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states","correct":true,"explanation":"The capacity to conduct foreign relations independently is one of the four Montevideo Convention criteria commonly used to identify a state in international law."},{"text":"enforce laws over the population","correct":false,"explanation":"Enforcing domestic laws relates to effective government, which is a separate criterion. The required international capacity is to enter relations with other states."},{"text":"defend its borders against invasion","correct":false,"explanation":"Military strength is not a formal requirement for statehood. A state must instead possess the capacity to enter relations with other states."},{"text":"hold regular democratic elections","correct":false,"explanation":"Statehood does not depend on having a democratic political system. The relevant criterion is the capacity to enter relations with other states."}]},{"id":"91d313f9-9e45-450e-8d66-add3e7748b04","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When legal citizenship and national identity broadly overlap, what is the political community called?","back":"Nation state.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nation state.","correct":true,"explanation":"A nation state exists where the boundaries of the sovereign state broadly coincide with a population sharing a common national identity."},{"text":"Multinational state.","correct":false,"explanation":"A multinational state contains two or more significant national groups, rather than a broad overlap between one national identity and legal citizenship. The correct term is nation state."},{"text":"Stateless nation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A stateless nation has a shared national identity but lacks its own sovereign state. Where national identity and citizenship broadly overlap, the community is a nation state."},{"text":"Supranational organisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A supranational organisation exercises authority above participating states and is not a national political community. The overlap described produces a nation state."}]},{"id":"5cc465e5-8b2d-42bc-bd65-d8da6f26b1e2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"National sovereignty means the state’s claimed [ ] over its citizens, subjects and territory.","back":"National sovereignty means the state’s claimed absolute power over its citizens, subjects and territory.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"absolute power","correct":true,"explanation":"National sovereignty is the claim that the state possesses final and unrestricted authority over the people and territory located within its borders."},{"text":"limited power","correct":false,"explanation":"Limited power is authority restricted by another body, contradicting the traditional sovereign claim. National sovereignty refers to the state’s claimed absolute power."},{"text":"delegated power","correct":false,"explanation":"Delegated power is granted by a higher authority and can normally be withdrawn. A sovereign state instead claims absolute power over its citizens and territory."},{"text":"shared power","correct":false,"explanation":"Shared power describes authority divided between institutions or levels of government. National sovereignty traditionally claims absolute power for the state within its territory."}]},{"id":"14f6eaed-cf94-4e7e-b0bc-1b7ffc4a9679","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What Westphalian idea underpins the modern state system?","back":"States control their own territory without outside interference.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"States control their own territory without outside interference.","correct":true,"explanation":"Westphalian sovereignty establishes territorial authority and non-intervention: each state governs within its borders, while other states should not interfere in its domestic affairs."},{"text":"States must obey a single universal political authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"A universal authority would undermine independent state sovereignty. The Westphalian principle holds that states control their own territory without outside interference."},{"text":"States may alter neighbouring borders without mutual agreement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unilaterally changing another state’s borders violates territorial sovereignty. Westphalianism instead holds that states control their own territory without outside interference."},{"text":"States may intervene freely in one another’s domestic affairs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Free intervention is the opposite of the Westphalian principle of non-intervention. States are regarded as controlling their own territory without outside interference."}]},{"id":"b36789be-949b-4569-b685-eb593fc5d441","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which benefit of national sovereignty lets a people govern themselves?","back":"Self-determination.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Self-determination.","correct":true,"explanation":"Self-determination is the principle that a people should be able to choose its own political status and govern itself without external domination."},{"text":"Non-intervention.","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-intervention protects states against external involvement, but it does not specifically name a people’s right to govern itself. That benefit is self-determination."},{"text":"Territorial integrity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Territorial integrity protects a state’s existing borders from external violation. The principle allowing a people to govern itself is self-determination."},{"text":"Collective security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collective security involves states cooperating against threats to peace rather than a people governing itself. The relevant benefit of sovereignty is self-determination."}]},{"id":"fbfbb2d8-0f34-4b74-a2a2-6845b4d67697","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can national sovereignty shield abusive regimes?","back":"It can protect rulers from outside scrutiny or intervention.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can protect rulers from outside scrutiny or intervention.","correct":true,"explanation":"The principles of sovereignty and non-intervention can prevent foreign states or international organisations from investigating abuses or acting against an oppressive government."},{"text":"It can protect rulers from constitutional checks or elections.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constitutional checks and elections are domestic arrangements, so sovereignty does not automatically remove them. It may shield abusive rulers from outside scrutiny or intervention."},{"text":"It can protect rulers from public criticism or peaceful protest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Public criticism and protest arise within the state and are not excluded by national sovereignty itself. Sovereignty can instead obstruct outside scrutiny or intervention."},{"text":"It can protect rulers from international trade or investment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trade and investment are economic exchanges rather than mechanisms for holding abusive rulers accountable. Sovereignty can protect rulers from outside scrutiny or intervention."}]},{"id":"9d703aea-e235-4857-af74-5893dfb2fcf8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Brexit strengthened UK [ ], but globalisation still constrained [ ].","back":"Brexit strengthened UK formal legal sovereignty, but globalisation still constrained practical control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Brexit strengthened UK formal legal sovereignty, but globalisation still constrained practical control.","correct":true,"explanation":"Leaving the EU restored some formal legal authority to UK institutions, but economic interdependence, international commitments and cross-border pressures continued to limit effective policy control."},{"text":"Brexit strengthened UK practical control, but globalisation still constrained formal legal sovereignty.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the key distinction. Brexit primarily increased formal legal sovereignty, while global markets and international interdependence continued to constrain the UK’s practical control."},{"text":"Brexit strengthened UK formal legal sovereignty, but globalisation still constrained parliamentary representation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Globalisation primarily restricts governments’ practical freedom to achieve their goals, not parliamentary representation. Brexit strengthened formal legal sovereignty while practical control remained constrained."},{"text":"Brexit strengthened UK economic self-sufficiency, but globalisation still constrained practical control.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brexit did not make the interdependent UK economy self-sufficient. It strengthened formal legal sovereignty, while globalisation continued to limit practical control."}]},{"id":"fc116bf3-b6e5-4b77-876b-a558e4060fb2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Globalisation is the [ ] of connections across borders.","back":"Globalisation is the widening and deepening of connections across borders.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"widening and deepening","correct":true,"explanation":"Globalisation involves connections spreading across more countries and regions while also becoming more intense, frequent and influential within societies and economies."},{"text":"narrowing and weakening","correct":false,"explanation":"Narrower and weaker cross-border connections describe deglobalisation rather than globalisation. Globalisation is defined by the widening and deepening of connections across borders."},{"text":"standardising and homogenising","correct":false,"explanation":"Standardisation and cultural homogenisation may be possible effects of globalisation, but they are not its core definition. Globalisation is the widening and deepening of cross-border connections."},{"text":"privatising and deregulating","correct":false,"explanation":"Privatisation and deregulation are policies associated with neoliberal economics, not the general definition of globalisation. Globalisation means the widening and deepening of connections across borders."}]},{"id":"9003bf0e-d29d-4668-a23a-c0e0f3b6d427","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A product designed in one country, assembled in another and sold worldwide shows which dimension?","back":"Economic globalisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Economic globalisation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Economic globalisation involves production, trade and markets operating across national borders, as shown by a product whose design, assembly and sale occur internationally."},{"text":"Cultural globalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural globalisation concerns the worldwide spread and mixing of ideas, values and lifestyles. International production, assembly and sales instead demonstrate economic globalisation."},{"text":"Political globalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political globalisation concerns increasing international political cooperation and institutions. A production process divided among countries is an example of economic globalisation."},{"text":"Technological globalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Technological globalisation describes the worldwide spread and interconnection of technologies. Cross-border design, manufacturing and sales primarily illustrate economic globalisation."}]},{"id":"52d2d710-bc97-4cfc-8058-f8a131c80eaf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Global governance means cooperation, rules and institutions [ ].","back":"Global governance means cooperation, rules and institutions without a world state.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"without a world state","correct":true,"explanation":"Global governance coordinates international behaviour through rules, cooperation and institutions, but no central world state possesses supreme authority over all countries."},{"text":"through a single world state","correct":false,"explanation":"A world state would possess central sovereign authority, making this world government rather than global governance. Global governance operates without a world state."},{"text":"only within sovereign states","correct":false,"explanation":"Cooperation restricted to sovereign states’ internal affairs would be domestic governance. Global governance coordinates rules and institutions without a world state."},{"text":"without international institutions","correct":false,"explanation":"International institutions such as the UN, WTO and ICC are central mechanisms of global governance. The defining limitation is the absence of a world state."}]},{"id":"75434b39-aa8c-4286-8a7b-ed932f98db62","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does interdependence limit state control over outcomes?","back":"States must rely on others to manage cross-border problems.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"States must rely on others to manage cross-border problems.","correct":true,"explanation":"Problems such as climate change, migration and pandemics cross national borders, so no state can manage them entirely alone and cooperation becomes necessary."},{"text":"States transfer complete authority to international organisations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interdependence does not require states to surrender all authority. It limits independent control because states must rely on others to manage cross-border problems."},{"text":"States become legally subordinate to multinational corporations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multinational corporations can influence states, but they do not make states legally subordinate. Interdependence limits control because cross-border problems require cooperation with others."},{"text":"States can isolate themselves from external pressures.","correct":false,"explanation":"Isolation would reduce interdependence rather than explain its constraints. State control is limited because managing cross-border problems requires reliance on other actors."}]},{"id":"1996920a-003c-4c30-b80a-cc8caeca8153","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did the ICC’s 2023 arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin show?","back":"Individuals, not just states, can face global legal norms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Individuals, not just states, can face global legal norms.","correct":true,"explanation":"By issuing a warrant for a serving national leader, the ICC demonstrated that international criminal law can apply directly to individuals rather than only regulating states."},{"text":"States, not individuals, can face global legal norms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ICC prosecutes natural persons rather than states, so this reverses the warrant’s significance. Putin’s warrant showed that individuals can face global legal norms."},{"text":"Governments, not leaders, can face global legal norms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The warrant concerned alleged individual criminal responsibility, not the criminal liability of an entire government. Individuals, including political leaders, can face global legal norms."},{"text":"National courts, not global institutions, have jurisdiction over leaders.","correct":false,"explanation":"The warrant was issued by the ICC, not solely by a domestic court. It demonstrated that individuals can be subject to legal norms operating at the global level."}]},{"id":"cf179fee-1e93-4b4f-928a-e4f60312a564","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Under Responsibility to Protect, when should the international community act?","back":"When a state fails to protect people from mass atrocities.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When a state fails to protect people from mass atrocities.","correct":true,"explanation":"Responsibility to Protect applies when a state is unwilling or unable to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing or crimes against humanity against its population."},{"text":"When a government loses an election through electoral fraud.","correct":false,"explanation":"Responsibility to Protect is not triggered by every case of electoral fraud. It concerns a state’s failure to protect its population from mass atrocities."},{"text":"When a state cannot repay debts to international lenders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debt repayment problems may prompt financial assistance, but they do not activate Responsibility to Protect. Its threshold is failure to protect people from mass atrocities."},{"text":"When another state threatens its territorial borders.","correct":false,"explanation":"A threat to borders concerns collective or national self-defence, not Responsibility to Protect. R2P addresses a state’s failure to protect people from mass atrocities."}]},{"id":"eb0f588b-8619-4fd9-bcaf-d01ed9551844","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the UN global governance rather than world government?","back":"It depends on member states, especially Security Council permanent members.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It depends on member states, especially Security Council permanent members.","correct":true,"explanation":"The UN lacks independent sovereignty and relies on states for authority, resources and enforcement. The permanent members can also veto substantive Security Council resolutions."},{"text":"It exercises sovereign authority, including direct control over every national government.","correct":false,"explanation":"The UN does not possess supreme authority over national governments. It remains global governance because it depends on member states, particularly the Security Council’s permanent members."},{"text":"It commands its own military, independently enforcing decisions against any state.","correct":false,"explanation":"The UN has no standing military under its independent command and relies on states to supply forces. This dependence makes it global governance rather than world government."},{"text":"It is accountable to global voters, especially through directly elected UN representatives.","correct":false,"explanation":"UN representatives are appointed by member governments rather than directly elected by a global electorate. The organisation’s dependence on member states prevents it being a world government."}]},{"id":"ca645797-a67d-4830-8d2a-3b6a4a30a8a1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which view says globalisation is fundamentally eroding state power?","back":"Hyperglobalisers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hyperglobalisers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hyperglobalisers see global markets and transnational forces as increasingly overriding national borders, autonomy and governments’ ability to control their own economies."},{"text":"Globalisation sceptics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Globalisation sceptics argue that globalisation is overstated and that states remain the principal actors. Hyperglobalisers instead claim that globalisation fundamentally erodes state power."},{"text":"Transformationalists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transformationalists argue that globalisation restructures and changes state power rather than simply destroying it. The view centred on fundamental erosion is hyperglobalism."},{"text":"Realists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Realists continue to emphasise states, sovereignty and national interest in international politics. Hyperglobalisers are the theorists who predict fundamental erosion of state power."}]},{"id":"22c2aa50-3300-4c29-9544-c6a91c2094c4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which view says globalisation is exaggerated and states remain key actors?","back":"Globalisation sceptics.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Globalisation sceptics.","correct":true,"explanation":"Globalisation sceptics question claims of a borderless world, arguing that states still control crucial political and economic decisions and remain the dominant global actors."},{"text":"Hyperglobalisers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hyperglobalisers claim that globalisation is extensive and is eroding state autonomy. Sceptics take the opposing view that its scale is exaggerated and states remain central."},{"text":"Transformationalists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transformationalists accept that globalisation is significantly reshaping states, although not simply eliminating them. Sceptics more directly argue that globalisation has been exaggerated."},{"text":"Cosmopolitans.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cosmopolitans favour political and moral obligations extending beyond national borders. The claim that globalisation is exaggerated and states remain dominant belongs to globalisation sceptics."}]},{"id":"e0c13b97-f7ee-40dc-b575-14a6055430b6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Transformationalists argue globalisation is real but uneven: state power is [ ], not destroyed.","back":"Transformationalists argue globalisation is real but uneven: state power is reshaped, not destroyed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"reshaped","correct":true,"explanation":"Transformationalists reject both the claim that globalisation leaves states unchanged and the claim that it destroys them. They argue state power is altered in form, scope and operation."},{"text":"strengthened","correct":false,"explanation":"This suggests globalisation generally increases state power, which is not the transformationalist argument. The correct term is “reshaped”, because globalisation changes how state power operates without eliminating it."},{"text":"transferred","correct":false,"explanation":"This implies state power has moved elsewhere, especially to international organisations or markets. Transformationalists instead argue that state power is “reshaped” rather than simply transferred away."},{"text":"weakened","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects the more one-sided hyperglobalist view that globalisation diminishes states. Transformationalists use “reshaped” to show that state power changes unevenly but is not simply reduced."}]},{"id":"43936bbf-7c01-4fbf-bc6c-13592cacb907","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do liberals think states can address shared global problems?","back":"By pooling sovereignty through law and institutions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"By pooling sovereignty through law and institutions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Liberals argue that states can cooperate by pooling sovereignty in shared legal and institutional frameworks, allowing them to tackle problems that no state can solve alone."},{"text":"By protecting sovereignty through military alliances and institutions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Military alliances may address security threats, but this is not the liberal solution to shared global problems. Liberals advocate “pooling sovereignty” through law and institutions."},{"text":"By abolishing sovereignty through law and institutions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Liberals do not generally call for states to abolish sovereignty altogether. Their argument is for “pooling sovereignty”, where states share authority while retaining their separate identities."},{"text":"By transferring sovereignty to markets without law and institutions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Markets alone cannot provide the rules and cooperation liberals associate with solving global problems. The correct approach is “pooling sovereignty” through law and institutions."}]},{"id":"8f11c41c-3280-48d4-a3c4-487e4deb9b14","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do realists say globalisation does not remove?","back":"State rivalry over power and security.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"State rivalry over power and security.","correct":true,"explanation":"Realists argue that globalisation does not eliminate competition between states. States continue to pursue power and security, so rivalry remains central to international politics."},{"text":"State cooperation over power and security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Realists recognise some cooperation, but they emphasise continuing rivalry rather than cooperation as the defining feature of state relations. The correct answer is “State rivalry” over power and security."},{"text":"Economic interdependence over power and security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic interdependence may influence state behaviour, but it does not replace security competition in realist theory. Realists say globalisation cannot remove “State rivalry” over power and security."},{"text":"Global governance over power and security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Global governance may constrain states in some areas, but realists reject the idea that it supersedes national security competition. “State rivalry” remains the key realist claim."}]},{"id":"8d9ad11e-8a63-4514-85a6-d52c333080b5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did COVID-19 show about state power under globalisation?","back":"States retained controls, but depended on global supply chains and science.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"States retained controls, but depended on global supply chains and science.","correct":true,"explanation":"COVID-19 demonstrated that governments could close borders and impose restrictions, yet still relied heavily on international production networks, medical supplies and scientific cooperation."},{"text":"States lost controls, but depended on global supply chains and science.","correct":false,"explanation":"The pandemic showed governments exercising major powers through lockdowns, borders and public health rules. States retained controls while depending on global supply chains and science."},{"text":"States retained controls, but became independent of global supply chains and science.","correct":false,"explanation":"The disruption of medical equipment, vaccines and other goods exposed dependence rather than independence. COVID-19 showed that states retained controls but relied on global supply chains and science."},{"text":"States retained controls, but depended on national supply chains and isolated research.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scientific and economic responses to COVID-19 were highly international, not isolated within individual states. The correct answer highlights dependence on global supply chains and science."}]},{"id":"40928114-5cd7-45b1-9e6b-bc5488c4666e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which country example shows global economic integration reducing extreme poverty?","back":"China.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"China.","correct":true,"explanation":"China is the standard example of global economic integration helping to lift hundreds of millions of people out of extreme poverty through trade, investment and export-led growth."},{"text":"Russia.","correct":false,"explanation":"Russia is not the central A-Level example of global economic integration reducing extreme poverty. The expected example is China, whose integration supported exceptionally large-scale poverty reduction."},{"text":"Saudi Arabia.","correct":false,"explanation":"Saudi Arabia’s wealth is mainly associated with oil resources rather than the textbook example of integration-driven mass poverty reduction. The relevant country example is China."},{"text":"North Korea.","correct":false,"explanation":"North Korea is highly isolated from the global economy, so it cannot illustrate integration reducing extreme poverty. China is the example associated with extensive global economic integration."}]},{"id":"9bcbbb9b-3256-4b2b-99bb-f0c366f858ba","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can interdependence reduce incentives for war?","back":"Conflict disrupts trade and investment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Conflict disrupts trade and investment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Interdependence raises the economic costs of war because conflict interrupts trade, damages investment and threatens prosperity. These costs can reduce incentives for states to fight."},{"text":"Conflict strengthens trade and investment.","correct":false,"explanation":"War generally damages commercial relationships and discourages investment rather than strengthening them. Interdependence can reduce incentives for war because conflict disrupts trade and investment."},{"text":"Conflict disrupts military alliances and diplomacy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Military and diplomatic disruption may occur, but the specific liberal argument concerns the economic costs of conflict. The correct answer is that conflict disrupts trade and investment."},{"text":"Conflict protects trade and investment.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship: conflict threatens economic links rather than protecting them. Interdependence discourages war because fighting would disrupt trade and investment."}]},{"id":"e520a0ed-75bb-4f5b-868f-9d4481ba3cd9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the main weakness of globalised human rights norms?","back":"Enforcement is selective because powerful states can resist scrutiny.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Enforcement is selective because powerful states can resist scrutiny.","correct":true,"explanation":"Human rights norms may be widely accepted, but enforcement is uneven. Powerful states can use their influence to avoid investigation, punishment or meaningful external scrutiny."},{"text":"Legitimacy is selective because powerful states can resist scrutiny.","correct":false,"explanation":"The central problem is not whether the norms are legitimate, but whether they are enforced consistently. “Enforcement” is selective because powerful states can resist scrutiny."},{"text":"Representation is selective because powerful states can resist scrutiny.","correct":false,"explanation":"Representation concerns whose voices are included, whereas this weakness concerns the inconsistent application of rules. The correct answer is selective “Enforcement” by powerful states."},{"text":"Participation is selective because powerful states can resist scrutiny.","correct":false,"explanation":"Participation describes involvement in decision-making, not the implementation of human rights standards. The issue is selective “Enforcement”, especially when powerful states resist scrutiny."}]},{"id":"664b47af-54cf-4a4a-b67a-bb799b2776f0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Paris Agreement 2015 committed states to [ ].","back":"The Paris Agreement 2015 committed states to nationally determined climate targets.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"nationally determined climate targets","correct":true,"explanation":"The Paris Agreement required states to submit their own nationally determined climate targets, allowing different national circumstances while encouraging collective action against climate change."},{"text":"binding emissions reductions","correct":false,"explanation":"The agreement did not impose identical legally binding emissions cuts on every state. It relied on nationally determined climate targets submitted by individual governments."},{"text":"uniform climate targets","correct":false,"explanation":"The Paris Agreement allowed states to set their own contributions rather than imposing one uniform target. The correct term is “nationally determined climate targets”."},{"text":"voluntary economic targets","correct":false,"explanation":"The agreement focused on national climate commitments, not economic targets. Its distinctive approach was to use nationally determined climate targets reflecting different national circumstances."}]},{"id":"e53b6b5a-be2c-46d8-a472-b3dc34408e15","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does globalisation rarely resolve contemporary issues fully?","back":"Enforcement still depends on sovereign states.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Enforcement still depends on sovereign states.","correct":true,"explanation":"International agreements and institutions usually lack independent coercive power, so implementation and enforcement rely on sovereign states, whose differing interests can prevent global problems from being fully resolved."},{"text":"Enforcement still depends on multinational corporations.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses corporate influence with legal authority. Multinational corporations can shape global outcomes, but enforcement ultimately depends on sovereign states because they retain legislative and coercive powers."},{"text":"Enforcement still depends on international organisations.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overstates the independent power of bodies such as the UN. International organisations generally rely on sovereign states to implement decisions and provide the resources needed for enforcement."},{"text":"Enforcement still depends on non-governmental organisations.","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes advocacy and monitoring for enforcement. Non-governmental organisations may influence policy and public opinion, but sovereign states retain the legal authority needed to enforce global agreements."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"The state and globalisation","title":"The state and globalisation Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/politics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"d3e67f3a-771c-5175-8519-6876b6bb4225","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]