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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/a-level/politics/edexcel/nationalism/flashcards","label":"Nationalism","subjectCode":"a_level_politics","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"1869f3c2-c293-46c0-a8a4-f49cf1d612e7","title":"Nationalism Flashcards","topicId":"732fd7f0-ff91-56c7-96ab-2ef9ce08022b","topicSlug":"nationalism","cards":[{"id":"aa445cb4-4285-44c3-bbf5-5dcf1dc3eefe","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"According to nationalism, what political community should political authority reflect or protect?","back":"The nation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The nation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nationalism holds that the nation is the central political community, so political authority should reflect its identity, interests and collective aspirations."},{"text":"The state.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the state, which is the governing territory and institutions, with the nation, which nationalism treats as the community political authority should serve."},{"text":"The class.","correct":false,"explanation":"Class is central to Marxist analysis, not nationalism. Nationalism argues that political authority should reflect or protect the nation rather than an economic class."},{"text":"The individual.","correct":false,"explanation":"Liberalism generally prioritises the individual, but nationalism gives political importance to the nation as a shared community with a collective identity."}]},{"id":"ab9f7e9c-0981-4477-a464-ae37e16e10f9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The UK is a state; Scotland can be understood by nationalists as a [ ] within it.","back":"The UK is a state; Scotland can be understood by nationalists as a nation within it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"nation","correct":true,"explanation":"Nationalists distinguish the state from the nation: the UK is the sovereign state, while Scotland may be understood as a distinct nation within it."},{"text":"state","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling Scotland another state would imply separate sovereignty, but the sentence distinguishes Scotland’s national identity from the UK state that contains it."},{"text":"government","correct":false,"explanation":"A government is the institution that exercises political authority, not a community defined by shared national identity. Scotland is described here as a nation."},{"text":"province","correct":false,"explanation":"A province is an administrative subdivision created by a state, whereas nationalist arguments may describe Scotland as a nation with its own collective identity."}]},{"id":"cc26d2f2-d4ac-41d4-a1e1-31fdc0b07cff","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If nationalism treats “the people” as the nation, what political right may follow?","back":"The nation may claim self-determination.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The nation may claim self-determination.","correct":true,"explanation":"If the nation is understood as the people, nationalism may argue that it should decide its own political status, including autonomy or independence."},{"text":"The nation may claim absolute monarchy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nationalism does not automatically require monarchy. Its political implication is self-determination, meaning the nation should determine its own political future."},{"text":"The nation may claim economic equality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic equality is associated especially with socialism, whereas nationalism’s key political claim is that the nation should govern or determine its own affairs."},{"text":"The nation may claim religious uniformity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nationalism can sometimes overlap with religion, but treating the people as the nation most directly supports a claim to self-determination."}]},{"id":"e7a8d501-dd36-4c05-b097-a499aa0a1d47","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is nationalism described as a thin-centred ideology?","back":"It has a clear core but needs other ideologies for detail.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It has a clear core but needs other ideologies for detail.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nationalism has a central commitment to the nation, but it does not provide one complete programme for economics, government or society, so it attaches to other ideologies."},{"text":"It has a complete programme but rejects all other ideologies.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a thick, self-contained ideology. Nationalism is thin-centred because its core idea needs other ideologies to supply detailed political positions."},{"text":"It has a weak core and no political principles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nationalism does have a clear central principle: the nation should shape political authority. Its thinness concerns limited detail, not an absence of core ideas."},{"text":"It has a single economic theory shared by all nationalists.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nationalists can support different economic systems, including socialism, liberalism or conservatism. This variation shows why nationalism needs other ideologies for detailed policies."}]},{"id":"e48fea1c-6c9e-4d3c-8529-08cc88a40d83","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] defines the nation through shared citizenship, laws and political values.","back":"Civic nationalism defines the nation through shared citizenship, laws and political values.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Civic nationalism","correct":true,"explanation":"Civic nationalism defines membership through shared citizenship, laws and political values, so belonging can be acquired through participation in the political community."},{"text":"Ethnic nationalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethnic nationalism defines the nation mainly through inherited characteristics such as ancestry, language or culture, rather than citizenship and shared political values."},{"text":"Expansionist nationalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Expansionist nationalism concerns extending a nation’s territory or influence. It does not specifically define national membership through citizenship, laws and political values."},{"text":"Imperial nationalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Imperial nationalism legitimises domination or expansion by a powerful nation, whereas civic nationalism defines belonging through common citizenship and political principles."}]},{"id":"77d9ff66-0e2b-46b0-af48-83c944f654fd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can ethnic nationalism be more exclusive than civic nationalism?","back":"Belonging depends on inherited traits people may not choose.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Belonging depends on inherited traits people may not choose.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ethnic nationalism can be more exclusive because it bases membership on ancestry or other inherited characteristics, which individuals cannot simply acquire through citizenship or commitment."},{"text":"Belonging depends on voluntary choices people can easily change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Voluntary, changeable membership is more consistent with civic nationalism. Ethnic nationalism is more exclusive because it often relies on inherited traits outside personal choice."},{"text":"Belonging depends on equal political participation by all citizens.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal participation and citizenship are characteristic of civic nationalism. Ethnic nationalism can exclude people even when they participate politically, because ancestry remains decisive."},{"text":"Belonging depends on support for the current government.","correct":false,"explanation":"National identity is not identical to loyalty to a particular government. Ethnic nationalism typically excludes through ancestry or inherited traits, not merely disagreement with rulers."}]},{"id":"9e1677e1-d66e-4663-bd28-2dd36ba7ef5e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is nationalism progressive?","back":"When it challenges empire, colonialism or foreign domination.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When it challenges empire, colonialism or foreign domination.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nationalism can be progressive when it mobilises a subject people against imperial or colonial rule and supports their right to political independence and self-government."},{"text":"When it strengthens empire, colonialism or foreign domination.","correct":false,"explanation":"Supporting imperial or colonial control denies the subject nation’s autonomy. Nationalism is progressive when it challenges, rather than reinforces, foreign domination."},{"text":"When it protects hereditary privilege or aristocratic rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hereditary privilege and aristocratic rule are associated with traditional conservatism. Progressive nationalism challenges domination and seeks political freedom for the nation."},{"text":"When it demands political neutrality from all nations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political neutrality does not challenge oppression or domination. Progressive nationalism actively supports a nation’s right to resist empire, colonialism or foreign control."}]},{"id":"5c116b36-ebab-4d5d-b33e-18b774cea33b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can nationalism become authoritarian?","back":"Leaders claim to embody the true nation and exclude opponents.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Leaders claim to embody the true nation and exclude opponents.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nationalism can become authoritarian when leaders present themselves as the authentic voice of the nation, portraying critics as enemies who do not truly belong."},{"text":"Leaders claim to represent the private interests of opponents and include all critics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authoritarian nationalism does the opposite: leaders claim to embody the true nation and exclude opponents by denying their legitimacy as members of the national community."},{"text":"Leaders claim to defend the rights of minorities and decentralise power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Minority protection and decentralisation limit concentrated authority. Authoritarian nationalism instead centralises power around leaders claiming exclusive ownership of the nation’s identity."},{"text":"Leaders claim to follow the instructions of foreign governments and surrender sovereignty.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authoritarian nationalists usually claim to defend national sovereignty, not obey foreign governments. Their authoritarianism comes from excluding domestic opponents as false representatives of the nation."}]},{"id":"5918b943-d0fd-4a14-b852-e8d5a7b0b7dc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What political situation produces minority nationalism?","back":"A nation lacks full sovereignty inside a larger state.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A nation lacks full sovereignty inside a larger state.","correct":true,"explanation":"Minority nationalism develops when a nation considers itself politically distinct but remains governed within a larger sovereign state, encouraging demands for autonomy or independence."},{"text":"A nation exercises full sovereignty over an independent state.","correct":false,"explanation":"Full sovereignty describes an independent nation-state rather than a national minority. Minority nationalism arises when a nation lacks full sovereignty inside a larger state."},{"text":"A government lacks electoral legitimacy after a general election.","correct":false,"explanation":"An electoral legitimacy crisis concerns confidence in a government, not the political status of a nation. Minority nationalism occurs when a nation lacks full sovereignty within a larger state."},{"text":"A state lacks military influence within an international alliance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Limited military influence within an alliance does not create minority nationalism. The key situation is that a distinct nation lacks full sovereignty inside a larger state."}]},{"id":"8e4877c4-ee06-48d3-b06c-a35a4f768588","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Minority nationalism usually challenges an existing state from [ ]; state nationalism usually acts from above.","back":"Minority nationalism usually challenges an existing state from below; state nationalism usually acts from above.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"below","correct":true,"explanation":"Minority nationalism emerges from groups within an existing state seeking autonomy, recognition or independence, so it challenges established authority from below."},{"text":"above","correct":false,"explanation":"Acting from above is characteristic of state nationalism promoted by governing institutions. Minority nationalism instead challenges the existing state from below."},{"text":"outside","correct":false,"explanation":"Minority nationalists are generally a national community within the territory of an existing state, not an external force. Their challenge therefore comes from below."},{"text":"government","correct":false,"explanation":"A challenge originating from government would describe state-led nationalism rather than minority nationalism. Minority nationalist movements contest state authority from below."}]},{"id":"30de9e68-69e7-4823-807a-2244ada834fe","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why does an existing state promote state nationalism?","back":"To build unity, loyalty and legitimacy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To build unity, loyalty and legitimacy.","correct":true,"explanation":"States promote shared national identity to unite citizens, strengthen loyalty to political institutions and make the state’s authority appear rightful and legitimate."},{"text":"To create division, disloyalty and instability.","correct":false,"explanation":"These outcomes would weaken an existing state rather than serve its purposes. State nationalism is promoted to build unity, loyalty and legitimacy among citizens."},{"text":"To encourage separatism, autonomy and secession.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separatism and secession threaten the territorial integrity of an existing state and are associated with minority nationalism. State nationalism instead builds unity, loyalty and legitimacy."},{"text":"To establish neutrality, federalism and internationalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"These principles are not the central goals of state nationalism and may disperse national allegiance. Existing states promote nationalism to develop unity, loyalty and legitimacy."}]},{"id":"f018ff5d-0bb9-4515-a502-ab4579a236b2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the 2022 UK Supreme Court ruling on a Scottish independence referendum?","back":"No unilateral referendum without Westminster approval.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"No unilateral referendum without Westminster approval.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Court ruled that the Scottish Parliament lacked power to legislate for an independence referendum because the issue related to reserved matters, requiring Westminster’s approval."},{"text":"A binding referendum could proceed without Westminster approval.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Court rejected the Scottish Government’s claim that Holyrood could act alone. An independence referendum could not proceed unilaterally without Westminster approval."},{"text":"An advisory referendum could proceed without Westminster approval.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calling the proposed vote advisory did not remove its significant political effects or connection to reserved matters. The Court ruled that Westminster approval was still required."},{"text":"No independence referendum could ever receive Westminster approval.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ruling did not permanently prohibit another referendum or prevent Westminster authorising one. It established that Scotland could not hold one unilaterally without Westminster approval."}]},{"id":"876be972-92e9-4361-ab88-4367e1a1adc9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the 2016 EU referendum, Scotland voted [ ], strengthening Scottish nationalist arguments.","back":"In the 2016 EU referendum, Scotland voted 62.0% Remain, strengthening Scottish nationalist arguments.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"62.0% Remain","correct":true,"explanation":"Scotland voted 62.0% Remain, contrasting with the overall UK result for Leave and strengthening claims that Scotland’s preferences were overridden."},{"text":"51.9% Leave","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Scotland’s result with the approximate Leave share across the UK as a whole. Scotland itself voted 62.0% Remain."},{"text":"55.3% Remain","correct":false,"explanation":"This is close to Northern Ireland’s Remain percentage, not Scotland’s result. Scotland recorded a substantially larger 62.0% vote for Remain."},{"text":"48.0% Remain","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses Scotland’s 38% Leave share into an incorrect Remain figure. The actual Scottish result was 62.0% Remain."}]},{"id":"5a1aa5f0-05e9-47a0-9d77-98580867563e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What nationalist claim did the Brexit slogan “take back control” express?","back":"The UK should reclaim national self-government.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The UK should reclaim national self-government.","correct":true,"explanation":"The slogan presented EU membership as limiting British sovereignty and argued that powers over laws, borders and policy should return to national institutions."},{"text":"The UK should expand European political integration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater European integration would transfer or pool more authority beyond the UK, the opposite of the slogan’s demand to reclaim national self-government."},{"text":"The UK should grant regional legislative independence.","correct":false,"explanation":"The slogan concerned authority returning from the EU to the UK, not transferring power from Westminster to regions. It expressed national self-government."},{"text":"The UK should restore hereditary royal government.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brexit campaigners were not demanding direct monarchical rule. “Take back control” expressed the nationalist claim that the UK should reclaim national self-government."}]},{"id":"65cba474-703e-408e-8581-171f9ea482f1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"For nationalism, why is Rousseau important?","back":"He links freedom to collective self-rule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"He links freedom to collective self-rule.","correct":true,"explanation":"Rousseau argues that people are free when they participate collectively in making the laws they obey, supporting nationalism’s emphasis on national self-determination."},{"text":"He links freedom to unrestricted individual choice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rousseau does not define freedom as simply doing whatever an individual wants. He connects genuine freedom to participation in collective self-rule."},{"text":"He links authority to hereditary royal rule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rousseau grounds legitimate political authority in the people and the social contract, not hereditary monarchy. His nationalist relevance comes from linking freedom to collective self-rule."},{"text":"He links nationality to inherited racial identity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rousseau’s political theory does not base nationality on racial ancestry. His importance to nationalism lies in connecting freedom with collective popular self-rule."}]},{"id":"d7c94998-2054-4cc9-9838-c3398c8a5924","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can Rousseau’s general will be dangerous?","back":"Rulers may claim to know the people’s true interests.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Rulers may claim to know the people’s true interests.","correct":true,"explanation":"Leaders can present their own decisions as expressions of the general will, claiming to understand citizens’ true interests even while suppressing disagreement and liberty."},{"text":"Rulers may claim to follow the people’s electoral preferences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Following expressed electoral preferences is not the distinctive danger of the general will. The danger is that rulers claim superior knowledge of the people’s true interests."},{"text":"Rulers may claim to protect the people’s individual choices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protecting individual choice differs from Rousseau’s collective general will. The danger arises when rulers override actual choices by claiming to know the people’s true interests."},{"text":"Rulers may claim to defend the people’s private property.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protection of property is not the central authoritarian risk in Rousseau’s general will. Rulers may instead justify coercion by claiming knowledge of the people’s true interests."}]},{"id":"68cf3910-b4a9-482d-a5b2-a3a4e01671eb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Herder argued that nations grow from [ ], cultural traditions and shared historical experience.","back":"Herder argued that nations grow from language, cultural traditions and shared historical experience.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"language","correct":true,"explanation":"Herder saw a shared language as central to a nation’s organic development because it transmits collective traditions, memories and a distinctive cultural identity across generations."},{"text":"territory","correct":false,"explanation":"Territory may provide a homeland, but Herder primarily traced national identity to language, which carries a people’s cultural traditions and shared historical experience."},{"text":"citizenship","correct":false,"explanation":"Citizenship is a legal status associated more closely with civic nationalism. Herder instead emphasised language as the foundation of an organically developed cultural community."},{"text":"religion","correct":false,"explanation":"Religion can contribute to collective identity, but Herder identified language as the principal medium through which national culture, traditions and historical memories develop."}]},{"id":"3e9a5eee-824d-44b9-b398-bd4e038fa258","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did Mazzini mean by “thought and action”?","back":"Political principles must become practical struggle.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Political principles must become practical struggle.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mazzini believed nationalist ideas should inspire active efforts to achieve national liberation and unity, rather than remaining abstract theories discussed without political involvement."},{"text":"Political principles must remain abstract ideals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating political ideas as purely theoretical reverses Mazzini’s message. He argued that principles had to be translated into practical struggle for national liberation and unity."},{"text":"Political principles must become elite diplomacy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mazzini promoted popular political action, not reliance on agreements negotiated by rulers. His phrase meant turning principles into practical struggle to create free, united nations."},{"text":"Political principles must inspire private reflection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mazzini did not regard private reflection as sufficient for achieving nationalist aims. He insisted that political principles should lead to practical struggle and collective action."}]},{"id":"0367e983-017b-4a3b-a9db-ae4c6470916d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Garvey’s pan-Africanism argue?","back":"People of African descent should unite around shared interests.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"People of African descent should unite around shared interests.","correct":true,"explanation":"Garvey viewed people across the African diaspora as sharing interests and a common heritage, so he advocated solidarity and collective action against racism and colonial domination."},{"text":"People of African descent should assimilate around European values.","correct":false,"explanation":"Garvey rejected dependence on assimilation into European societies. His pan-Africanism called for people of African descent to unite around common interests and shared heritage."},{"text":"People of African descent should divide along colonial borders.","correct":false,"explanation":"Division by colonial boundaries contradicts pan-Africanism, which seeks solidarity across states and territories. Garvey argued that people of African descent should unite around shared interests."},{"text":"People of African descent should disperse beyond shared identities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Garvey emphasised a common identity across the African diaspora rather than abandoning it. He argued for unity around shared interests as a source of political strength."}]},{"id":"6b500ed8-0d35-4add-ab0e-baca7b4b0143","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Maurras’ [ ] put the nation above individual rights, liberalism and democracy.","back":"Maurras’ integral nationalism put the nation above individual rights, liberalism and democracy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"integral nationalism","correct":true,"explanation":"Integral nationalism treated the nation as an overriding organic whole, subordinating personal liberties and rejecting the individualism, pluralism and popular sovereignty associated with liberal democracy."},{"text":"liberal nationalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Liberal nationalism generally combines national self-determination with individual rights and constitutional government. Maurras instead advocated integral nationalism, which subordinated these values to the nation."},{"text":"civic nationalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Civic nationalism bases membership on shared citizenship and political values, often accommodating democracy. Maurras promoted integral nationalism, placing an exclusive national community above individual rights."},{"text":"cultural nationalism","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural nationalism stresses shared heritage but does not necessarily reject liberalism or democracy. Maurras’s specifically anti-liberal doctrine was integral nationalism, which made the nation supreme."}]},{"id":"4cdea2a0-8439-4867-8075-87bc5ebe7755","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does Maurras’ “Anti-France” label show about his nationalism?","back":"It was explicitly exclusionary and antisemitic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It was explicitly exclusionary and antisemitic.","correct":true,"explanation":"The label portrayed Jews and other targeted groups as internal enemies outside the authentic nation, demonstrating that Maurras defined national belonging through exclusion and antisemitism."},{"text":"It was explicitly inclusive and civic.","correct":false,"explanation":"The “Anti-France” concept did not offer equal membership based on citizenship. It excluded groups portrayed as alien, especially Jews, making Maurras’s nationalism exclusionary and antisemitic."},{"text":"It was explicitly liberal and individualist.","correct":false,"explanation":"Maurras rejected liberal individualism and classified selected minorities as enemies of the nation. The label therefore expressed an exclusionary and antisemitic form of nationalism."},{"text":"It was explicitly pluralist and tolerant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pluralism accepts diverse identities within a political community, whereas the “Anti-France” label denied belonging to targeted groups. It revealed an exclusionary and antisemitic nationalism."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Nationalism","title":"Nationalism Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/politics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"732fd7f0-ff91-56c7-96ab-2ef9ce08022b","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]