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sovereignty: the state possesses supreme legal authority over people and activities within its defined territory."},{"text":"gain recognition from every country","correct":false,"explanation":"International recognition can support a state’s legal status, but unanimous recognition is not required. The defining governmental capacity is to make and enforce laws within its territory."},{"text":"hold regular democratic elections","correct":false,"explanation":"Regular elections are associated with democratic states, not statehood itself. States may be democratic or authoritarian, but they must be able to make and enforce laws."},{"text":"maintain a single national culture","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural uniformity is not a requirement of statehood because states can contain many cultures and identities. The essential capacity is to make and enforce laws."}]},{"id":"b6163ae3-fe89-49d1-a4e5-3799d083bf70","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A state is legally independent but constrained by debt, trade or climate vulnerability. What distinction does this show?","back":"Legal sovereignty is not the same as practical power.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Legal sovereignty is not the same as practical power.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sovereignty describes a state’s formal legal independence, whereas power concerns its practical ability to achieve objectives. Economic and environmental constraints can therefore limit power without removing sovereignty."},{"text":"Democratic legitimacy is not the same as governmental authority.","correct":false,"explanation":"The example concerns formal independence and actual capacity, not democratic legitimacy or governmental authority. The correct distinction is between legal sovereignty and practical power."},{"text":"Defined territory is not the same as a permanent population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debt, trade and climate vulnerability may affect policy choices without changing territorial boundaries. The example distinguishes legal sovereignty from practical power, rather than territory from population."},{"text":"Global governance is not the same as world government.","correct":false,"explanation":"Global governance and world government differ in institutional structure, but that is not the distinction illustrated. The example contrasts formal legal sovereignty with limited practical power."}]},{"id":"bdacb637-2c52-4487-8642-fde7e1dc5e4c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"An NGO influences international relations despite not being a state. Which category is it?","back":"Non-state actor.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Non-state actor.","correct":true,"explanation":"An NGO operates independently of sovereign governments but can still influence international agendas, negotiations and policy outcomes, making it a non-state actor."},{"text":"Intergovernmental organisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"An intergovernmental organisation is established and governed by member states, unlike an NGO. An NGO belongs to the broader category of non-state actors."},{"text":"State actor.","correct":false,"explanation":"A state actor acts on behalf of a sovereign state or its government. An NGO is organisationally independent of states and is therefore a non-state actor."},{"text":"Supranational institution.","correct":false,"explanation":"A supranational institution receives authority from member states and may issue binding decisions. An independent NGO instead falls within the category of non-state actors."}]},{"id":"25113f56-f6cc-4845-b788-a7abd3013427","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Globalisation is the emergence of a complex web of [ ] in many forms.","back":"Globalisation is the emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness in many forms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"interconnectedness","correct":true,"explanation":"Globalisation links societies, economies, governments and cultures across borders, creating an increasingly complex web of interconnectedness in many different forms."},{"text":"international rivalry","correct":false,"explanation":"International rivalry concerns competition between states and may occur alongside globalisation, but globalisation itself is defined by an expanding web of interconnectedness."},{"text":"territorial sovereignty","correct":false,"explanation":"Territorial sovereignty describes supreme authority within geographical borders. Globalisation instead refers to growing interconnectedness that increasingly crosses and affects those borders."},{"text":"cultural isolation","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural isolation means separation from outside cultural influences, which runs against the cross-border exchanges associated with globalisation. The required term is interconnectedness."}]},{"id":"9cd6452b-f7b6-4386-946c-5cea0ee4c1a8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A country becomes dependent on imported energy and foreign investment. Which form of globalisation is shown?","back":"Economic globalisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Economic globalisation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reliance on imported energy and cross-border investment connects national markets and resources, demonstrating the growing economic interdependence associated with economic globalisation."},{"text":"Political globalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political globalisation concerns the increasing influence of international institutions, agreements and political processes. Imports and foreign investment primarily demonstrate economic globalisation."},{"text":"Cultural globalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural globalisation involves the international spread of ideas, values, media and lifestyles. Dependence on imports and foreign capital instead demonstrates economic globalisation."},{"text":"Technological globalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Technological globalisation concerns the worldwide spread of technologies and communication systems. Cross-border trade and investment are more specifically examples of economic globalisation."}]},{"id":"d01defe1-7413-4cb3-8dbf-545f12654bbe","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"WTO or IMF rules shape a state’s choices. Which form of globalisation is shown?","back":"Political globalisation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Political globalisation.","correct":true,"explanation":"International organisations shaping national policy choices illustrate political globalisation, because political authority and decision-making are increasingly influenced by rules operating across borders."},{"text":"Cultural globalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cultural globalisation involves ideas, values, media and lifestyles spreading across societies. Institutional rules constraining government choices are evidence of political globalisation instead."},{"text":"Technological globalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Technological globalisation concerns the international diffusion of technology and communication networks. Rules issued by international organisations instead demonstrate political globalisation."},{"text":"Environmental globalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental globalisation reflects ecological problems and their cross-border effects. The influence of international institutional rules on state choices is classified here as political globalisation."}]},{"id":"062671ac-2c91-45fb-9c3a-8bdc7f1e5000","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Climate change is managed through institutions, rules and co-operation, without a world state. Which concept is this?","back":"Global governance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Global governance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Global governance manages transnational problems through international institutions, norms, rules and co-operation while leaving states formally sovereign and avoiding a central world government."},{"text":"World government.","correct":false,"explanation":"A world government would possess central legislative and executive authority over states. Co-operation through institutions without such a sovereign global authority is global governance."},{"text":"National sovereignty.","correct":false,"explanation":"National sovereignty refers to a state’s supreme authority over its own affairs, not the co-operative management of cross-border problems. The described process is global governance."},{"text":"Economic globalisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic globalisation concerns increasingly integrated markets, production, trade and finance. Managing climate change through international rules and institutions is an example of global governance."}]},{"id":"8e8fb90b-9c26-4aa5-a92b-e2ee41123062","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] would have legislative and executive power over states.","back":"World government would have legislative and executive power over states.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"World government","correct":true,"explanation":"A world government would be a central sovereign authority able to legislate for states and execute or enforce its decisions, unlike voluntary global governance arrangements."},{"text":"Global governance","correct":false,"explanation":"Global governance coordinates states and other actors through institutions, rules and co-operation, but it lacks the central legislative and executive sovereignty that a world government would possess."},{"text":"The United Nations","correct":false,"explanation":"The United Nations depends largely on powers granted by its member states and is not sovereign over them. A world government would possess direct legislative and executive authority."},{"text":"A non-state actor","correct":false,"explanation":"A non-state actor can influence global affairs but does not possess supreme legislative and executive authority over sovereign states. That power would characterise a world government."}]},{"id":"3396c0d8-ae84-41f9-870b-b7958f4c88aa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The UN [ ] has primary responsibility for international peace and security; its five permanent members have [ ].","back":"The UN Security Council has primary responsibility for international peace and security; its five permanent members have veto powers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The UN Security Council has primary responsibility for international peace and security; its five permanent members have veto powers.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Security Council is charged with maintaining international peace and security. Its five permanent members - China, France, Russia, the UK and the US - can veto substantive resolutions."},{"text":"The UN General Assembly has primary responsibility for international peace and security; its five permanent members have veto powers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The General Assembly discusses security issues but does not hold primary responsibility or contain five permanent members. The Security Council has that responsibility, and its permanent members possess veto powers."},{"text":"The UN Security Council has primary responsibility for international peace and security; its five permanent members have equal voting rights.","correct":false,"explanation":"Security Council members do not have equal voting rights because the five permanent members can block substantive resolutions. The missing second term is veto powers."},{"text":"The UN International Court of Justice has primary responsibility for international peace and security; its five permanent members have judicial immunity.","correct":false,"explanation":"The International Court of Justice settles legal disputes between states rather than taking primary responsibility for peace and security. That role belongs to the Security Council, whose permanent members have veto powers."}]},{"id":"bc5ba6e9-53ee-46e5-808d-ad291a7c8594","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"NATO’s Article 5 treats an attack on [ ] as an attack on [ ].","back":"NATO’s Article 5 treats an attack on one member as an attack on all members.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"NATO’s Article 5 treats an attack on one member as an attack on all members.","correct":true,"explanation":"Article 5 establishes collective defence: an armed attack against one NATO member is considered an attack against every member, allowing allies to assist the state attacked."},{"text":"NATO’s Article 5 treats an attack on several members as an attack on all members.","correct":false,"explanation":"Article 5 is triggered by an attack on one member, not only by simultaneous attacks on several members. Collective defence means treating it as an attack on all members."},{"text":"NATO’s Article 5 treats an attack on one member as an attack on all European members.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collective defence applies across NATO rather than only to European allies. Article 5 treats an attack on one member as an attack on all members."},{"text":"NATO’s Article 5 treats an attack on another member as an attack on the aggressor.","correct":false,"explanation":"Article 5 concerns an external attack on a NATO member, not aggression by one ally against another. It treats an attack on one member as an attack on all members."}]},{"id":"4400f39c-94fc-48df-b7ee-2dbb91fdf30c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A state faces a currency crisis and needs emergency financial support. Which institution is most relevant?","back":"IMF.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"IMF.","correct":true,"explanation":"The IMF provides emergency financial assistance to states experiencing balance-of-payments, debt or currency crises, usually attaching economic policy conditions to its lending."},{"text":"World Bank.","correct":false,"explanation":"The World Bank primarily finances long-term development and poverty reduction rather than stabilising a currency crisis. Emergency balance-of-payments support is chiefly provided by the IMF."},{"text":"WTO.","correct":false,"explanation":"The WTO oversees international trade rules and dispute settlement, not emergency currency support. A state facing a currency or balance-of-payments crisis would approach the IMF."},{"text":"ICC.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ICC prosecutes individuals accused of major international crimes and provides no financial assistance to states. Emergency support during a currency crisis is an IMF function."}]},{"id":"ccca2350-41b6-4ef4-bb2f-3828c243469e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A poorer state needs concessional loans and grants for development. Which institution is most relevant?","back":"World Bank.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"World Bank.","correct":true,"explanation":"The World Bank supports long-term development and poverty reduction, providing poorer states with loans, concessional finance and grants for projects and institutional programmes."},{"text":"IMF.","correct":false,"explanation":"The IMF mainly addresses macroeconomic instability and balance-of-payments crises rather than funding long-term development projects. Concessional development loans and grants are associated with the World Bank."},{"text":"WTO.","correct":false,"explanation":"The WTO administers trade agreements and settles trade disputes; it is not a development lender. The World Bank provides concessional loans and grants to poorer states."},{"text":"ICJ.","correct":false,"explanation":"The ICJ adjudicates legal disputes between states and does not provide development finance. The institution associated with concessional development loans and grants is the World Bank."}]},{"id":"39b49b45-2b09-41f4-b468-bd8b9462c848","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"States dispute tariffs or trade rules. Which institution is most relevant?","back":"WTO.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"WTO.","correct":true,"explanation":"The WTO administers global trade rules and offers a formal dispute-settlement process through which member states can challenge tariffs or measures that breach trade agreements."},{"text":"IMF.","correct":false,"explanation":"The IMF supports monetary and financial stability rather than adjudicating trade disputes. Disagreements between states over tariffs or trade rules fall within the WTO’s remit."},{"text":"World Bank.","correct":false,"explanation":"The World Bank funds development and poverty-reduction initiatives rather than enforcing trade rules. The WTO is the institution responsible for disputes concerning tariffs and trade agreements."},{"text":"UNCTAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"UNCTAD researches and promotes trade and development but lacks the WTO’s binding dispute-settlement system. Formal disputes over tariffs and trade rules are handled by the WTO."}]},{"id":"17782f89-9fb1-4ebc-aa64-8b7acbd51322","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A crisis loan demands spending cuts, privatisation and market liberalisation. Which policy package is this?","back":"Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP).","correct":true,"explanation":"A Structural Adjustment Programme attaches market-oriented conditions to financial assistance, commonly requiring austerity, privatisation, deregulation and trade liberalisation to restructure the recipient state’s economy."},{"text":"Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI).","correct":false,"explanation":"Import substitution protects domestic industries using tariffs and state intervention, opposing the described liberalisation. Conditional crisis lending requiring cuts and privatisation is a Structural Adjustment Programme."},{"text":"Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC).","correct":false,"explanation":"The HIPC Initiative offers debt relief to qualifying poor countries rather than naming this package of market reforms. Such loan conditions constitute a Structural Adjustment Programme."},{"text":"Keynesian Demand-Management Programme (KDMP).","correct":false,"explanation":"A Keynesian programme normally uses public spending to stimulate demand, whereas the described conditions require spending cuts and market reforms. This package is a Structural Adjustment Programme."}]},{"id":"a9ba4d4e-d5f9-45fb-a95b-1a1dbfa59310","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Dependency theory argues [ ] creates structural imbalances keeping poorer states dependent on [ ].","back":"Dependency theory argues capitalism creates structural imbalances keeping poorer states dependent on richer states.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dependency theory argues capitalism creates structural imbalances keeping poorer states dependent on richer states.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dependency theorists argue that global capitalism produces an unequal core-periphery relationship in which poorer states remain economically subordinate to and reliant upon richer states."},{"text":"Dependency theory argues socialism creates structural imbalances keeping poorer states dependent on richer states.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dependency theory blames the unequal structures of global capitalism, not socialism, for underdevelopment. It argues that these structures make poorer states dependent on richer states."},{"text":"Dependency theory argues capitalism creates structural imbalances keeping poorer states dependent on poorer states.","correct":false,"explanation":"The theory describes poorer peripheral states as dependent on richer core states, not on other poorer states. It identifies capitalism as the source of this structural imbalance."},{"text":"Dependency theory argues communism creates structural imbalances keeping poorer states dependent on poorer states.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dependency theory does not identify communism or dependence on poorer states as the central relationship. It argues capitalism keeps poorer states dependent on richer states."}]},{"id":"9d37d6c0-b807-49b4-9d30-e3c6c0bf3473","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do the ICJ and ICC differ in who or what they deal with?","back":"

ICJ: legal disputes between states.
ICC: individuals accused of international crimes.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

ICJ: legal disputes between states.
ICC: individuals accused of international crimes.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The ICJ hears disputes brought by states and can give advisory opinions, whereas the ICC prosecutes individual people accused of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity."},{"text":"

ICJ: individuals accused of international crimes.
ICC: legal disputes between states.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the courts’ jurisdictions. The ICJ handles legal disputes between states, while the ICC prosecutes individuals alleged to have committed serious international crimes."},{"text":"

ICJ: legal disputes between companies.
ICC: states accused of international crimes.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither court is principally defined by disputes between companies or prosecutions of states. The ICJ hears interstate disputes, while the ICC tries individual defendants."},{"text":"

ICJ: individuals accused of trade crimes.
ICC: tariff disputes between states.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Trade disputes are mainly handled through the WTO, and the ICJ does not prosecute individuals. The ICJ settles interstate disputes; the ICC prosecutes individuals for international crimes."}]},{"id":"48bc566f-5f4a-450f-9aa9-4d7c8567258a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A state fails to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing or crimes against humanity. Which doctrine applies?","back":"Responsibility to Protect (R2P).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Responsibility to Protect (R2P).","correct":true,"explanation":"R2P holds that the international community should act when a state is unwilling or unable to protect its population from the four specified mass atrocity crimes."},{"text":"Principle of non-intervention.","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-intervention discourages external involvement in a state’s domestic affairs. The applicable doctrine is Responsibility to Protect, which addresses state failure to prevent specified mass atrocity crimes."},{"text":"Balance of power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Balance of power concerns preventing one state from becoming dominant. Responsibility to Protect applies here because the issue is a population facing mass atrocities without effective state protection."},{"text":"Collective security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collective security treats aggression against one member as a concern for all members. Responsibility to Protect specifically concerns populations threatened by genocide and other mass atrocity crimes."}]},{"id":"b74d87e9-b21b-4c71-be41-c9038e086373","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is beyond national ownership; the tragedy occurs when short-term self-interest collectively [ ].","back":"A global commons is beyond national ownership; the tragedy occurs when short-term self-interest collectively depletes a shared resource.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A global commons is beyond national ownership; the tragedy occurs when short-term self-interest collectively depletes a shared resource.","correct":true,"explanation":"A global commons is accessible beyond the ownership of any single state. Its tragedy arises because individually rational exploitation can combine to exhaust or damage the shared resource."},{"text":"A sovereign territory is beyond national ownership; the tragedy occurs when short-term self-interest collectively depletes a shared resource.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sovereign territory is controlled by a particular state, so it is not beyond national ownership. The correct term is global commons, which can be collectively depleted through self-interested use."},{"text":"A global commons is beyond national ownership; the tragedy occurs when short-term self-interest collectively preserves a shared resource.","correct":false,"explanation":"The tragedy describes depletion rather than preservation: users pursue immediate individual gains while shifting costs onto everyone. A global commons is therefore collectively damaged or exhausted."},{"text":"A supranational institution is beyond national ownership; the tragedy occurs when short-term self-interest collectively privatises a shared resource.","correct":false,"explanation":"A supranational institution exercises authority above states and is not a shared natural domain. The tragedy of the global commons occurs when self-interested use collectively depletes a shared resource."}]},{"id":"a467943c-6a1d-4567-ad3d-3ae40ce2eb00","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do hard power and soft power influence other states differently?","back":"

Hard power: coercion using military or economic means.
Soft power: attraction through culture, values, diplomacy and legitimacy.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Hard power: coercion using military or economic means.
Soft power: attraction through culture, values, diplomacy and legitimacy.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Hard power changes behaviour through coercive capabilities such as force or sanctions, whereas soft power persuades others through the attractiveness and legitimacy of a state’s values and policies."},{"text":"

Hard power: attraction through culture, values and legitimacy.
Soft power: coercion using military or economic means.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two concepts. Hard power relies on coercive military or economic instruments, while soft power gains influence through attraction, including culture, values, diplomacy and legitimacy."},{"text":"

Hard power: co-operation using institutions and international law.
Soft power: isolation through borders, tariffs and neutrality.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Institutional co-operation and isolation do not define this distinction. Hard power coerces through military or economic means, while soft power attracts through culture, values, diplomacy and legitimacy."},{"text":"

Hard power: authority gained through elections and popular consent.
Soft power: control gained through territorial conquest and occupation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses domestic legitimacy and conquest with the broader power categories. Hard power uses coercion, whereas soft power shapes preferences through the attractiveness of culture, values and diplomacy."}]},{"id":"45c7f204-3176-42cf-80f3-47bea8d6dce8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Global influence is shared between several centres such as the USA, China, EU, India and Russia. Which polarity is this?","back":"Multipolarity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Multipolarity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Multipolarity describes an international system in which significant power and influence are distributed among several major states or centres rather than one or two dominant powers."},{"text":"Unipolarity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unipolarity exists when one state or centre predominates globally. Several influential centres, including the USA, China, EU, India and Russia, instead indicate multipolarity."},{"text":"Bipolarity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bipolarity describes a system dominated by two principal powers or blocs, as during the Cold War. Influence shared among several centres is classified as multipolarity."},{"text":"Non-polarity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Non-polarity suggests that power is widely diffused without clear dominant centres. The named concentration of influence among several major powers and blocs is multipolarity."}]},{"id":"9b71ef11-5369-4e41-8706-f78a3a2880a5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"EU law can bind member states above national governments in specific areas. Which concept is this?","back":"Supranationalism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Supranationalism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Supranationalism occurs when states transfer authority to institutions whose decisions can take precedence over national law in agreed policy areas, as happens within the EU."},{"text":"Intergovernmentalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intergovernmentalism preserves national control because governments negotiate without accepting an independent authority above them. Binding EU law above national governments illustrates supranationalism instead."},{"text":"National sovereignty.","correct":false,"explanation":"National sovereignty means a state holds supreme authority within its territory. The ability of EU law to bind member states above national governments demonstrates supranationalism."},{"text":"Political federalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Federalism divides constitutional authority between central and regional governments within one political system. The specific transfer of binding authority above independent member states is supranationalism."}]},{"id":"a70ec0db-4729-41d4-bfb2-c7ff60e9298c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"National leaders bargain with one another while preserving sovereign independence. Which concept is this?","back":"Intergovernmentalism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Intergovernmentalism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Intergovernmentalism involves sovereign national governments negotiating and reaching agreements with one another while retaining ultimate authority and independence rather than submitting to a higher institution."},{"text":"Supranationalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Supranationalism allows authority above the state to make binding decisions in specified areas. Bargaining between sovereign governments that retain independence is intergovernmentalism."},{"text":"Political integration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Political integration involves states combining institutions or transferring substantial authority to a shared political structure. Independent national leaders bargaining while preserving sovereignty exemplify intergovernmentalism."},{"text":"Collective security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collective security is an agreement to respond jointly to threats or aggression. The broader process of sovereign governments bargaining without surrendering independence is intergovernmentalism."}]},{"id":"8041ad9d-ddcf-48f0-a502-5dbd5e5d9094","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State A builds weapons to feel safer, making State B feel less secure and arm too. Which concept is this?","back":"Security dilemma.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Security dilemma.","correct":true,"explanation":"A security dilemma occurs when one state’s defensive measures appear threatening to another, provoking countermeasures that leave both states less secure despite their defensive intentions."},{"text":"Balance of power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Balance of power describes the distribution or deliberate counterbalancing of capabilities among states. The spiral of mutual suspicion caused by defensive armament is a security dilemma."},{"text":"Collective security.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collective security involves states agreeing to act together against aggression. Reciprocal arms-building caused by each state interpreting the other’s defensive measures as threatening is a security dilemma."},{"text":"Mutually assured destruction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutually assured destruction specifically refers to nuclear deterrence based on guaranteed retaliation. The broader pattern in which defensive weapons provoke insecurity and further arming is a security dilemma."}]},{"id":"08bea759-2dc0-419c-8cd0-a82c8dc326d5","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"In one contrast, what do realism and liberalism emphasise in global politics?","back":"

Realism: power struggle, national interest and survival.
Liberalism: co-operation, institutions, democracy, trade and mutual benefit.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Realism: power struggle, national interest and survival.
Liberalism: co-operation, institutions, democracy, trade and mutual benefit.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Realism stresses competition among self-interested states seeking power and survival, whereas liberalism argues that institutions, democracy and economic interdependence can enable sustained co-operation and mutual gains."},{"text":"

Realism: co-operation, institutions, democracy, trade and mutual benefit.
Liberalism: power struggle, national interest and survival.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the theories. Realism emphasises power, national interest and survival in an anarchic system, while liberalism highlights co-operation through institutions, democracy, trade and interdependence."},{"text":"

Realism: global justice, human rights and universal morality.
Liberalism: isolation, protectionism, autarky and military conquest.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These descriptions misrepresent both approaches. Realism prioritises power and national survival, while liberalism focuses on co-operation, institutions, democracy, trade and the possibility of mutual benefit."},{"text":"

Realism: shared identity, social norms and constructed interests.
Liberalism: class struggle, capitalism, inequality and exploitation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are associated more closely with constructivist and Marxist approaches. Realism stresses power and survival, while liberalism emphasises institutions, democracy, trade and mutually beneficial co-operation."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Global Politics key terminology","title":"Global Politics key terminology Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/politics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"07130edb-9fc6-51e4-a794-8b103b3a26c5","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]