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an entire costly transatlantic fibre for one signal would leave most of its capacity unused."},{"text":"It has very limited bandwidth and is inexpensive.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both relevant properties of transatlantic optical fibre. It has huge bandwidth and is very expensive, making exclusive use by one signal wasteful."},{"text":"It has huge bandwidth but can carry only one signal.","correct":false,"explanation":"The large bandwidth allows many signals to share the fibre through multiplexing; it does not restrict the fibre to one signal. Its capacity and cost make sharing desirable."},{"text":"It has low bandwidth and must be replaced frequently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Optical fibre has huge bandwidth and does not require frequent replacement under normal operation. Dedicating it to one signal wastes its large, expensive transmission capacity."}]},{"id":"f81eecc1-0018-46c1-82b2-7ad993f3e6e4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What process combines multiple signals onto one transmission path?","back":"Multiplexing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Multiplexing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Multiplexing combines several independent signals into one composite signal so they can share a single transmission path efficiently."},{"text":"Demultiplexing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Demultiplexing performs the reverse operation at the receiving end by separating a composite signal. Multiplexing is the process that combines signals onto one path."},{"text":"Modulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Modulation changes a carrier wave to encode information, rather than combining multiple input signals. Combining several signals onto one transmission path is multiplexing."},{"text":"Amplification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplification increases a signal’s amplitude or power but does not combine separate streams. Multiplexing allows multiple signals to share one transmission path."}]},{"id":"2b1063e0-6ad0-4ad4-9816-c5a0ff4974d7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"TDM transmits multiple independent [ ] signals through one channel using recurring [ ].","back":"TDM transmits multiple independent digital signals through one channel using recurring time slots.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"TDM transmits multiple independent digital signals through one channel using recurring time slots.","correct":true,"explanation":"Time-division multiplexing interleaves digital signals by repeatedly allocating each one a particular time slot in the shared channel."},{"text":"TDM transmits multiple independent digital signals through one channel using recurring frequency bands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Allocating separate frequency bands describes frequency-division multiplexing, not TDM. TDM shares the channel by assigning recurring time slots to digital signals."},{"text":"TDM transmits multiple independent optical signals through one channel using recurring wavelength bands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separating optical signals by wavelength describes wavelength-division multiplexing. TDM instead transmits multiple independent digital signals using recurring time slots."},{"text":"TDM transmits multiple independent carrier signals through one channel using recurring amplitude levels.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude levels can encode data but do not define TDM channel allocation. TDM carries independent digital signals by giving each one recurring time slots."}]},{"id":"571e2771-4412-48ba-9fe0-701948c93706","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In TDM, what is assigned to each signal?","back":"A specific recurring time slot.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A specific recurring time slot.","correct":true,"explanation":"TDM divides transmission time into slots and repeatedly assigns a particular slot to each input signal, allowing the signals to share one channel."},{"text":"A specific fixed frequency band.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assigning each signal a fixed frequency band is frequency-division multiplexing. In TDM, each signal receives a specific recurring time slot."},{"text":"A specific optical wavelength band.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assigning wavelength bands is wavelength-division multiplexing, normally used with optical signals. TDM assigns each signal a recurring time slot instead."},{"text":"A specific recurring amplitude level.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude levels are used to represent information in some modulation methods, not to separate TDM channels. Each TDM signal is assigned a recurring time slot."}]},{"id":"84858b41-1d7f-4bfd-abb8-6f2b1b65ef0b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which device combines input streams at the sending end of a TDM system?","back":"A multiplexer or MUX.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A multiplexer or MUX.","correct":true,"explanation":"A multiplexer samples the separate input streams and combines their data into one interleaved output stream for transmission through the shared channel."},{"text":"A demultiplexer or DEMUX.","correct":false,"explanation":"A demultiplexer works at the receiving end and separates the combined stream into its original channels. A multiplexer, or MUX, combines the inputs."},{"text":"An analogue-to-digital converter or ADC.","correct":false,"explanation":"An ADC converts an analogue signal into digital data but does not combine several input streams. That combining function is performed by a multiplexer, or MUX."},{"text":"A repeater or regenerator.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeaters and regenerators restore weakened signals during transmission rather than combining input streams. The sending-end device that combines streams is a multiplexer, or MUX."}]},{"id":"65537862-af16-4538-a04c-bf06347ac5dc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a MUX sample from each input channel?","back":"A small chunk of data, such as a bit or byte.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A small chunk of data, such as a bit or byte.","correct":true,"explanation":"The MUX takes a small data unit from each input in turn, allowing their bits or bytes to be interleaved into successive time slots."},{"text":"A complete input stream, such as a whole message or file.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taking an entire stream before moving to the next would prevent regular interleaving and create long delays. A MUX samples a small chunk, such as a bit or byte."},{"text":"A fixed frequency band, such as a subcarrier or sideband.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selecting frequency bands is associated with frequency-division multiplexing. A TDM MUX samples a small chunk of data, such as a bit or byte, from each channel."},{"text":"A small voltage sample, such as a peak or RMS value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peak and RMS values describe signal measurements rather than the digital units interleaved by a TDM MUX. It samples a small data chunk, such as a bit or byte."}]},{"id":"fbd0838a-1577-425a-a7bc-4c4db27dab8a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A TDM multiplexer cycles through input channels in a strict [ ] sequence.","back":"A TDM multiplexer cycles through input channels in a strict round-robin sequence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"round-robin","correct":true,"explanation":"A round-robin sequence visits every input channel in a fixed repeating order, ensuring that each channel receives regular opportunities to place data into the output stream."},{"text":"first-come-first-served","correct":false,"explanation":"First-come-first-served scheduling depends on when data arrives and does not guarantee a fixed repeating order. A TDM MUX cycles through channels in a round-robin sequence."},{"text":"priority-based","correct":false,"explanation":"Priority-based scheduling favours selected channels and may skip lower-priority inputs. Standard TDM sampling instead follows a strict round-robin sequence through every channel."},{"text":"frequency-hopping","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequency hopping repeatedly changes the carrier frequency and is not the channel-sampling order used by TDM. A TDM multiplexer follows a round-robin sequence."}]},{"id":"4e236990-e058-42d4-85bf-717ccc30c621","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is one complete cycle of sampling all input channels called?","back":"A frame.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A frame.","correct":true,"explanation":"A frame contains one complete set of time slots, normally including a sample from every input channel before the sampling sequence repeats."},{"text":"A time slot.","correct":false,"explanation":"A time slot carries the sample allocated to one channel within the cycle. The complete cycle containing slots for all input channels is a frame."},{"text":"A packet.","correct":false,"explanation":"A packet is a formatted block used in packet-switched communication and need not contain samples from every channel. One complete TDM sampling cycle is a frame."},{"text":"A byte.","correct":false,"explanation":"A byte is a group of eight bits and may be the data sampled during one slot. The complete sampling cycle across all channels is a frame."}]},{"id":"468d4be6-1d68-47ed-ab3b-868be7ac875f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which device separates the multiplexed stream at the receiving end?","back":"A demultiplexer or DEMUX.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A demultiplexer or DEMUX.","correct":true,"explanation":"The demultiplexer at the receiver separates the interleaved data stream and directs each time slot towards its intended destination channel."},{"text":"A multiplexer or MUX.","correct":false,"explanation":"A multiplexer combines several input channels into one stream at the transmitting end. A demultiplexer, or DEMUX, separates that stream at the receiving end."},{"text":"A repeater or regenerator.","correct":false,"explanation":"A repeater regenerates a weakened signal during transmission but does not separate its channels. The receiving device that separates the stream is a demultiplexer, or DEMUX."},{"text":"An analogue-to-digital converter or ADC.","correct":false,"explanation":"An analogue-to-digital converter changes an analogue signal into digital data rather than separating multiplexed channels. That separation is performed by a demultiplexer, or DEMUX."}]},{"id":"c0c373c7-afe2-4ddb-abca-e6cbc434faf8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the DEMUX do to each incoming data chunk?","back":"Routes it to the correct output channel.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Routes it to the correct output channel.","correct":true,"explanation":"The DEMUX uses each chunk’s time-slot position to direct it to the output channel associated with the original input source."},{"text":"Routes it to the correct input channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Input channels feed the transmitting MUX, not the receiving DEMUX. The DEMUX routes each arriving chunk to the correct output channel."},{"text":"Routes it to every output channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sending each chunk to every output would mix the original signals rather than separate them. The DEMUX routes each chunk to one correct output channel."},{"text":"Routes it back along the transmission line.","correct":false,"explanation":"The transmission line carries the combined stream towards the receiver, so data is not sent back along it. The DEMUX routes each chunk to its correct output channel."}]},{"id":"98f03d3d-247a-4aad-adee-c6d4f95acf48","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For TDM to work, the [ ] must stay synchronised with the [ ].","back":"For TDM to work, the DEMUX must stay synchronised with the MUX.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For TDM to work, the DEMUX must stay synchronised with the MUX.","correct":true,"explanation":"The receiving DEMUX must share the transmitting MUX’s timing so that it associates every time slot with the correct output channel."},{"text":"For TDM to work, the MUX must stay synchronised with the MUX.","correct":false,"explanation":"A MUX does not need to synchronise with itself; the key requirement is coordination between the receiving DEMUX and the transmitting MUX."},{"text":"For TDM to work, the DEMUX must stay synchronised with the output channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Output channels receive already separated data and do not define the transmitted frame timing. The DEMUX must instead remain synchronised with the MUX."},{"text":"For TDM to work, the repeater must stay synchronised with the clock pulse.","correct":false,"explanation":"A repeater regenerates signals and a clock pulse is only a timing reference; TDM separation specifically requires the DEMUX to stay synchronised with the MUX."}]},{"id":"6d03343b-3adb-49a8-89fc-7251d71eaa9a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens if the DEMUX gets out of phase with the MUX?","back":"Data is routed to the wrong output channel.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Data is routed to the wrong output channel.","correct":true,"explanation":"If their timing differs, the DEMUX associates time slots with the wrong destinations, causing chunks to be sent to the wrong output channel."},{"text":"Data is routed to the correct output channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Correct routing requires the DEMUX to be in phase with the MUX. Losing synchronisation instead causes data to be routed to the wrong output channel."},{"text":"Data is routed back to the original input channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"The original input channels are located at the transmitting MUX and are not receiver destinations. An out-of-phase DEMUX routes data to the wrong output channel."},{"text":"Data remains on the shared transmission line.","correct":false,"explanation":"A phase error affects how the DEMUX assigns received time slots, not whether data leaves the shared line. It sends data to the wrong output channel."}]},{"id":"f217a1d2-3515-4797-9efc-a8319d065d53","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the result of severe TDM synchronisation failure?","back":"Scrambled data, such as a dropped call or corrupted file.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Scrambled data, such as a dropped call or corrupted file.","correct":true,"explanation":"A severe timing mismatch makes the DEMUX assign many chunks to incorrect destinations, scrambling the reconstructed information and potentially dropping calls or corrupting files."},{"text":"Reduced data rate, such as a slower call or file transfer.","correct":false,"explanation":"A synchronisation failure changes time-slot assignment rather than simply reducing throughput. Severe failure produces scrambled data, which can cause a dropped call or corrupted file."},{"text":"Improved signal quality, such as a clearer call or error-free file.","correct":false,"explanation":"Losing synchronisation cannot improve signal quality because chunks are assigned to incorrect channels. Severe failure instead produces scrambled data, such as a dropped call or corrupted file."},{"text":"Increased channel capacity, such as more calls or larger files.","correct":false,"explanation":"Synchronisation failure does not create extra transmission capacity. It misroutes the time slots, producing scrambled data and potentially causing a dropped call or corrupted file."}]},{"id":"dd599ea6-b92a-4c8f-96f8-d35565ccf7ad","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Extra synchronisation bits in a TDM stream are often called [ ].","back":"Extra synchronisation bits in a TDM stream are often called framing bits.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"framing bits","correct":true,"explanation":"Framing bits provide a recognisable timing pattern that marks frame boundaries, allowing the receiving DEMUX to align itself with the transmitted TDM frames."},{"text":"parity bits","correct":false,"explanation":"Parity bits are normally used to detect transmission errors rather than identify TDM frame boundaries. The extra synchronisation information is called framing bits."},{"text":"payload bits","correct":false,"explanation":"Payload bits carry the users’ actual information and are not added specifically for synchronisation. The additional bits used to establish frame timing are framing bits."},{"text":"stop bits","correct":false,"explanation":"Stop bits mark character boundaries in asynchronous serial communication, not TDM frame timing. Extra synchronisation bits in a TDM stream are called framing bits."}]},{"id":"86ad12a6-bee2-4ed0-af09-cbeb1385a65d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are framing bits added to a TDM stream?","back":"They let the DEMUX identify correct frame timing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They let the DEMUX identify correct frame timing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Framing bits form a known pattern that allows the DEMUX to locate frame boundaries and maintain the timing needed to separate successive channels correctly."},{"text":"They let the DEMUX identify correct channel amplitude.","correct":false,"explanation":"Framing bits identify timing boundaries rather than measuring signal strength. They allow the DEMUX to determine the correct frame timing for separating channels."},{"text":"They let the DEMUX correct damaged payload data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Framing bits help locate frames but do not contain enough redundancy to repair corrupted payload. Their purpose is to let the DEMUX identify correct frame timing."},{"text":"They let the MUX identify correct frame timing.","correct":false,"explanation":"The MUX creates the transmitted frames, while the receiving DEMUX needs the timing information to separate them. Framing bits let the DEMUX identify correct frame timing."}]},{"id":"e7986ae3-6d9a-4d54-abb5-e89faeebfa44","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How fast must the main TDM transmission line be compared with one input channel?","back":"Much faster than any individual input channel.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Much faster than any individual input channel.","correct":true,"explanation":"The shared line must carry chunks from all input channels within each repeating frame, so its data rate must greatly exceed that of one individual channel."},{"text":"Much slower than any individual input channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"A slower line could not carry the combined data from several inputs without an accumulating backlog. The main line must be much faster than any individual input channel."},{"text":"The same speed as any individual input channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matching one input’s speed provides insufficient capacity for all multiplexed channels. The main line must be much faster than any individual input channel."},{"text":"Slightly faster than any individual input channel.","correct":false,"explanation":"The required transmission rate depends on the total rate of all multiplexed inputs, not a small increase over one input. It must be much faster than any individual channel."}]},{"id":"965e318a-5e8d-4044-9ad9-6ccd1f3d83fd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For $N$ channels each at bit rate $R$, what is the minimum main-line bit rate ignoring overhead?","back":"$$\\boldsymbol{N \\times R}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{N \\times R}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each of the $N$ channels contributes $R$ bits per second, so their rates add to give a minimum main-line rate of $N \\times R$."},{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{\\frac{R}{N}}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by $N$ incorrectly treats multiplexing as sharing one channel’s bit rate. All $N$ input streams must be carried, so the minimum rate is $N \\times R$."},{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{N + R}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding $N$ and $R$ confuses a channel count with a bit rate and does not represent the combined data flow. The required minimum is $N \\times R$."},{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{(N - 1) \\times R}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This off-by-one expression omits one complete input channel. Since every one of the $N$ channels contributes rate $R$, the minimum is $N \\times R$."}]},{"id":"6dfe0aa3-cee2-4253-b327-d2fc437b76bf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the real required TDM bit rate higher than $N \\times R$?","back":"Extra synchronisation/framing bits add overhead.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Extra synchronisation/framing bits add overhead.","correct":true,"explanation":"A practical TDM stream needs additional bits to identify frame boundaries and keep the transmitter and receiver aligned, increasing its bit rate above the combined payload rate."},{"text":"Extra frequency guard bands add overhead.","correct":false,"explanation":"Guard bands separate frequency bands in FDM; they are not extra bits in a TDM data stream. TDM requires additional synchronisation and framing bits to mark its timing structure."},{"text":"Extra channel attenuation losses add overhead.","correct":false,"explanation":"Attenuation reduces signal amplitude during transmission but does not itself insert bits into the stream. The higher TDM bit rate results from added synchronisation and framing bits."},{"text":"Extra amplitude modulation levels add overhead.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using multiple amplitude levels concerns how bits may be encoded, not why extra bits are required. TDM overhead comes from synchronisation and framing bits added to the payload."}]},{"id":"5d8b59ca-df38-4c58-a201-b54fb8c3e3ea","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Five channels each run at $10 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$. What is the minimum combined TDM bit rate without overhead?","back":"$$\\boldsymbol{50 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{50 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"The five channel rates add directly: $5 \\times 10 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1} = 50 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$. No framing or synchronisation overhead is included."},{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{40 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This off-by-one result includes only four of the five channels. Multiplying all five channel rates gives $5 \\times 10 = 50 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$."},{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{60 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This includes six channel rates rather than the five specified. Without overhead, the combined rate is $5 \\times 10 = 50 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$."},{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{500 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This introduces an unnecessary extra factor of ten, usually from mishandling the kilo prefix. The channel count gives $5 \\times 10 = 50 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$."}]},{"id":"f5bd8d35-e618-4cd7-9cf1-be6bd843b2ae","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Six channels at $64 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$ plus $8 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$ overhead: total bit rate?","back":"$$\\boldsymbol{392 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{392 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"The six payload rates total $6 \\times 64 = 384 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$. Adding the $8 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$ overhead gives $392 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$."},{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{384 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is only the payload rate, $6 \\times 64 = 384 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$, and omits the stated overhead. Adding $8$ gives $392 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$."},{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{376 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This subtracts the overhead from the payload rate instead of adding it. The correct calculation is $384 + 8 = 392 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$."},{"text":"$$\\boldsymbol{432 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This adds $8 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$ separately to every channel, treating the total overhead as per-channel overhead. It should be $6 \\times 64 + 8 = 392 \\text{ kbits s}^{-1}$."}]},{"id":"cbd9e952-320b-496e-9199-5aa18c35f055","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"TDM separates signals by [ ], while FDM separates signals by [ ].","back":"TDM separates signals by time slots, while FDM separates signals by carrier frequencies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"TDM separates signals by time slots, while FDM separates signals by carrier frequencies.","correct":true,"explanation":"TDM allocates different time intervals on a shared link, whereas FDM assigns different carrier-frequency bands so that signals can be transmitted simultaneously."},{"text":"TDM separates signals by carrier frequencies, while FDM separates signals by time slots.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two multiplexing methods. TDM assigns each signal recurring time slots, while FDM places signals onto distinct carrier frequencies."},{"text":"TDM separates signals by time slots, while FDM separates signals by amplitudes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Amplitude levels can encode information but do not distinguish channels in frequency-division multiplexing. FDM uses separate carrier frequencies, while TDM uses separate time slots."},{"text":"TDM separates signals by code sequences, while FDM separates signals by carrier frequencies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Code sequences belong to code-division multiplexing rather than time-division multiplexing. TDM distinguishes channels using time slots, while FDM correctly distinguishes them using carrier frequencies."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-21","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Time-division multiplexing (A-level only)","title":"Time-division multiplexing (A-level only) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/physics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"997390d5-05b7-5e2f-b8f9-b63600622949","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]