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society with a fundamentally different model."},{"text":"Deep green.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deep green seeks a fundamental transformation of society based on ecological values, rather than simply making existing institutions more sustainable. The correct strand is shallow green."},{"text":"Social ecology.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social ecology explains environmental crisis through unjust social hierarchies and structures, rather than primarily advocating gradual reform of existing society. The correct strand is shallow green."},{"text":"Ecocentric.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ecocentric describes a nature-centred perspective that gives intrinsic value to the natural world, not the strand focused on improving existing society. The correct answer is shallow green."}]},{"id":"93c33c6e-4015-4307-a736-b992576b64ad","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which ecologism strand rejects human-centred politics and gives nature intrinsic value?","back":"Deep green.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deep green.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deep green rejects anthropocentric politics and argues that nature has intrinsic value independent of its usefulness to human beings."},{"text":"Shallow green.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shallow green generally works within existing society and often justifies environmental protection through human benefits. The strand rejecting human-centred politics is deep green."},{"text":"Social ecology.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social ecology links environmental destruction to unjust social structures, but this description specifically concerns rejecting human-centred values and recognising nature’s intrinsic value: deep green."},{"text":"Anthropocentric.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anthropocentric politics places human interests at the centre, making it the opposite of the nature-centred position described. The correct ecologism strand is deep green."}]},{"id":"f40224b7-4e3d-4475-8c44-ac98a3ea4972","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which ecologism strand says environmental crisis comes from unjust social structures?","back":"Social ecology.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Social ecology.","correct":true,"explanation":"Social ecology argues that environmental crisis is rooted in unjust social hierarchies and structures, so ecological problems require social and political transformation."},{"text":"Deep green.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deep green focuses on intrinsic value, ecological limits and changing human attitudes towards nature. The strand that identifies unjust social structures as the cause is social ecology."},{"text":"Shallow green.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shallow green seeks environmental reform within existing society, rather than explaining ecological crisis primarily through unjust social structures. The correct answer is social ecology."},{"text":"Ecocentrism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ecocentrism is a nature-centred ethical perspective, not the strand specifically claiming that environmental crisis results from unjust social structures. That strand is social ecology."}]},{"id":"6f5f4b27-687d-46be-9bdf-96e17f3dd295","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] politics values nature mainly for human welfare; [ ] politics treats nature as intrinsically valuable.","back":"Anthropocentric politics values nature mainly for human welfare; ecocentric politics treats nature as intrinsically valuable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Anthropocentric politics values nature mainly for human welfare; ecocentric politics treats nature as intrinsically valuable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Anthropocentric politics evaluates nature mainly according to its benefits for humans, whereas ecocentric politics regards nature as valuable in its own right."},{"text":"Ecocentric politics values nature mainly for human welfare; anthropocentric politics treats nature as intrinsically valuable.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two concepts have been reversed: anthropocentrism prioritises human welfare, while ecocentrism gives nature intrinsic value. The correct sentence makes that distinction in the opposite order."},{"text":"Anthropocentric politics values nature mainly for human welfare; shallow green politics treats nature as intrinsically valuable.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first term is correct, but shallow green is an ecologism strand focused on reforming society, not the label for intrinsic value. The correct second term is ecocentric."},{"text":"Deep green politics values nature mainly for human welfare; ecocentric politics treats nature as intrinsically valuable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ecocentric is correctly associated with intrinsic value, but deep green is an ecologism strand rather than the contrasting ethical category for human-centred value. The correct first term is anthropocentric."}]},{"id":"606835f6-0e61-4160-b4ef-aaf4aa9652c2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] allows substitution by technology or human-made capital; [ ] treats some nature as irreplaceable.","back":"Weak sustainability allows substitution by technology or human-made capital; strong sustainability treats some nature as irreplaceable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Weak sustainability allows substitution by technology or human-made capital; strong sustainability treats some nature as irreplaceable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weak sustainability permits natural capital to be replaced by human-made capital or technology, whereas strong sustainability recognises that some natural assets cannot be substituted."},{"text":"Strong sustainability allows substitution by technology or human-made capital; weak sustainability treats some nature as irreplaceable.","correct":false,"explanation":"The definitions have been reversed: weak sustainability permits substitution, while strong sustainability treats some natural capital as irreplaceable. The correct sentence assigns these features the other way around."},{"text":"Weak sustainability allows substitution by technology or human-made capital; ecocentric sustainability treats some nature as irreplaceable.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first definition is correct, but ecocentric sustainability is not the standard contrasting term in this distinction. The correct label for irreplaceable natural assets is strong sustainability."},{"text":"Shallow sustainability allows substitution by technology or human-made capital; strong sustainability treats some nature as irreplaceable.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second definition is correct, but shallow sustainability is not the recognised term for allowing natural capital to be replaced. The correct first term is weak sustainability."}]},{"id":"9a4b6ce5-4251-48f0-a0ef-f4270c7d00c2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the idea of limits to growth warn about?","back":"Infinite economic growth is impossible on a finite planet.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Infinite economic growth is impossible on a finite planet.","correct":true,"explanation":"The limits-to-growth idea argues that a finite planet has limited resources and carrying capacity, so endlessly expanding economic activity cannot continue indefinitely."},{"text":"Infinite economic growth is possible if markets become more efficient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Efficiency can reduce resource use per unit of output but cannot remove all physical limits on a finite planet. The correct conclusion is that infinite economic growth is impossible."},{"text":"Infinite population growth is impossible on a finite planet.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population pressure may contribute to ecological limits, but the idea specifically warns against unlimited economic growth. The correct answer concerns infinite economic growth, not population growth."},{"text":"Finite economic growth is impossible on an expanding planet.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the key claim and changes the conditions: the warning concerns infinite growth on a finite planet. Economic growth can occur, but it cannot expand without limit."}]},{"id":"8deef5c3-4a52-4748-80b1-cc6290df116f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Deep green treats ecological crisis as a crisis in [ ]; environmental consciousness means awareness of ecological [ ].","back":"Deep green treats ecological crisis as a crisis in human attitudes; environmental consciousness means awareness of ecological interdependence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deep green treats ecological crisis as a crisis in human attitudes; environmental consciousness means awareness of ecological interdependence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deep green sees ecological crisis as rooted in human attitudes towards nature, while environmental consciousness involves recognising the interdependence of humans and ecological systems."},{"text":"Deep green treats ecological crisis as a crisis in economic production; environmental consciousness means awareness of ecological interdependence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ecological interdependence is correctly identified, but deep green focuses on the attitudes that shape human treatment of nature rather than defining the crisis solely as economic production."},{"text":"Deep green treats ecological crisis as a crisis in human attitudes; environmental consciousness means awareness of ecological independence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Human attitudes is correct, but ecological consciousness requires recognising interdependence, not independence. Ecosystems and human societies are understood as connected rather than separate."},{"text":"Deep green treats ecological crisis as a crisis in natural resources; environmental consciousness means awareness of ecological independence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both terms miss the deep-green emphasis: the crisis concerns human attitudes, and consciousness involves recognising ecological interdependence. Natural resources and independence do not capture that argument."}]},{"id":"bfdf67d7-8461-40ce-a777-085cd667267e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why would deep greens say a destroyed rainforest cannot be fully replaced by a factory?","back":"Its biodiversity and ecological relationships may be permanently lost.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its biodiversity and ecological relationships may be permanently lost.","correct":true,"explanation":"A rainforest contains complex species diversity and ecological relationships that a factory cannot reproduce simply by replacing the land’s economic function."},{"text":"Its timber and economic value may be permanently lost.","correct":false,"explanation":"Timber and economic value can sometimes be replaced through plantations or alternative production, but the key loss is irreplaceable biodiversity and ecological relationships."},{"text":"Its soil and mineral resources may be permanently lost.","correct":false,"explanation":"Soil and minerals may be important, but this misses the deeper argument about the complex living systems that cannot be recreated by constructing a factory. The correct answer concerns biodiversity and ecological relationships."},{"text":"Its tourism and employment opportunities may be permanently lost.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tourism and employment can potentially be created elsewhere, so they are not the central reason a rainforest is irreplaceable. The crucial loss is biodiversity and ecological relationships."}]},{"id":"12936701-75a5-4173-9472-178edc6fa17d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What economic direction do deep greens favour instead of endless growth?","back":"Low-consumption sustainable living, sometimes degrowth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Low-consumption sustainable living, sometimes degrowth.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deep greens reject the assumption that continual economic expansion is desirable or ecologically possible. They favour reducing consumption and organising society around sustainable living, potentially including deliberate degrowth."},{"text":"Continued green growth, sometimes eco-modernisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Green growth seeks to continue economic expansion while reducing its environmental impact, which is more characteristic of shallow green approaches. Deep greens instead favour low-consumption sustainable living, sometimes including degrowth."},{"text":"High-consumption consumer choice, sometimes market expansion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Expanding consumer choice assumes that environmental problems can be addressed within a growing market economy. Deep greens instead advocate low-consumption sustainable living and may support degrowth."},{"text":"High-output industrial expansion, sometimes accelerated growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Industrial expansion prioritises production and economic growth rather than challenging their environmental consequences. Deep greens favour low-consumption sustainable living, sometimes expressed through degrowth."}]},{"id":"7dc0443a-0c15-4afd-9c29-dcfc478a0669","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is shallow green anthropocentrism called enlightened?","back":"It recognises humans depend on nature.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It recognises humans depend on nature.","correct":true,"explanation":"This position remains human-centred but acknowledges that human welfare relies upon healthy ecosystems and natural resources. Protecting nature is therefore understood as serving humanity’s long-term interests."},{"text":"It assumes humans can dominate nature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Believing that humans can dominate nature reflects an unrestrained anthropocentric outlook, not an enlightened one. Enlightened anthropocentrism recognises that human survival and prosperity depend on nature."},{"text":"It argues nature has intrinsic value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attributing value to nature independently of human interests is ecocentrism rather than anthropocentrism. Shallow green anthropocentrism is called enlightened because it recognises that humans depend on nature."},{"text":"It believes nature is fully replaceable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating nature as infinitely replaceable ignores ecological limits and human dependence on ecosystems. Enlightened anthropocentrism instead protects nature because human welfare ultimately depends upon it."}]},{"id":"4a138eaa-90c2-4de2-8858-550f15f973ab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A carbon tax makes firms pay more for greenhouse gas emissions. Which strand does this fit?","back":"Shallow green.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Shallow green.","correct":true,"explanation":"A carbon tax uses market incentives and government regulation to reduce environmental harm without fundamentally replacing capitalism or rejecting economic growth, making it a shallow green measure."},{"text":"Deep green.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deep greens typically seek fundamental changes to human lifestyles, values and economic growth rather than market-based adjustments. A carbon tax is a shallow green policy because it modifies incentives within the existing system."},{"text":"Social ecology.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social ecology connects environmental destruction to social hierarchy and seeks the transformation of hierarchical institutions. A carbon tax instead reforms market behaviour within the existing system, fitting shallow green politics."},{"text":"Eco-socialism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eco-socialism identifies capitalism as a structural cause of ecological destruction and seeks systemic economic change. A carbon tax retains markets and alters firms’ incentives, so it fits shallow green thinking."}]},{"id":"9c539454-f15f-48be-aaf4-d7f77946b2aa","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does green capitalism try to do to market economies?","back":"Make capitalism more environmentally sustainable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Make capitalism more environmentally sustainable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Green capitalism retains private ownership and market competition while using cleaner technology, regulation and environmental incentives to reduce capitalism’s ecological impact."},{"text":"Replace capitalism with an environmentally planned economy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacing capitalism with socialism is associated with eco-socialism, not green capitalism. Green capitalism aims to retain the capitalist market economy while making it more environmentally sustainable."},{"text":"Make capitalism free from environmental regulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing environmental regulation reflects laissez-faire capitalism and would not make markets greener. Green capitalism seeks to preserve capitalism while directing it towards greater environmental sustainability."},{"text":"Abolish capitalism to end all market economies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ending market economies altogether rejects capitalism rather than greening it. Green capitalism attempts to make capitalism more environmentally sustainable through market incentives, innovation and regulation."}]},{"id":"59d4d6ac-bfcd-4f9c-a987-3cbeedc1f2ba","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If the answer is make growth cleaner, think [ ]; if it is question growth itself, think [ ].","back":"If the answer is make growth cleaner, think shallow green; if it is question growth itself, think deep green or social ecology.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"If the answer is make growth cleaner, think shallow green; if it is question growth itself, think deep green or social ecology.","correct":true,"explanation":"Shallow greens seek cleaner growth through reforms, regulation and technology within existing systems. Deep greens and social ecologists more fundamentally challenge growth, consumption or the social structures producing ecological harm."},{"text":"If the answer is make growth cleaner, think deep green or social ecology; if it is question growth itself, think shallow green.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two positions have been reversed. Deep green thought questions continual growth, whereas shallow green thought generally accepts growth and seeks to reduce its environmental impact."},{"text":"If the answer is make growth cleaner, think eco-socialism; if it is question growth itself, think deep green or social ecology.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eco-socialism challenges capitalism’s growth-driven structure rather than merely cleaning up growth. Shallow greens favour cleaner growth, while deep greens or social ecologists are more likely to question growth itself."},{"text":"If the answer is make growth cleaner, think shallow green; if it is question growth itself, think green capitalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Green capitalism seeks to reconcile markets and growth with environmental protection, so it belongs with cleaner growth rather than opposition to growth. Deep green or social ecology questions growth itself."}]},{"id":"2c343d88-8172-4888-985c-3446a8c3c91b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is it called when institutions look environmentally responsible while continuing damaging practices?","back":"Greenwashing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Greenwashing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Greenwashing is the misleading presentation of an organisation, product or policy as environmentally responsible while substantial environmentally damaging activities continue unchanged."},{"text":"Green consumerism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Green consumerism means choosing goods partly according to their environmental impact, not disguising harmful institutional practices. Misleading claims of environmental responsibility while damage continues constitute greenwashing."},{"text":"Green capitalism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Green capitalism aims to make capitalist activity more environmentally sustainable through markets, innovation and regulation. Merely appearing responsible while continuing harmful practices is specifically called greenwashing."},{"text":"Ecological modernisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ecological modernisation proposes using technology, policy and institutional reform to combine development with environmental protection. Deceptively presenting damaging practices as environmentally responsible is instead greenwashing."}]},{"id":"ddc62f54-cb1d-4ca4-a103-a7c2bd4dc668","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Social ecology links domination of nature to what wider domination?","back":"The domination of humans by other humans.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The domination of humans by other humans.","correct":true,"explanation":"Social ecology argues that hierarchical relationships among people shape humanity’s attempt to dominate nature. Ecological liberation therefore requires dismantling domination and hierarchy within human society."},{"text":"The dependence of humans on natural resources.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dependence on natural resources describes an ecological constraint, not the social hierarchy identified by social ecology. Social ecologists link domination of nature to domination of humans by other humans."},{"text":"The competition of businesses against other businesses.","correct":false,"explanation":"Competition between firms may contribute to environmental damage, but it is not social ecology’s central wider relationship. The theory links domination of nature to domination of humans by other humans."},{"text":"The control of markets by national governments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Control of markets by governments concerns economic organisation rather than social ecology’s theory of hierarchy. Social ecology links ecological domination to the domination of humans by other humans."}]},{"id":"dc354938-612b-4466-90ff-6caf8b7df693","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which social structure does eco-socialism mainly blame for environmental destruction?","back":"Capitalism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Capitalism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Eco-socialists argue that capitalism’s pursuit of profit, accumulation and continual growth encourages resource exploitation, excessive production and the externalisation of environmental costs."},{"text":"Patriarchy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ecofeminism particularly emphasises patriarchy and links the domination of women with the domination of nature. Eco-socialism instead identifies capitalism as the main structure driving environmental destruction."},{"text":"The state.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some anarchist environmental thought treats the coercive state as a major problem, but eco-socialism primarily attributes ecological destruction to capitalism’s profit-seeking and growth-driven structure."},{"text":"Industrialism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deep green perspectives may criticise industrialism broadly, regardless of ownership. Eco-socialism focuses more specifically on capitalism as the social and economic structure responsible for environmental destruction."}]},{"id":"838cd38a-1fd0-4b4a-98a6-36222710401c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why, for eco-socialists, does capitalism cause environmental damage?","back":"

Profit and competition pressure firms to expand.
Environmental costs are externalised onto society.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Profit and competition pressure firms to expand.
Environmental costs are externalised onto society.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Profit and competition encourage firms to expand, while environmental costs are externalised onto society rather than included in production decisions. These capitalist pressures drive pollution and resource depletion."},{"text":"

Profit and competition pressure firms to contract.
Environmental costs are paid directly by firms.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Eco-socialists argue that capitalism causes damage through expansion and externalised costs, not because firms are prevented from competing. Competition and profit generally intensify environmental pressure."},{"text":"

State ownership and regulation pressure firms to expand.
Environmental costs are eliminated through taxation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The environmental critique is that capitalist firms pursue expansion while shifting environmental harm onto society. State ownership alone does not explain the two specific pressures identified by eco-socialists."},{"text":"

Consumer choice and advertising pressure firms to expand.
Environmental costs are internalised by society.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Eco-socialists do not claim that consumer choice and fully internalised costs cause the problem. They identify profit-driven expansion and the externalisation of environmental damage as the key mechanisms."}]},{"id":"1c77e3b4-9f03-4e98-8280-220c3362b714","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What economic solution do eco-socialists favour?","back":"Democratic collective control of the economy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Democratic collective control of the economy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Eco-socialists favour democratic collective control so that economic decisions serve social and environmental needs rather than private profit and competitive expansion."},{"text":"Private capitalist ownership of the economy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private ownership leaves production guided by profit and competition, which eco-socialists see as drivers of environmental damage. They instead favour democratic collective control of the economy."},{"text":"Technocratic state control of the economy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Technocratic state control may reduce private competition but is not the specifically democratic, collective solution favoured by eco-socialists. Their emphasis is popular control over economic decisions."},{"text":"Deregulated market competition in the economy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deregulated market competition is the opposite of the eco-socialist solution because it preserves profit-driven expansion. Eco-socialists favour democratic collective control of economic activity."}]},{"id":"0827ae43-d4da-4f3f-bab2-39b4993f05da","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Eco-anarchists link environmental destruction to [ ] and [ ].","back":"Eco-anarchists link environmental destruction to hierarchy and centralised power.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Eco-anarchists link environmental destruction to hierarchy and centralised power.","correct":true,"explanation":"Eco-anarchists connect environmental destruction with hierarchy and centralised power because concentrated authority permits decisions to be imposed from above without local ecological accountability."},{"text":"Eco-anarchists link environmental destruction to equality and decentralised power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eco-anarchists criticise hierarchy and centralised power, rather than linking environmental destruction to equality and decentralised power. Those alternatives describe principles closer to their proposed solution."},{"text":"Eco-anarchists link environmental destruction to private ownership and market competition.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant eco-anarchist criticism concerns political hierarchy and centralised authority, not private ownership and market competition. The latter are more closely associated with socialist critiques of capitalism."},{"text":"Eco-anarchists link environmental destruction to community participation and local knowledge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eco-anarchists identify hierarchy and centralised power as causes, not community participation and local knowledge. Those are decentralised principles that can help communities protect their ecosystems."}]},{"id":"3b2e5a43-db75-4673-8dfe-e043eb3a4415","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do eco-anarchists favour decentralised communities?","back":"

Local knowledge helps communities understand ecosystems.
Smaller scale reduces destructive growth for its own sake.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Local knowledge helps communities understand ecosystems.
Smaller scale reduces destructive growth for its own sake.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Local communities often possess detailed knowledge of their ecosystems, while smaller-scale organisation can reduce pressure for destructive, continual growth. These features support eco-anarchist decentralisation."},{"text":"

Centralised expertise helps governments control ecosystems.
Larger scale increases efficient growth for its own sake.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Eco-anarchists favour decentralisation because local knowledge and smaller scale can protect ecosystems. Centralised expertise and large-scale production would preserve the concentrated structures they criticise."},{"text":"

Local ignorance prevents communities understanding ecosystems.
Smaller scale encourages destructive growth for its own sake.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Decentralised communities are valued for local knowledge and limits on growth, not because they lack ecological understanding or encourage expansion. This option reverses both intended relationships."},{"text":"

National planning helps governments understand ecosystems.
Industrial scale reduces destructive growth for its own sake.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Eco-anarchists do not justify decentralisation through national planning and industrial scale. Their argument stresses community-level ecological knowledge and resistance to growth pursued simply for its own sake."}]},{"id":"e9593f57-6299-4f25-8169-ab57499a4d58","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Eco-feminism links environmental destruction to [ ], not to women being [ ].","back":"Eco-feminism links environmental destruction to patriarchy, not to women being naturally greener than men.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Eco-feminism links environmental destruction to patriarchy, not to women being naturally greener than men.","correct":true,"explanation":"Eco-feminism links environmental destruction to patriarchy, which involves systems of male dominance and associated exploitation. It rejects the claim that women are inherently or naturally greener than men."},{"text":"Eco-feminism links environmental destruction to matriarchy, not to women being naturally greener than men.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eco-feminism identifies patriarchy as the structural cause, not matriarchy. It also rejects biological essentialism, so women are not treated as naturally greener than men."},{"text":"Eco-feminism links environmental destruction to patriarchy, not to women being naturally more exploitative than men.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eco-feminism does not blame environmental destruction on women’s natural behaviour. It examines patriarchy as a system of domination and rejects the idea that women are inherently greener."},{"text":"Eco-feminism links environmental destruction to gender equality, not to women being naturally greener than men.","correct":false,"explanation":"The theory links environmental destruction to patriarchy, rather than to gender equality itself. It also rejects the essentialist claim that women are naturally greener than men."}]},{"id":"da604b8b-a2e3-451f-bacf-efecc242b7aa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What political weakness do critics see in deep green policy?","back":"Major cuts to consumption and growth may lack democratic support.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Major cuts to consumption and growth may lack democratic support.","correct":true,"explanation":"Deep green policies often demand major reductions in consumption and economic growth. Critics argue that voters may reject these sacrifices, creating a lack of democratic support."},{"text":"Major increases in consumption and growth may lack democratic support.","correct":false,"explanation":"Critics do not identify increased consumption and growth as the weakness of deep green policy. They argue that the required major cuts may be unpopular and lack democratic support."},{"text":"Minor cuts to consumption and growth may lack democratic support.","correct":false,"explanation":"The concern is not that deep green policies avoid democratic support by relying on minor reforms. Critics focus on the unpopularity of major cuts to consumption and growth."},{"text":"Major cuts to consumption and increases in growth may lack democratic support.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deep green policy is criticised for demanding cuts that may be democratically unpopular, not for expanding consumption while restricting growth. The key issue is the scale of the proposed reductions."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-12","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Different types of ecologism","title":"Different types of ecologism Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/politics/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"0267e0b5-113b-53bb-b29e-77e68bf26c58","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]