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Electrons are not nucleons because they are leptons located outside the nucleus."},{"text":"A proton or an electron.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses a proton with an electron, which is a lepton rather than a nucleon. The correct definition is a proton or a neutron, the two nuclear particles."},{"text":"A neutron or an electron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although a neutron is a nucleon, an electron is not; it is a lepton outside the nucleus. The correct answer is a proton or a neutron."},{"text":"A proton or a positron.","correct":false,"explanation":"A positron is the antiparticle of an electron, not a particle in the nucleon group. Nucleons are specifically a proton or a neutron."}]},{"id":"9a4c823c-7443-4b21-88b6-ca9e1fb65ecc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the notation ${}^{A}_{Z}X$, the number of neutrons $N$ is calculated by $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"In the notation ${}^{A}_{Z}X$, the number of neutrons $N$ is calculated by $\\boxed{A - Z}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$A - Z$","correct":true,"explanation":"The nucleon number $A$ counts protons and neutrons, while the proton number $Z$ counts protons. Subtracting gives the neutron number: $N = A - Z$."},{"text":"$$A + Z$","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding counts the proton number twice rather than removing the protons from the total nucleon number. The correct relationship is $N = A - Z$."},{"text":"$$Z - A$","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the subtraction would usually produce a negative neutron number because $A$ is at least as large as $Z$. The correct relationship is $N = A - Z$."},{"text":"$$\\frac{A}{Z}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing gives a ratio of nucleon number to proton number, not the number of neutrons. Neutrons are found by subtracting protons from nucleons: $N = A - Z$."}]},{"id":"fd2aad00-8e4b-4c09-814a-4e9a5601e10f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In nuclear physics, what is the principle of mass-energy conservation?","back":"Total mass-energy is conserved, but rest mass alone can decrease and be converted into other energy forms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Total mass-energy is conserved, but rest mass alone can decrease and be converted into other energy forms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nuclear reactions can reduce rest mass, with the missing mass appearing as kinetic energy, radiation, or other forms. The combined total of mass-energy remains conserved."},{"text":"Total rest mass is conserved, but kinetic energy alone can be converted into mass.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rest mass does not have to remain constant in nuclear reactions; it can be converted into energy. The correct principle conserves total mass-energy, while rest mass alone can decrease."},{"text":"Total mass-energy is destroyed during a reaction, but rest mass remains constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither mass-energy is destroyed nor rest mass necessarily conserved separately. The correct principle states that total mass-energy is conserved, while rest mass can become other energy forms."},{"text":"Total mass-energy is conserved, but rest mass alone can increase without an energy input.","correct":false,"explanation":"An increase in rest mass requires energy to be transferred into mass, so it cannot occur without an energy source. The correct statement describes rest mass decreasing into other energy forms."}]},{"id":"9e5ba7d1-9525-4696-a5ea-6ad3f94b7fdf","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is the binding energy of a nucleus defined?","back":"The energy required to completely separate a nucleus into its individual protons and neutrons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The energy required to completely separate a nucleus into its individual protons and neutrons.","correct":true,"explanation":"Binding energy is the work needed to overcome the strong nuclear force and separate the nucleus completely into its constituent protons and neutrons."},{"text":"The energy required to partially separate a nucleus into some of its individual protons and neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separating only some nucleons measures a smaller removal energy, not the nucleus’s total binding energy. The correct definition requires completely separate nucleons."},{"text":"The energy released when a nucleus is completely separated into its individual protons and neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separating nucleons requires energy input rather than releasing energy. The correct definition is the energy required to completely separate the nucleus into its nucleons."},{"text":"The energy required to completely combine a nucleus from its individual protons and neutrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Combining nucleons releases binding energy, whereas binding energy is defined using the energy needed to undo the nucleus. The correct wording is to completely separate it."}]},{"id":"ea71c4d0-a05e-4381-a9bd-447cc69f490b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The mass of a bound nucleus is always $\\text{[...]}$ than the total mass of its separate nucleons.","back":"The mass of a bound nucleus is always $\\boxed{lower}$ than the total mass of its separate nucleons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"lower","correct":true,"explanation":"A bound nucleus has less mass than its separated nucleons because energy was released when the nucleus formed. This mass difference corresponds to the binding energy through $E = mc^2$."},{"text":"higher","correct":false,"explanation":"The formation of a bound nucleus releases energy, so its mass decreases rather than increases. The correct comparison is that the bound nucleus has a lower mass."},{"text":"equal","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal masses would imply no mass defect and therefore no binding energy. Because forming the nucleus releases energy, its mass is lower than that of its separate nucleons."},{"text":"greater","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater mass would suggest energy was absorbed during binding, reversing the mass-energy change. The bound nucleus actually has a lower mass than its separate nucleons."}]},{"id":"295bd267-ca1c-4d15-bc3a-97915eea89e6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is mass defect ($\\\\Delta m$)?","back":"The difference between the total mass of individual nucleons and the mass of the nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The difference between the total mass of individual nucleons and the mass of the nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mass defect is the missing mass when the bound nucleus is compared with its separate nucleons. Through $E = \\Delta mc^2$, this mass difference corresponds to binding energy."},{"text":"The difference between the total mass of the nucleus and the mass of individual nucleons.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual positive mass-defect calculation and can produce a negative value. The correct definition compares the mass of individual nucleons minus the mass of the nucleus."},{"text":"The sum of the total mass of individual nucleons and the mass of the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass defect is a difference caused by the mass converted into binding energy, not a sum of masses. The correct definition subtracts the mass of the nucleus from the separate nucleon mass."},{"text":"The difference between the total mass of individual electrons and the mass of the nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons are not the particles whose mass produces nuclear binding energy. The correct calculation uses the total mass of individual nucleons and the mass of the nucleus."}]},{"id":"93a37a59-8df9-4cdc-ad18-f213785cfbc6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is binding energy per nucleon related to nuclear stability?","back":"A higher binding energy per nucleon indicates a more stable nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A higher binding energy per nucleon indicates a more stable nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Binding energy per nucleon measures the average energy needed to remove one nucleon. A higher value means the nucleons are held more strongly, indicating greater nuclear stability."},{"text":"A higher binding energy per nucleon indicates a less stable nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"A higher average binding energy means more energy is needed to remove nucleons, so the nucleus is harder to disrupt. The correct relationship is more stable."},{"text":"A lower binding energy per nucleon indicates a more stable nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower binding energy per nucleon means the average nucleon is held less strongly and the nucleus is generally less stable. The correct relationship is higher binding energy for a more stable nucleus."},{"text":"A higher binding energy per nucleon indicates a larger nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Binding energy per nucleon measures stability, not directly the physical size or nucleon count of a nucleus. A higher value indicates a more stable nucleus."}]},{"id":"6fbd0e6d-6d5c-4160-bdad-b1e74dd14efe","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The energy equivalent of one unified atomic mass unit (1 u) is $\\text{[...]}$ MeV.","back":"The energy equivalent of one unified atomic mass unit (1 u) is $\\boxed{931.5}$ MeV.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"931.5","correct":true,"explanation":"Using $E = mc^2$, one unified atomic mass unit corresponds to approximately $931.5$ MeV of energy equivalent. This is the standard nuclear-physics conversion for mass defect calculations."},{"text":"9.315","correct":false,"explanation":"This value is ten times too small, commonly caused by shifting the decimal point or confusing MeV with a smaller energy unit. The correct conversion is 931.5 MeV per unified atomic mass unit."},{"text":"93.15","correct":false,"explanation":"This is a factor-of-ten error, often caused by an incorrect conversion between electronvolts and megaelectronvolts. The standard energy equivalent is 931.5 MeV."},{"text":"9315","correct":false,"explanation":"This value is ten times too large, usually resulting from shifting the decimal point in the wrong direction. One unified atomic mass unit corresponds to 931.5 MeV."}]},{"id":"b71ed1a5-e524-43ce-b9ca-dc9418237b5e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the conversion factor for $1 \\\\text{ MeV}$ into Joules?","back":"$$1.602 \\\\times 10^{-13} \\\\text{ J}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$1.602 \\\\times 10^{-13} \\\\text{ J}$","correct":true,"explanation":"An electronvolt is $1.602 \\times 10^{-19}\\text{ J}$, and the prefix mega contributes a factor of $10^6$. Therefore, $1\\text{ MeV}=1.602 \\times 10^{-13}\\text{ J}$."},{"text":"$$1.602 \\times 10^{-19} \\text{ J}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This omits the mega prefix’s factor of $10^6$ and is the conversion for one electronvolt. The correct conversion is $1\\text{ MeV}=1.602 \\times 10^{-13}\\text{ J}$."},{"text":"$$1.602 \\times 10^{-25} \\text{ J}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This applies the mega prefix in the wrong direction, making the result $10^{12}$ times too small. Multiplying $1.602 \\times 10^{-19}\\text{ J}$ by $10^6$ gives $1.602 \\times 10^{-13}\\text{ J}$."},{"text":"$$1.602 \\times 10^{-6} \\text{ J}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly uses the elementary charge’s exponent without properly combining it with the mega prefix. The required conversion is $1.602 \\times 10^{-13}\\text{ J}$ for each MeV."}]},{"id":"aa20fd57-25a0-49a6-8c48-95da7aa61a33","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Define nuclear fusion.","back":"The joining of light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The joining of light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fusion combines low-mass nuclei into a nucleus of greater mass number. Under suitable conditions, the product is more tightly bound, so some rest-mass energy is released."},{"text":"The splitting of a heavy nucleus to form lighter nuclei.","correct":false,"explanation":"Splitting a heavy nucleus describes nuclear fission, not fusion. Fusion is the joining of light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus."},{"text":"The decay of an unstable nucleus to form a stable nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Radioactive decay is a spontaneous transformation that emits particles or radiation; it is not nuclear fusion. Fusion specifically joins light nuclei to produce a heavier nucleus."},{"text":"The joining of an electron and proton to form a neutron.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electron capture is a type of nuclear decay involving a proton and an inner electron, not the combination of nuclei. Fusion joins light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus."}]},{"id":"5aea3257-4ee5-4f9b-bbc4-4e79de66278d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Define nuclear fission.","back":"The splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller, lighter nuclei.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller, lighter nuclei.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fission occurs when a high-mass nucleus divides into two or more nuclei with lower mass numbers, usually releasing neutrons and energy in the process."},{"text":"The joining of light nuclei into a single, heavier nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"The joining of light nuclei describes nuclear fusion, which is the reverse type of nuclear process. Fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller, lighter nuclei."},{"text":"The emission of an alpha particle from a large, unstable nucleus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alpha decay ejects one helium nucleus and reduces the parent’s mass number by four; it is not fission. Fission splits a heavy nucleus into smaller, lighter nuclei."},{"text":"The removal of an orbital electron from a heavy, neutral atom.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ionisation removes electrons but leaves the nucleus unchanged, whereas fission is a nuclear process. Fission splits a heavy nucleus into smaller, lighter nuclei."}]},{"id":"e478288d-5fd2-4b05-9c2b-2ee6a4bb90a3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do both fission and fusion release energy?","back":"The products have a higher binding energy per nucleon (and thus lower total rest mass) than the reactants.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The products have a higher binding energy per nucleon (and thus lower total rest mass) than the reactants.","correct":true,"explanation":"Both processes move nuclei towards the peak of the binding-energy-per-nucleon curve. The increase in binding energy corresponds to a mass decrease, released as energy through $E=mc^2$."},{"text":"The products have a lower binding energy per nucleon (and thus higher total rest mass) than the reactants.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher product rest mass would require an input of energy rather than release it. Energy is released because the products have higher binding energy per nucleon and lower total rest mass."},{"text":"The products have a lower binding energy per nucleon (and thus lower total rest mass) than the reactants.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the energy comparison: less tightly bound products would store more rest-mass energy. The products actually have higher binding energy per nucleon and lower total rest mass."},{"text":"The products have a higher binding energy per nucleon (and thus higher total rest mass) than the reactants.","correct":false,"explanation":"A higher binding energy per nucleon corresponds to a lower, not higher, total rest mass relative to the separated constituents. That mass decrease supplies the released energy."}]},{"id":"10c4483b-e752-43f7-8537-83275b6619e4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"On the binding energy per nucleon curve, the maximum stability occurs near the elements $\\text{[...]}$ and $nickel$.","back":"On the binding energy per nucleon curve, the maximum stability occurs near the elements $\\boxed{iron}$ and $nickel$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$iron$","correct":true,"explanation":"Iron lies near the peak of the binding-energy-per-nucleon curve, alongside nickel. Nuclei in this region are among the most tightly bound and therefore the most stable."},{"text":"$$uranium$","correct":false,"explanation":"Uranium is a very heavy element lying beyond the curve’s peak, so it can release energy through fission. The maximum occurs near iron and nickel."},{"text":"$$hydrogen$","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen lies at the light-nuclei end of the curve and can release energy through fusion. The maximum binding energy per nucleon instead occurs near iron and nickel."},{"text":"$$helium$","correct":false,"explanation":"Helium is more tightly bound than hydrogen but remains well below the curve’s maximum. The peak stability region is near iron and nickel."}]},{"id":"3c8ebdd6-2e64-4bc7-a87e-3374f6278ae6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"On the binding energy per nucleon curve, the maximum stability occurs near the elements $iron$ and $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"On the binding energy per nucleon curve, the maximum stability occurs near the elements $iron$ and $\\boxed{nickel}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$nickel$","correct":true,"explanation":"Nickel isotopes lie at or very near the peak of the binding-energy-per-nucleon curve. Together with iron, nickel represents the region of greatest nuclear stability."},{"text":"$$lead$","correct":false,"explanation":"Lead is relatively stable for a heavy element but lies beyond the peak of the binding-energy-per-nucleon curve. The maximum stability occurs near iron and nickel."},{"text":"$$carbon$","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon is stable but much lighter than nuclei at the binding-energy curve’s peak. The maximum binding energy per nucleon occurs near iron and nickel."},{"text":"$$plutonium$","correct":false,"explanation":"Plutonium is a heavy fissile element and lies far beyond the curve’s maximum. The peak stability region is instead near iron and nickel."}]},{"id":"03f9026a-2c96-4e9b-b9d1-0b9ce6148df0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Explain how fusion releases energy using the binding energy curve.","back":"Light nuclei move up the curve toward higher binding energy per nucleon, releasing energy as they become more tightly bound.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Light nuclei move up the curve toward higher binding energy per nucleon, releasing energy as they become more tightly bound.","correct":true,"explanation":"Combining light nuclei produces nuclei closer to the curve’s peak, where binding energy per nucleon is greater. The resulting mass defect is transferred to released energy."},{"text":"Light nuclei move down the curve toward lower binding energy per nucleon, releasing energy as they become less tightly bound.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fusion products move towards higher, not lower, binding energy per nucleon. They become more tightly bound, and the associated reduction in total rest mass releases energy."},{"text":"Light nuclei move up the curve toward higher binding energy per nucleon, releasing energy as they become less tightly bound.","correct":false,"explanation":"Moving up the curve means the binding energy per nucleon increases, so the nuclei become more tightly bound rather than less tightly bound. This increased binding releases energy."},{"text":"Light nuclei move down the curve toward higher binding energy per nucleon, releasing energy as they become less tightly bound.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both relationships for fusion. Light nuclei move up the curve towards higher binding energy per nucleon, becoming more tightly bound and releasing energy."}]},{"id":"e8d1afb3-1224-4659-97bf-7d23c0e88349","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What condition defines a critical chain reaction in a fission reactor?","back":"On average, exactly one neutron from each fission event triggers a subsequent fission.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On average, exactly one neutron from each fission event triggers a subsequent fission.","correct":true,"explanation":"A critical reactor has an effective neutron multiplication factor of one, so the fission rate remains steady. Each fission causes one further fission on average."},{"text":"On average, exactly two neutrons from each fission event trigger subsequent fissions.","correct":false,"explanation":"If more than one neutron from each event causes further fission, the reaction is supercritical and its rate increases. A critical reaction requires exactly one successful neutron on average."},{"text":"On average, exactly zero neutrons from each fission event trigger a subsequent fission.","correct":false,"explanation":"If no emitted neutron causes another fission, the chain reaction is subcritical and dies away. Criticality requires one neutron per fission to trigger another fission on average."},{"text":"On average, exactly all neutrons from each fission event trigger subsequent fissions.","correct":false,"explanation":"A critical reaction does not require every emitted neutron to continue the chain; many are absorbed or escape. Exactly one neutron per fission must trigger another fission on average."}]},{"id":"a0381eb0-1cf2-490a-8f9f-f8a119ce2d48","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a nuclear reactor, the moderator is used to $\\text{[...]}$ neutrons.","back":"In a nuclear reactor, the moderator is used to $\\boxed{slow down}$ neutrons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"slow down","correct":true,"explanation":"The moderator reduces the kinetic energy of fast neutrons, making them more likely to cause further fission in the fuel and sustain the chain reaction."},{"text":"speed up","correct":false,"explanation":"Speeding up neutrons would make them less likely to cause the required fission reactions in most thermal reactors. The moderator instead slows them down by collisions."},{"text":"absorbing","correct":false,"explanation":"Absorption is mainly the function of control rods, which remove neutrons from the chain reaction. The moderator slows neutrons without primarily absorbing them."},{"text":"reflecting","correct":false,"explanation":"A neutron reflector sends escaping neutrons back towards the fuel, but the moderator changes their speed. Therefore, the moderator is used to slow down neutrons."}]},{"id":"a684fb56-7926-44f0-8ab5-2c8c07a78a2b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a nuclear reactor, control rods work by $\\text{[...]}$ neutrons.","back":"In a nuclear reactor, control rods work by $\\boxed{absorbing}$ neutrons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"absorbing","correct":true,"explanation":"Control rods absorb neutrons and therefore reduce the number available to cause further fission, controlling the rate of the chain reaction."},{"text":"slow down","correct":false,"explanation":"Slowing neutrons is the role of the moderator, which reduces their kinetic energy. Control rods instead remove neutrons from the chain reaction by absorbing them."},{"text":"reflecting","correct":false,"explanation":"Reflectors return escaping neutrons towards the fuel, rather than controlling the reaction by removing them. Control rods work by absorbing neutrons."},{"text":"releasing","correct":false,"explanation":"Releasing more neutrons would increase the likelihood of further fission and raise the reaction rate. Control rods have the opposite effect by absorbing neutrons."}]},{"id":"d2b0a865-80ed-44e1-be63-dbcc7546438c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What are the primary functions of the coolant and shielding in a nuclear reactor?","back":"

Coolant: Transfers thermal energy to produce steam.
Shielding: Reduces radiation risk to the environment.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Coolant: Transfers thermal energy to produce steam.
Shielding: Reduces radiation risk to the environment.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The coolant removes thermal energy from the reactor and transfers it to water to produce steam, while shielding absorbs or reduces radiation reaching the environment."},{"text":"

Coolant: Absorbs neutrons to control the chain reaction.
Shielding: Transfers thermal energy to produce steam.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These functions have been swapped with other reactor components. The coolant transfers thermal energy to produce steam, while shielding reduces radiation risk to the environment."},{"text":"

Coolant: Reduces radiation risk to the environment.
Shielding: Transfers thermal energy to produce steam.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Shielding protects the environment from radiation, whereas the coolant carries thermal energy away from the reactor to produce steam. Neither function is reversed in the correct answer."},{"text":"

Coolant: Transfers thermal energy to produce steam.
Shielding: Absorbs neutrons to control the chain reaction.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The coolant function is correct, but neutron absorption is associated with control rods. Shielding instead reduces radiation risk to the environment."}]},{"id":"513a4396-9cf6-431a-b90b-ba3ee01f2395","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must high precision be used when calculating mass defect from nuclear masses?","back":"The mass defect is a very small difference between two much larger mass values; rounding leads to significant errors.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The mass defect is a very small difference between two much larger mass values; rounding leads to significant errors.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mass defect is found by subtracting nearly equal, large masses. Even a small rounding change can therefore produce a large percentage error in the much smaller difference."},{"text":"The mass defect is a very large difference between two much smaller mass values; rounding leads to significant errors.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant masses are large compared with their difference, not the other way around. The mass defect is very small, so precision is needed to avoid significant rounding errors."},{"text":"The mass defect is a very small sum between two much larger mass values; rounding leads to significant errors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass defect is calculated from a difference between masses, not their sum. Subtracting nearly equal large values makes the small result especially sensitive to rounding."},{"text":"The mass defect is a very small difference between two much larger mass values; rounding leads to negligible errors.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the mass defect is a small difference, rounding is not negligible because the result comes from subtracting large, nearly equal values. Precision prevents a large percentage error."}]},{"id":"872311ae-5a76-4d09-bc0b-b420fa9ea7f1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"State two environmental or social arguments against nuclear power.","back":"

Production of radioactive waste.
Risk of accidents or security concerns.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Production of radioactive waste.
Risk of accidents or security concerns.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Radioactive waste requires long-term management, and severe accidents or security threats could cause significant harm. Both are important environmental or social arguments against nuclear power."},{"text":"

Low greenhouse gas emissions.
Reliable electricity generation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are commonly presented as arguments in favour of nuclear power, not against it. The expected criticisms include radioactive waste and risks from accidents or security threats."},{"text":"

Small land requirement.
High energy density.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A small land requirement and high energy density are advantages of nuclear power. Arguments against it instead focus on radioactive waste and accident or security risks."},{"text":"

Low fuel requirements.
Continuous base-load generation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These describe benefits rather than environmental or social criticisms: nuclear fuel is energy-dense and reactors can generate continuously. The correct concerns are radioactive waste and accident or security risks."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-21","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Nuclear Energy","title":"Nuclear Energy Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/physics/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"c4a5d7a5-891b-5741-9c98-5590dca15d20","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]