Reading a sinusoidal AC graph
Reading a sinusoidal AC graph

An alternating current changes direction periodically, unlike direct current which flows in one direction only. In many exam questions the waveform is sinusoidal, so the instantaneous current can be written as I=I0sin(2πft)I = I_0 \sin(2\pi ft)I=I0sin(2πft). The same pattern applies to voltage, with V=V0sin(2πft)V = V_0 \sin(2\pi ft)V=V0sin(2πft).
Step-by-step lessons on Edexcel A Level Physics Alternating currents and rms values. Each one builds up to exam-style questions. Physics is one of the most mathematically demanding A Levels -- at least 40% of the marks across the three papers require maths skills at Level 2 (GCSE) standard or above, so build calculation and graph-handling fluency alongside the conceptual content from the start.