is that Congress is constitutionally [ ] but politically [ ].","back":"A balanced judgement is that Congress is constitutionally powerful but politically constrained.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A balanced judgement is that Congress is constitutionally powerful but politically constrained.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Constitution grants Congress extensive legislative, financial and oversight powers, but partisanship, elections, pressure groups, the president and the Supreme Court can restrict how effectively these powers are exercised."},{"text":"A balanced judgement is that Congress is constitutionally weak but politically constrained.","correct":false,"explanation":"This understates Congress’s formal authority. Congress is constitutionally powerful because it controls legislation, taxation and oversight, although political pressures and institutional checks often constrain its use of those powers."},{"text":"A balanced judgement is that Congress is constitutionally powerful but politically unconstrained.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the political limits on congressional action. Congress is constitutionally powerful, but party conflict, electoral pressures, lobbying and checks from other branches leave it politically constrained."},{"text":"A balanced judgement is that Congress is constitutionally weak but politically unconstrained.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the balanced assessment. Congress possesses major constitutional powers, yet practical factors such as partisanship, elections, interest groups and checks from the executive and judiciary constrain its political effectiveness."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"US Congress","title":"US Congress Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/politics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"e9ef7be6-feb4-5e9c-8a97-2b4dc8c78a8c","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]