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input.","correct":true,"explanation":"Feeding part of the output to the inverting input opposes changes in the input difference, reducing the amplifier’s gain and stabilising its behaviour."},{"text":"Connecting a portion of the output back to the non-inverting (+) input.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feedback to the non-inverting input reinforces changes rather than opposing them, producing positive feedback. Negative feedback sends part of the output to the inverting (-) input."},{"text":"Connecting a portion of the input back to the inverting (-) input.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feedback must return a fraction of the output, not the input. Negative feedback is achieved by connecting part of the output to the inverting (-) input."},{"text":"Connecting a portion of the output back to the positive supply rail.","correct":false,"explanation":"A supply rail powers the operational amplifier and is not a feedback input. Negative feedback requires part of the output to be returned to the inverting (-) input."}]},{"id":"5eb52bbc-b1f8-4711-92ec-0adffe14d7b7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In an inverting amplifier circuit, where is the input signal $V_{in}$ connected?","back":"To the inverting (-) terminal via an input resistor $R_{in}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To the inverting (-) terminal via an input resistor $R_{in}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"The input signal reaches the inverting terminal through $R_{in}$, which helps determine the closed-loop gain together with the feedback resistor."},{"text":"To the non-inverting (+) terminal via an input resistor $R_{in}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Applying the signal to the non-inverting terminal describes a non-inverting configuration. In an inverting amplifier, $V_{in}$ reaches the inverting (-) terminal through $R_{in}$."},{"text":"To the inverting (-) terminal via a feedback resistor $R_f$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The feedback resistor $R_f$ connects the output to the inverting terminal, not the input signal. $V_{in}$ is connected through the input resistor $R_{in}$."},{"text":"To the non-inverting (+) terminal via a feedback resistor $R_f$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses both resistor roles and input terminals. In the inverting configuration, $V_{in}$ connects to the inverting (-) terminal through the input resistor $R_{in}$."}]},{"id":"253c84dd-b3fe-41de-bd99-ea325b9c6199","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"To what is the non-inverting (+) terminal connected in an inverting amplifier?","back":"Ground (0 V).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ground (0 V).","correct":true,"explanation":"Grounding the non-inverting terminal fixes it at 0 V. Negative feedback then keeps the inverting terminal at approximately the same potential, creating a virtual ground."},{"text":"Positive supply rail (+V).","correct":false,"explanation":"The positive rail powers the operational amplifier rather than setting the signal reference. In a standard inverting amplifier, the non-inverting terminal is connected to ground at 0 V."},{"text":"Negative supply rail (-V).","correct":false,"explanation":"The negative rail supplies power and is not the reference connection for this configuration. The non-inverting terminal is grounded, fixing it at 0 V."},{"text":"Output terminal ($V_{out}$).","correct":false,"explanation":"The output is fed back to the inverting terminal through the feedback resistor. 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An inverting amplifier reverses the output polarity, making $V_{out}$ 180 degrees out of phase with $V_{in}$."},{"text":"They are 90 degrees out of phase (output leads).","correct":false,"explanation":"A 90-degree phase shift may occur in reactive circuits, but it is not the ideal inverting-amplifier relationship. The output is inverted and therefore 180 degrees out of phase."},{"text":"They are 90 degrees out of phase (output lags).","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing inversion with a quarter-cycle delay gives a 90-degree lag. 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