Quantised energy transfer
Quantised energy transfer

Atoms have discrete energy levels, so a free electron cannot give an atom just any amount of energy in a collision. Energy is transferred in fixed amounts that match the gaps between allowed levels.
Step-by-step lessons on AQA A Level Physics Collisions of electrons with atoms. Each one builds up to exam-style questions. Physics is one of the most mathematically demanding A Levels -- at least 40% of the marks require maths skills at Level 2 (GCSE) standard or above, so build calculation and graph-handling fluency alongside the conceptual content from the start.