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A1","marks":3,"order":0,"markingRubric":{"totalMarks":3,"points":[{"id":"p1","marks":1,"description":"Attempt to complete the square resulting in $(x+3)^2$ or using $-b/2a$ to find the $x$-coordinate of the vertex.","code":"M"},{"id":"p2","marks":1,"description":"Finding the minimum value of $-11$.","code":"M"},{"id":"p3","marks":1,"description":"Correct range $g(x) \\geq -11$.","code":"A","acceptable":["g(x) >= -11","y >= -11"]}],"finalAnswers":["$$g(x) \\geq -11$"],"generatedAt":"2026-05-06T14:04:50.857Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3-flash-preview"},"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"completing_the_square","label":"Completing the Square","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Understand the task","content":"To find the range of the function $g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$, we want to find all the possible output values of $g(x)$ for any real input $x$.\n\nSince this is a quadratic function with a positive $x^2$ coefficient, its graph is a u-shaped parabola. Its range will be all values greater than or equal to its minimum value.\n\nWe can find this minimum value by rewriting the quadratic in **vertex form**, $g(x) = (x-h)^2 + k$, using the **completing the square** method."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Complete the square","content":"We focus on the first two terms, $x^2 + 6x$. We halve the coefficient of $x$ (which is $6$) to get $3$, and then subtract its square ($3^2 = 9$):\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} g(x) &= x^2 + 6x - 2 \\\\ &= (x + 3)^2 - 9 - 2 \\\\ &= (x + 3)^2 - 11 \\end{aligned}$$"},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Find the minimum value","content":"Now that we have $g(x) = (x+3)^2 - 11$, let's analyze the expression to find its minimum value:\n\n* The squared term, $(x+3)^2$, is always non-negative because any real number squared is greater than or equal to zero:\n $$(x+3)^2 \\ge 0$$\n* The minimum possible value of this squared term is $0$, which occurs when $x = -3$.\n* Substituting $(x+3)^2 = 0$ gives the minimum value of the function:\n $$g(-3) = 0 - 11 = -11$$\n\nThus, the minimum point (vertex) of the curve is $(-3, -11)$.."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"State the range","content":"Since the minimum value of $g(x)$ is $-11$, the function can take any value greater than or equal to $-11$.\n\nTherefore, the range of $g(x)$ is:\n\n$$g(x) \\ge -11$$\n\n### Markscheme Breakdown\n* **M1**: Correctly completing the square to get $g(x) = (x+3)^2 - 11$\n* **M1**: Identifying the minimum point as $(-3, -11)$\n* **A1**: Writing the range as $g(x) \\ge -11$ (or $y \\ge -11$)"},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"Explain why no inverse exists","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be a **one-to-one** function (meaning every output $y$ corresponds to exactly one input $x$).\n\nSince $g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$ is a quadratic function, its graph is a parabola. For any value in its range (except the minimum value of $-11$), there are two different input values of $x$ that map to the same output $g(x)$.\n\nFor example, both $x = 0$ and $x = -6$ map to $-2$:\n$$g(0) = (0)^2 + 6(0) - 2 = -2$$\n$$g(-6) = (-6)^2 + 6(-6) - 2 = -2$$\n\nSince it is a **many-to-one** function rather than a one-to-one function, $g(x)$ does not have an inverse.\n\n### Markscheme Breakdown\n* **B1**: Explaining that $g(x)$ is a many-to-one function (or that two distinct $x$ values yield the same output value)."}]},{"id":"vertex_formula","label":"Using the Vertex Formula","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Identify the coefficients","content":"To find the vertex of the quadratic function $g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$, we first identify the coefficients from the general quadratic form $g(x) = ax^2 + bx + c$:\n\n* $$a = 1$$\n* $$b = 6$$\n* $$c = -2$$"},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Calculate vertex x-coordinate","content":"We use the vertex formula $x = -\\frac{b}{2a}$ to find the $x$-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola.\n\nSubstituting $a = 1$ and $b = 6$:\n\n$$x = -\\frac{6}{2(1)} = -3$$"},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Find the minimum value","content":"Now we evaluate $g(x)$ at $x = -3$ to find the corresponding $y$-coordinate of the vertex:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} g(-3) &= (-3)^2 + 6(-3) - 2 \\\\ &= 9 - 18 - 2 \\\\ &= -11 \\end{aligned}$$\n\nSo, the vertex of the parabola is at $(-3, -11)$.."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Determine the range","content":"Since the coefficient of $x^2$ is positive ($a = 1 > 0$), the parabola opens upwards.\n\nThis means the vertex represents the absolute minimum point of the function.\n\nTherefore, the range of $g(x)$ is all values greater than or equal to this minimum:\n\n$$g(x) \\geq -11$$","calculator":[{"gdc":{"expression":"x^2 + 6*x - 2","instructions":"1. Go to the Graph application.\n2. Enter the function \$f(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2\$.\n3. Use the 'Analyze Graph' or 'G-Solv' tool and select 'Minimum'.\n4. The calculator will display the vertex coordinates at \$(-3, -11)\$."},"ti84":{"expression":"X^2 + 6*X - 2","instructions":"1. Press [Y=] and enter \$Y_1 = X^2 + 6X - 2\$.\n2. Press [GRAPH] to view the curve.\n3. Press [2nd] [TRACE] (CALC) and select '3: minimum'.\n4. Set a 'Left Bound' to the left of the vertex, a 'Right Bound' to the right, and press [ENTER] on 'Guess'.\n5. The screen will display the coordinates of the minimum point at approximately \$x = -3, y = -11\$."},"desmos":{"expression":"y = x^2 + 6*x - 2","instructions":"1. Type `y = x^2 + 6x - 2` into the input bar.\n2. Click on the curve to reveal key points.\n3. Click on the gray dot at the very bottom of the parabola to see the coordinates of the minimum vertex point: \$(-3, -11)\$."},"description":"You can verify this range visually by graphing the function and finding its minimum value."}]},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"Explain why no inverse exists","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be a **one-to-one** function (meaning every output $y$ corresponds to exactly one input $x$).\n\nSince $g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$ is a quadratic function, its graph is a parabola. For any value in its range (except the minimum value of $-11$), there are two different input values of $x$ that map to the same output $g(x)$.\n\nFor example, both $x = 0$ and $x = -6$ map to $-2$:\n$$g(0) = (0)^2 + 6(0) - 2 = -2$$\n$$g(-6) = (-6)^2 + 6(-6) - 2 = -2$$\n\nSince it is a **many-to-one** function rather than a one-to-one function, $g(x)$ does not have an inverse.\n\n### Markscheme Breakdown\n* **B1**: Explaining that $g(x)$ is a many-to-one function (or that two distinct $x$ values yield the same output value)."}]},{"id":"calculus","label":"Using Differentiation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Understand the goal","content":"We want to find the range of the quadratic function:\n\n$$g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$$\n\nBecause the coefficient of $x^2$ is positive ($1 > 0$), the graph of this function is a $U$-shaped parabola that opens upwards. This means the function has a global minimum point. The range will include all values greater than or equal to this minimum value:\n\n$$\\text{Range: } g(x) \\geq g(x_{\\text{min}})$$\n\nWe will use differentiation to locate this minimum point."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Find the derivative","content":"Differentiate $g(x)$ term-by-term with respect to $x$ using the power rule $\\frac{d}{dx}(x^n) = n x^{n-1}$:\n\n$$g'(x) = 2x + 6$$"},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Find the stationary point","content":"To find the $x$-coordinate of the stationary (minimum) point, set the derivative equal to zero:\n\n$$2x + 6 = 0$$\n\nSolving for $x$:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} 2x &= -6 \\\\ x &= -3 \\end{aligned}$$"},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Calculate the minimum value","content":"Now substitute $x = -3$ back into the original function $g(x)$ to find the minimum value of the range:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} g(-3) &= (-3)^2 + 6(-3) - 2 \\\\ &= 9 - 18 - 2 \\\\ &= -11 \\end{aligned}$$\n\nThis confirms that the minimum point of the curve is located at $(-3, -11)$.."},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"State the final range","content":"Since the parabola opens upwards, the minimum value of $g(x)$ is $-11$, and the function can take any value greater than or equal to this.\n\nTherefore, the range of $g(x)$ is:\n\n$$g(x) \\geq -11$$"},{"type":"text","order":5,"title":"Explain why no inverse exists","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be a **one-to-one** function (meaning every output $y$ corresponds to exactly one input $x$).\n\nSince $g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$ is a quadratic function, its graph is a parabola. For any value in its range (except the minimum value of $-11$), there are two different input values of $x$ that map to the same output $g(x)$.\n\nFor example, both $x = 0$ and $x = -6$ map to $-2$:\n$$g(0) = (0)^2 + 6(0) - 2 = -2$$\n$$g(-6) = (-6)^2 + 6(-6) - 2 = -2$$\n\nSince it is a **many-to-one** function rather than a one-to-one function, $g(x)$ does not have an inverse.\n\n### Markscheme Breakdown\n* **B1**: Explaining that $g(x)$ is a many-to-one function (or that two distinct $x$ values yield the same output value)."}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-06-09T05:33:58.514Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3.5-flash","explanationVersion":"v2"},"options":[]},{"id":"93ad31de-1888-4dd3-b0a9-c3be4a8a854f","label":"b","content":"Explain why the function $g(x)$ does not have an inverse","markscheme":"- It is a many-to-one function (or every value in the range, except the minimum, is mapped from two values of $x$) B1","marks":1,"order":1,"markingRubric":{"totalMarks":1,"points":[{"id":"p1","marks":1,"description":"State that the function is many-to-one or not one-to-one.","code":"B"}],"finalAnswers":[],"generatedAt":"2026-05-06T14:04:50.857Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3-flash-preview"},"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"conceptual_definition","label":"Function Classification Approach","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Recall inverse conditions","content":"For a function to have a well-defined inverse, it must be a **one-to-one** function. This means that every unique output value in its range corresponds to exactly one unique input value in its domain."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Classify the function type","content":"The given function is a quadratic function:\n\n$$g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2, \\quad x \\in \\mathbb{R}$$\n\nBecause the domain is the set of all real numbers ($x \\in \\mathbb{R}$), the graph is a full parabola. Any quadratic function defined over its entire real domain is a **many-to-one** function, as multiple different input values of $x$ map to the same output value."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Demonstrate many-to-one nature","content":"We can show that $g(x)$ is many-to-one by finding two different inputs that produce the same output. Let's choose $x = -2$ and $x = -4$. Evaluating the function at these points, we find $g(-2) = (-2)^2 + 6(-2) - 2 = -10$ and $g(-4) = (-4)^2 + 6(-4) - 2 = -10$. Since $g(-2) = g(-4) = -10$, more than one $x$-value maps to the same $y$-value."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Conclude the explanation","content":"Since $g(x)$ is a **many-to-one** function over the domain $x \\in \\mathbb{R}$, it **does not have an inverse**."}]},{"id":"graphical_test","label":"Horizontal Line Test","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Recall inverse conditions","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be a **one-to-one** function. This means that each output value in the range must correspond to exactly one input value in the domain. If a function is **many-to-one**, it does not have an inverse over that domain."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Visualize the graph","content":"Let's analyze the shape of the function:\n\n$$g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2, \\quad x \\in \\mathbb{R}$$\n\nThis is a quadratic function with a positive leading coefficient, representing a parabola that opens upwards. By completing the square, we can find its vertex:\n\n$$g(x) = (x + 3)^2 - 11$$\n\nThis tells us the minimum point (vertex) of the parabola is at $(-3, -11)$."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Apply horizontal line test","content":"To test if a function is one-to-one, we can apply the **Horizontal Line Test**. If any horizontal line $y = c$ (where $c > -11$) is drawn on the graph, it will intersect the parabola at two distinct points. For example, setting $g(x) = 5$ gives:\n\n$$x^2 + 6x - 2 = 5 \\implies x^2 + 6x - 7 = 0 \\implies (x + 7)(x - 1) = 0$$\n\nThis gives $x = -7$ and $x = 1$. Both of these inputs yield the same output of $5$."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Conclude the proof","content":"Because a horizontal line intersects the curve more than once, $g(x)$ is a **many-to-one** function. Since it is many-to-one, it does not have an inverse over the domain $x \\in \\mathbb{R}$."}]},{"id":"numerical_counterexample","label":"Numerical Counterexample","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Recall inverse conditions","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be **one-to-one**. This means that every output value in its range must correspond to exactly one input value in its domain. If we can find two distinct inputs $x_1$ and $x_2$ such that $g(x_1) = g(x_2)$, then the function is **many-to-one** and does not have an inverse."},{"type":"hyper_latex","block":{"nodes":[{"latex":"$$g(\\htmlData{anchor=x1}{\\color{@sky}{0}}) = (\\color{@sky}{0})^2 + 6(\\color{@sky}{0}) - 2 = \\htmlData{anchor=out1}{\\color{@teal}{-2}}$"},{"latex":"$$g(\\htmlData{anchor=x2}{\\color{@amber}{-6}}) = (\\color{@amber}{-6})^2 + 6(\\color{@amber}{-6}) - 2 = \\htmlData{anchor=out2}{\\color{@teal}{-2}}$"}],"highlights":[{"color":"sky","style":"text-color","anchor":"x1"},{"color":"amber","style":"text-color","anchor":"x2"},{"color":"teal","style":"box","anchor":"out1"},{"color":"teal","style":"box","anchor":"out2"}],"connections":[{"to":"out2","from":"out1","color":"teal","label":"same output","style":"dashed"}]},"order":1,"title":"Find a counterexample","description":"Let's find a simple output value to test, for example, when the output is $-2$. We can solve $g(x) = -2$, which simplifies to $x^2 + 6x = 0$, giving $x = 0$ and $x = -6$."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Interpret the result","content":"Since two distinct inputs, $x = 0$ and $x = -6$, both map to the same output $g(0) = g(-6) = -2$, the function is **many-to-one**. Therefore, $g(x)$ does not have an inverse function over the domain of all real numbers ($x \\in \\mathbb{R}$)."}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-06-09T05:36:00.208Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3.5-flash","explanationVersion":"v2"},"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"11a3f5e5-6f30-4b6a-989a-cc97f78da5c8:completing_the_square","label":"(a) Completing the Square","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Understand the task","content":"To find the range of the function $g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$, we want to find all the possible output values of $g(x)$ for any real input $x$.\n\nSince this is a quadratic function with a positive $x^2$ coefficient, its graph is a u-shaped parabola. Its range will be all values greater than or equal to its minimum value.\n\nWe can find this minimum value by rewriting the quadratic in **vertex form**, $g(x) = (x-h)^2 + k$, using the **completing the square** method."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Complete the square","content":"We focus on the first two terms, $x^2 + 6x$. We halve the coefficient of $x$ (which is $6$) to get $3$, and then subtract its square ($3^2 = 9$):\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} g(x) &= x^2 + 6x - 2 \\\\ &= (x + 3)^2 - 9 - 2 \\\\ &= (x + 3)^2 - 11 \\end{aligned}$$"},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Find the minimum value","content":"Now that we have $g(x) = (x+3)^2 - 11$, let's analyze the expression to find its minimum value:\n\n* The squared term, $(x+3)^2$, is always non-negative because any real number squared is greater than or equal to zero:\n $$(x+3)^2 \\ge 0$$\n* The minimum possible value of this squared term is $0$, which occurs when $x = -3$.\n* Substituting $(x+3)^2 = 0$ gives the minimum value of the function:\n $$g(-3) = 0 - 11 = -11$$\n\nThus, the minimum point (vertex) of the curve is $(-3, -11)$.."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"State the range","content":"Since the minimum value of $g(x)$ is $-11$, the function can take any value greater than or equal to $-11$.\n\nTherefore, the range of $g(x)$ is:\n\n$$g(x) \\ge -11$$\n\n### Markscheme Breakdown\n* **M1**: Correctly completing the square to get $g(x) = (x+3)^2 - 11$\n* **M1**: Identifying the minimum point as $(-3, -11)$\n* **A1**: Writing the range as $g(x) \\ge -11$ (or $y \\ge -11$)"},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"Explain why no inverse exists","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be a **one-to-one** function (meaning every output $y$ corresponds to exactly one input $x$).\n\nSince $g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$ is a quadratic function, its graph is a parabola. For any value in its range (except the minimum value of $-11$), there are two different input values of $x$ that map to the same output $g(x)$.\n\nFor example, both $x = 0$ and $x = -6$ map to $-2$:\n$$g(0) = (0)^2 + 6(0) - 2 = -2$$\n$$g(-6) = (-6)^2 + 6(-6) - 2 = -2$$\n\nSince it is a **many-to-one** function rather than a one-to-one function, $g(x)$ does not have an inverse.\n\n### Markscheme Breakdown\n* **B1**: Explaining that $g(x)$ is a many-to-one function (or that two distinct $x$ values yield the same output value)."}]},{"id":"11a3f5e5-6f30-4b6a-989a-cc97f78da5c8:vertex_formula","label":"(a) Using the Vertex Formula","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Identify the coefficients","content":"To find the vertex of the quadratic function $g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$, we first identify the coefficients from the general quadratic form $g(x) = ax^2 + bx + c$:\n\n* $$a = 1$$\n* $$b = 6$$\n* $$c = -2$$"},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Calculate vertex x-coordinate","content":"We use the vertex formula $x = -\\frac{b}{2a}$ to find the $x$-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola.\n\nSubstituting $a = 1$ and $b = 6$:\n\n$$x = -\\frac{6}{2(1)} = -3$$"},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Find the minimum value","content":"Now we evaluate $g(x)$ at $x = -3$ to find the corresponding $y$-coordinate of the vertex:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} g(-3) &= (-3)^2 + 6(-3) - 2 \\\\ &= 9 - 18 - 2 \\\\ &= -11 \\end{aligned}$$\n\nSo, the vertex of the parabola is at $(-3, -11)$.."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Determine the range","content":"Since the coefficient of $x^2$ is positive ($a = 1 > 0$), the parabola opens upwards.\n\nThis means the vertex represents the absolute minimum point of the function.\n\nTherefore, the range of $g(x)$ is all values greater than or equal to this minimum:\n\n$$g(x) \\geq -11$$","calculator":[{"gdc":{"expression":"x^2 + 6*x - 2","instructions":"1. Go to the Graph application.\n2. Enter the function \$f(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2\$.\n3. Use the 'Analyze Graph' or 'G-Solv' tool and select 'Minimum'.\n4. The calculator will display the vertex coordinates at \$(-3, -11)\$."},"ti84":{"expression":"X^2 + 6*X - 2","instructions":"1. Press [Y=] and enter \$Y_1 = X^2 + 6X - 2\$.\n2. Press [GRAPH] to view the curve.\n3. Press [2nd] [TRACE] (CALC) and select '3: minimum'.\n4. Set a 'Left Bound' to the left of the vertex, a 'Right Bound' to the right, and press [ENTER] on 'Guess'.\n5. The screen will display the coordinates of the minimum point at approximately \$x = -3, y = -11\$."},"desmos":{"expression":"y = x^2 + 6*x - 2","instructions":"1. Type `y = x^2 + 6x - 2` into the input bar.\n2. Click on the curve to reveal key points.\n3. Click on the gray dot at the very bottom of the parabola to see the coordinates of the minimum vertex point: \$(-3, -11)\$."},"description":"You can verify this range visually by graphing the function and finding its minimum value."}]},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"Explain why no inverse exists","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be a **one-to-one** function (meaning every output $y$ corresponds to exactly one input $x$).\n\nSince $g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$ is a quadratic function, its graph is a parabola. For any value in its range (except the minimum value of $-11$), there are two different input values of $x$ that map to the same output $g(x)$.\n\nFor example, both $x = 0$ and $x = -6$ map to $-2$:\n$$g(0) = (0)^2 + 6(0) - 2 = -2$$\n$$g(-6) = (-6)^2 + 6(-6) - 2 = -2$$\n\nSince it is a **many-to-one** function rather than a one-to-one function, $g(x)$ does not have an inverse.\n\n### Markscheme Breakdown\n* **B1**: Explaining that $g(x)$ is a many-to-one function (or that two distinct $x$ values yield the same output value)."}]},{"id":"11a3f5e5-6f30-4b6a-989a-cc97f78da5c8:calculus","label":"(a) Using Differentiation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Understand the goal","content":"We want to find the range of the quadratic function:\n\n$$g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$$\n\nBecause the coefficient of $x^2$ is positive ($1 > 0$), the graph of this function is a $U$-shaped parabola that opens upwards. This means the function has a global minimum point. The range will include all values greater than or equal to this minimum value:\n\n$$\\text{Range: } g(x) \\geq g(x_{\\text{min}})$$\n\nWe will use differentiation to locate this minimum point."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Find the derivative","content":"Differentiate $g(x)$ term-by-term with respect to $x$ using the power rule $\\frac{d}{dx}(x^n) = n x^{n-1}$:\n\n$$g'(x) = 2x + 6$$"},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Find the stationary point","content":"To find the $x$-coordinate of the stationary (minimum) point, set the derivative equal to zero:\n\n$$2x + 6 = 0$$\n\nSolving for $x$:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} 2x &= -6 \\\\ x &= -3 \\end{aligned}$$"},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Calculate the minimum value","content":"Now substitute $x = -3$ back into the original function $g(x)$ to find the minimum value of the range:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} g(-3) &= (-3)^2 + 6(-3) - 2 \\\\ &= 9 - 18 - 2 \\\\ &= -11 \\end{aligned}$$\n\nThis confirms that the minimum point of the curve is located at $(-3, -11)$.."},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"State the final range","content":"Since the parabola opens upwards, the minimum value of $g(x)$ is $-11$, and the function can take any value greater than or equal to this.\n\nTherefore, the range of $g(x)$ is:\n\n$$g(x) \\geq -11$$"},{"type":"text","order":5,"title":"Explain why no inverse exists","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be a **one-to-one** function (meaning every output $y$ corresponds to exactly one input $x$).\n\nSince $g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2$ is a quadratic function, its graph is a parabola. For any value in its range (except the minimum value of $-11$), there are two different input values of $x$ that map to the same output $g(x)$.\n\nFor example, both $x = 0$ and $x = -6$ map to $-2$:\n$$g(0) = (0)^2 + 6(0) - 2 = -2$$\n$$g(-6) = (-6)^2 + 6(-6) - 2 = -2$$\n\nSince it is a **many-to-one** function rather than a one-to-one function, $g(x)$ does not have an inverse.\n\n### Markscheme Breakdown\n* **B1**: Explaining that $g(x)$ is a many-to-one function (or that two distinct $x$ values yield the same output value)."}]},{"id":"93ad31de-1888-4dd3-b0a9-c3be4a8a854f:conceptual_definition","label":"(b) Function Classification Approach","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Recall inverse conditions","content":"For a function to have a well-defined inverse, it must be a **one-to-one** function. This means that every unique output value in its range corresponds to exactly one unique input value in its domain."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Classify the function type","content":"The given function is a quadratic function:\n\n$$g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2, \\quad x \\in \\mathbb{R}$$\n\nBecause the domain is the set of all real numbers ($x \\in \\mathbb{R}$), the graph is a full parabola. Any quadratic function defined over its entire real domain is a **many-to-one** function, as multiple different input values of $x$ map to the same output value."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Demonstrate many-to-one nature","content":"We can show that $g(x)$ is many-to-one by finding two different inputs that produce the same output. Let's choose $x = -2$ and $x = -4$. Evaluating the function at these points, we find $g(-2) = (-2)^2 + 6(-2) - 2 = -10$ and $g(-4) = (-4)^2 + 6(-4) - 2 = -10$. Since $g(-2) = g(-4) = -10$, more than one $x$-value maps to the same $y$-value."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Conclude the explanation","content":"Since $g(x)$ is a **many-to-one** function over the domain $x \\in \\mathbb{R}$, it **does not have an inverse**."}]},{"id":"93ad31de-1888-4dd3-b0a9-c3be4a8a854f:graphical_test","label":"(b) Horizontal Line Test","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Recall inverse conditions","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be a **one-to-one** function. This means that each output value in the range must correspond to exactly one input value in the domain. If a function is **many-to-one**, it does not have an inverse over that domain."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Visualize the graph","content":"Let's analyze the shape of the function:\n\n$$g(x) = x^2 + 6x - 2, \\quad x \\in \\mathbb{R}$$\n\nThis is a quadratic function with a positive leading coefficient, representing a parabola that opens upwards. By completing the square, we can find its vertex:\n\n$$g(x) = (x + 3)^2 - 11$$\n\nThis tells us the minimum point (vertex) of the parabola is at $(-3, -11)$."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Apply horizontal line test","content":"To test if a function is one-to-one, we can apply the **Horizontal Line Test**. If any horizontal line $y = c$ (where $c > -11$) is drawn on the graph, it will intersect the parabola at two distinct points. For example, setting $g(x) = 5$ gives:\n\n$$x^2 + 6x - 2 = 5 \\implies x^2 + 6x - 7 = 0 \\implies (x + 7)(x - 1) = 0$$\n\nThis gives $x = -7$ and $x = 1$. Both of these inputs yield the same output of $5$."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Conclude the proof","content":"Because a horizontal line intersects the curve more than once, $g(x)$ is a **many-to-one** function. Since it is many-to-one, it does not have an inverse over the domain $x \\in \\mathbb{R}$."}]},{"id":"93ad31de-1888-4dd3-b0a9-c3be4a8a854f:numerical_counterexample","label":"(b) Numerical Counterexample","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Recall inverse conditions","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be **one-to-one**. This means that every output value in its range must correspond to exactly one input value in its domain. If we can find two distinct inputs $x_1$ and $x_2$ such that $g(x_1) = g(x_2)$, then the function is **many-to-one** and does not have an inverse."},{"type":"hyper_latex","block":{"nodes":[{"latex":"$$g(\\htmlData{anchor=x1}{\\color{@sky}{0}}) = (\\color{@sky}{0})^2 + 6(\\color{@sky}{0}) - 2 = \\htmlData{anchor=out1}{\\color{@teal}{-2}}$"},{"latex":"$$g(\\htmlData{anchor=x2}{\\color{@amber}{-6}}) = (\\color{@amber}{-6})^2 + 6(\\color{@amber}{-6}) - 2 = \\htmlData{anchor=out2}{\\color{@teal}{-2}}$"}],"highlights":[{"color":"sky","style":"text-color","anchor":"x1"},{"color":"amber","style":"text-color","anchor":"x2"},{"color":"teal","style":"box","anchor":"out1"},{"color":"teal","style":"box","anchor":"out2"}],"connections":[{"to":"out2","from":"out1","color":"teal","label":"same output","style":"dashed"}]},"order":1,"title":"Find a counterexample","description":"Let's find a simple output value to test, for example, when the output is $-2$. We can solve $g(x) = -2$, which simplifies to $x^2 + 6x = 0$, giving $x = 0$ and $x = -6$."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Interpret the result","content":"Since two distinct inputs, $x = 0$ and $x = -6$, both map to the same output $g(0) = g(-6) = -2$, the function is **many-to-one**. Therefore, $g(x)$ does not have an inverse function over the domain of all real numbers ($x \\in \\mathbb{R}$)."}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-06-09T05:36:11.958Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3.5-flash","explanationVersion":"v2"},"firstAttemptFullMarks":{"percent":62},"walkthroughVideo":null},{"id":"46c2b354-ef56-4172-8c02-d507966463e7","revisionId":"e496c4d5-2dac-470d-ba84-57a09c5846b0","questionNumber":null,"questionType":"LA","specification":"The function $h$ is defined by\n\n$$h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8, \\quad x \\in \\mathbb{R}$$","difficulty":1,"difficultyBand":"medium","totalMarks":4,"sourceTitle":null,"calculatorUse":null,"isCalculation":true,"parts":[{"id":"f15df31e-2d23-4e70-ab0e-12f6009ec86e","label":"a","content":"Find the range of $h(x)$","markscheme":"- $h(x) = (x-1)^2 - 1 + 8 = (x-1)^2 + 7$ M1\n- Minimum point is $(1, 7)$ M1\n- Range: $h(x) \\geq 7$ A1","marks":3,"order":0,"markingRubric":{"totalMarks":3,"points":[{"id":"p1","marks":1,"description":"Correct completion of the square $(x-1)^2 + c$.","code":"M"},{"id":"p2","marks":1,"description":"Identifying 7 as the minimum value.","code":"M"},{"id":"p3","marks":1,"description":"Final range $h(x) \\geq 7$.","code":"A","acceptable":["h(x) >= 7","y >= 7"]}],"finalAnswers":["$$h(x) \\geq 7$"],"generatedAt":"2026-05-06T14:04:52.956Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3-flash-preview"},"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"completing_the_square","label":"Completing the Square","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Complete the square","content":"To find the range of the quadratic function $h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8$, we can rewrite it in vertex form by completing the square.\n\nTake the coefficient of $x$, which is $-2$, halve it to get $-1$, and square it to get $1$:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} h(x) &= (x - 1)^2 - (-1)^2 + 8 \\\\ h(x) &= (x - 1)^2 - 1 + 8 \\\\ h(x) &= (x - 1)^2 + 7 \\end{aligned}$$\n\nThis earns you the first method mark (**M1**) for successfully completing the square."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Identify the minimum point","content":"Since $(x - 1)^2 \\geq 0$ for all real values of $x$, the minimum possible value of $(x - 1)^2$ is $0$, which occurs when $x = 1$.\n\nSubstituting $x = 1$ into our completed square form gives the minimum value of the function:\n\n$$h(1) = (1 - 1)^2 + 7 = 7$$\n\nThus, the minimum point (vertex) of the curve is $(1, 7)$. Finding this minimum point earns the second method mark (**M1**)."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Determine the range","content":"Because the coefficient of $x^2$ is positive ($1 > 0$), the parabola opens upwards. This means the function has a minimum value of $7$ and can take any value greater than or equal to $7$.\n\nTherefore, the range of $h(x)$ is:\n\n$$h(x) \\geq 7$$\n\nStating this range correctly yields the final accuracy mark (**A1**).","calculator":[{"gdc":{"expression":"x^2 - 2x + 8","instructions":"1. Go to the Graph menu and enter \$ y1(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8 \$.\n2. Draw the graph.\n3. Use the G-Solv (or Graph Solve) feature and select 'MIN' (Minimum).\n4. The calculator will identify the vertex at \$ (1, 7) \$."},"ti84":{"expression":"x^2 - 2x + 8","instructions":"1. Press [Y=] and enter \$ Y_1 = X^2 - 2X + 8 \$.\n2. Press [GRAPH].\n3. Press [2nd] [TRACE] and select '3: minimum'.\n4. Move the cursor to the left of the vertex for 'Left Bound', press [ENTER].\n5. Move the cursor to the right of the vertex for 'Right Bound', press [ENTER].\n6. Press [ENTER] for 'Guess'.\n7. The screen will display the coordinates of the minimum point: \$ (1, 7) \$."},"desmos":{"expression":"y = x^2 - 2x + 8","instructions":"1. Type `h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8` into the expression list.\n2. Click on the curve to display the key points.\n3. Click on the gray dot at the bottom-most point of the parabola to see its coordinates, which are \$ (1, 7) \$."},"description":"You can verify the minimum point and range by graphing the function on your calculator."}]}]},{"id":"vertex_formula","label":"Using the Vertex Formula","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Understand the goal","content":"We want to find the range of the quadratic function\n\n$$h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8$$\n\nSince the coefficient of $x^2$ is positive ($a = 1 > 0$), the graph of $h(x)$ is a parabola that opens upwards. This means the function has a minimum value at its vertex. The range of the function will consist of all values greater than or equal to this minimum value."},{"type":"hyper_latex","block":{"nodes":[{"latex":"$$h(x) = \\htmlData{anchor=val-a}{\\color{@sky}{1}}x^2 \\htmlData{anchor=val-b}{\\color{@amber}{-2}}x + 8$"},{"latex":"$$x = \\frac{-\\htmlData{anchor=sub-b}{\\color{@amber}{b}}}{2\\htmlData{anchor=sub-a}{\\color{@sky}{a}}}$"},{"latex":"$$x = \\frac{-(\\color{@amber}{-2})}{2(\\color{@sky}{1})} = 1$"}],"highlights":[{"color":"sky","style":"text-color","anchor":"val-a"},{"color":"amber","style":"text-color","anchor":"val-b"}],"connections":[{"to":"sub-a","from":"val-a","color":"sky","label":"a","style":"solid"},{"to":"sub-b","from":"val-b","color":"amber","label":"b","style":"solid"}]},"order":1,"title":"Find vertex x-coordinate","description":"We identify the coefficients of our quadratic equation: $a = 1$ and $b = -2$. Then we use the vertex formula to calculate the $x$-coordinate of the vertex."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Calculate the minimum value","content":"To find the minimum value (the $y$-coordinate of the vertex), we substitute the $x$-value we found ($x = 1$) back into our function $h(x)$:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} h(1) &= (1)^2 - 2(1) + 8 \\\\ &= 1 - 2 + 8 \\\\ &= 7 \\end{aligned}$$\n\nThus, the minimum point of the curve is $(1, 7)$."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Use a graphing calculator","content":"You can verify the vertex and minimum point of the function by graphing it using a graphing calculator.","calculator":[{"gdc":{"expression":"x^2 - 2*x + 8","instructions":"Go to the Graph menu, enter the function y = x^2 - 2x + 8, and draw it. Use the 'G-Solv' (or equivalent) tool and select 'MIN' to locate the minimum point."},"ti84":{"expression":"X^2 - 2*X + 8","instructions":"Press [Y=], enter 'X² - 2X + 8' in Y1. Press [GRAPH]. Press [2nd] [CALC] and select '3: minimum'. Set a Left Bound to the left of x=1, a Right Bound to the right of x=1, and press [ENTER] on 'Guess?'."},"desmos":{"expression":"y = x^2 - 2*x + 8","instructions":"Type y = x^2 - 2x + 8 into the input bar. Click on the curve, then click on the grey dot representing the lowest point (the vertex) to display its coordinates."},"description":"Graph the function and find its minimum point to determine the vertex."}]},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"State the range","content":"Since the quadratic opens upwards and has a minimum value of $7$, the function can output any value greater than or equal to $7$.\n\nTherefore, the range of $h(x)$ is:\n\n$$h(x) \\geq 7$$"}]},{"id":"calculus","label":"Using Differentiation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Understand the task","content":"We need to find the range of the function $h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8$ for $x \\in \\mathbb{R}$.\n\nThe range of a function is the set of all possible output values. Since $h(x)$ is a quadratic function with a positive coefficient for $x^2$, it opens upwards and has a global minimum value. We can find this minimum value by locating its stationary point using differentiation."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Differentiate the function","content":"To find the stationary point, we first calculate the derivative of $h(x)$ with respect to $x$.\n\nUsing the power rule:\n$$h'(x) = \\frac{d}{dx}(x^2 - 2x + 8) = 2x - 2$$"},{"type":"hyper_latex","block":{"nodes":[{"latex":"$$\\text{Set } \\htmlData{anchor=deriv}{\\color{@sky}{h'(x)}} = 0$"},{"latex":"$$\\htmlData{anchor=eq}{\\color{@sky}{2x - 2}} = 0$"},{"latex":"$$2x = 2 \\implies \\htmlData{anchor=x-val}{\\color{@amber}{x = 1}}$"}],"highlights":[{"color":"sky","style":"text-color","anchor":"deriv"},{"color":"sky","style":"text-color","anchor":"eq"},{"color":"amber","style":"box","anchor":"x-val"}],"connections":[{"to":"eq","from":"deriv","color":"sky","label":null,"style":"solid"}]},"order":2,"title":"Find the stationary point","description":"Stationary points occur where the gradient of the function is zero."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Determine the minimum value","content":"Now we evaluate $h(x)$ at the $x$-coordinate of our stationary point, $x = 1$, to find the minimum $y$-value:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} h(1) &= (1)^2 - 2(1) + 8 \\\\ &= 1 - 2 + 8 \\\\ &= 7 \\end{aligned}$$\n\nSince the coefficient of $x^2$ is positive ($1 > 0$), the graph is a u-shaped parabola. This means the stationary point $(1, 7)$ is indeed the global minimum."},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"State the range","content":"Since the minimum value of $h(x)$ is $7$ and the function grows without bound as $x \\to \\pm\\infty$, the range of $h(x)$ consists of all values greater than or equal to $7$.\n\nTherefore, the range is:\n$$h(x) \\geq 7$$"}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-06-09T04:53:50.131Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3.5-flash","explanationVersion":"v2"},"options":[]},{"id":"7863d201-0aa7-489e-9996-8df4698a3134","label":"b","content":"Explain why the function $h(x)$ does not have an inverse","markscheme":"- The function is many-to-one, therefore it does not have an inverse B1","marks":1,"order":1,"markingRubric":{"totalMarks":1,"points":[{"id":"p1","marks":1,"description":"Indicate that only one-to-one functions have inverses and this is many-to-one.","code":"B"}],"finalAnswers":[],"generatedAt":"2026-05-06T14:04:52.956Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3-flash-preview"},"tableImages":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"mapping-property","label":"Using Mapping Classification","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Analyze the function mapping","content":"To understand if a function has an inverse, we first need to look at how it maps inputs to outputs.\n\nThe function is defined as:\n\n$$h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8, \\quad x \\in \\mathbb{R}$$\n\nSince $h(x)$ is a quadratic function defined over the domain of all real numbers, multiple different input values of $x$ can produce the same output value. For example, let's find the outputs for $x = 0$ and $x = 2$:\n\n* For $x = 0$:\n $$h(0) = 0^2 - 2(0) + 8 = 8$$\n* For $x = 2$:\n $$h(2) = 2^2 - 2(2) + 8 = 8$$\n\nBecause $h(0) = h(2) = 8$, this function maps more than one distinct element from its domain to the same element in its range."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Classify the mapping type","content":"Because multiple distinct inputs map to the same output, we classify $h(x)$ as a **many-to-one** function.\n\n$$\\text{Domain } (x) \\xrightarrow{\\text{many-to-one}} \\text{Range } (h(x))$$"},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"State the inverse condition","content":"For a function to have an inverse, the mapping must be **one-to-one**.\n\nAn inverse function $h^{-1}(x)$ undoes the action of $h(x)$ by mapping outputs back to their original inputs. If $h(x)$ is many-to-one, trying to undo it would result in a single input mapping to multiple different outputs (for example, trying to map $8$ back to both $0$ and $2$). This violates the definition of a function.\n\nTherefore, because $h(x)$ is a many-to-one function, it **does not have an inverse**."}]},{"id":"horizontal-line-test","label":"Horizontal Line Test","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Visualize the graph","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be **one-to-one**. This means that every output value $y$ corresponds to exactly one input value $x$.\n\nLet's consider the graphical representation of the function:\n\n$$h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8, \\quad x \\in \\mathbb{R}$$\n\nSince this is a quadratic function with a positive coefficient for $x^2$, its graph is a **U-shaped parabola** opening upwards, with its vertex at $x = 1$ (where $y = 7$).","calculator":[{"gdc":{"expression":"x^2 - 2*x + 8","instructions":"Open the graphing menu, enter the function f(x) = x² - 2x + 8, and plot the graph."},"ti84":{"expression":"X^2 - 2*X + 8","instructions":"Press [Y=], enter 'X² - 2X + 8' for Y1, and then press [GRAPH] to view the parabola."},"desmos":{"expression":"y = x^2 - 2*x + 8","instructions":"Type y = x^2 - 2*x + 8 into the input bar to view the upward-opening parabola."},"description":"You can visualize this quadratic function by plotting it on a graphing tool."}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Apply Horizontal Line Test","content":"To determine graphically if a function has an inverse, we use the **Horizontal Line Test**:\n\n* If **any** horizontal line passes through more than one point on the graph, the function is **many-to-one** and does not have an inverse.\n\nLet's test this with a horizontal line, for example, $y = 8$:\n\n$$x^2 - 2x + 8 = 8$$\n\n$$x^2 - 2x = 0$$\n\n$$x(x - 2) = 0$$\n\n$$x = 0 \\quad \\text{or} \\quad x = 2$$\n\nSince the horizontal line $y = 8$ intersects the parabola at two distinct points, $(0, 8)$ and $(2, 8)$, the function **fails** the horizontal line test. Therefore, it is many-to-one and does not have an inverse."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"State the final conclusion","content":"To secure the mark, clearly state that:\n\n* The graph is a parabola which fails the horizontal line test because a horizontal line can intersect the graph at two distinct points.\n* Therefore, the function is **many-to-one** and has **no inverse**."}]},{"id":"numerical-counterexample","label":"Numerical Counterexample","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Condition for an inverse","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be **one-to-one**. This means that every output value is mapped to by exactly one input value.\n\nIf we can find a single output value that is mapped to by more than one input value, the function is **many-to-one** and cannot have an inverse. We can show this by finding a specific **numerical counterexample**."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Use graphing to find points","content":"We can find a counterexample by looking for a horizontal line that intersects the curve $$h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8$$ at two points. This gives us two different inputs with the same output.","calculator":[{"gdc":{"expression":"y1 = x^2 - 2x + 8\ny2 = 8","instructions":"1. Open the graphing menu and input both functions: $y_1 = x^2 - 2x + 8$ and $y_2 = 8$.\n2. Plot the graphs.\n3. Use the intersection tool (typically G-Solv -> INTSECT) to find the two intersection coordinates: $(0,8)$ and $(2,8)$."},"ti84":{"expression":"Y1 = X^2 - 2*X + 8\nY2 = 8","instructions":"1. Press [Y=] and enter `Y1 = X^2 - 2X + 8` and `Y2 = 8`.\n2. Press [GRAPH] to view the curves.\n3. Press [2nd] [CALC] and select `5: intersect`.\n4. Move the cursor near the first intersection and press [ENTER] three times to find the first x-value ($x=0$).\n5. Repeat the intersection process for the second intersection to find the second x-value ($x=2$)."},"desmos":{"expression":"y = x^2 - 2x + 8\ny = 8","instructions":"1. Enter `y = x^2 - 2x + 8` in the first expression bar.\n2. Enter `y = 8` in the second bar.\n3. Click on the gray intersection points on the screen to reveal their coordinates: $(0, 8)$ and $(2, 8)$."},"description":"Graph the quadratic function and a horizontal line (such as $y = 8$) to find two $x$-values that yield the same $y$-value."}]},{"type":"hyper_latex","block":{"nodes":[{"latex":"$$h(\\htmlData{anchor=in-zero}{\\color{@sky}{0}}) = \\color{@sky}{0}^2 - 2(\\color{@sky}{0}) + 8 = \\htmlData{anchor=out-a}{\\color{@purple}{8}}$"},{"latex":"$$h(\\htmlData{anchor=in-two}{\\color{@amber}{2}}) = \\color{@amber}{2}^2 - 2(\\color{@amber}{2}) + 8 = \\htmlData{anchor=out-b}{\\color{@purple}{8}}$"}],"highlights":[{"color":"sky","style":"text-color","anchor":"in-zero"},{"color":"amber","style":"text-color","anchor":"in-two"},{"color":"purple","style":"text-color","anchor":"out-a"},{"color":"purple","style":"text-color","anchor":"out-b"}],"connections":[{"to":"out-b","from":"out-a","color":"purple","label":"Same output","style":"dashed"}]},"order":2,"title":"Verify the counterexample","description":"Substituting our chosen $x$-values ($0$ and $2$) into the function shows that they both map to the exact same output value of $8$."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Conclude the proof","content":"Since we have shown that two distinct inputs map to the same output ($h(0) = h(2) = 8$):\n\n- The function $h(x)$ is **many-to-one**.\n- Therefore, $h(x)$ **does not have an inverse**."}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-06-09T04:56:45.312Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3.5-flash","explanationVersion":"v2"},"options":[]}],"options":[],"explanation":{"methods":[{"id":"f15df31e-2d23-4e70-ab0e-12f6009ec86e:completing_the_square","label":"(a) Completing the Square","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Complete the square","content":"To find the range of the quadratic function $h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8$, we can rewrite it in vertex form by completing the square.\n\nTake the coefficient of $x$, which is $-2$, halve it to get $-1$, and square it to get $1$:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} h(x) &= (x - 1)^2 - (-1)^2 + 8 \\\\ h(x) &= (x - 1)^2 - 1 + 8 \\\\ h(x) &= (x - 1)^2 + 7 \\end{aligned}$$\n\nThis earns you the first method mark (**M1**) for successfully completing the square."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Identify the minimum point","content":"Since $(x - 1)^2 \\geq 0$ for all real values of $x$, the minimum possible value of $(x - 1)^2$ is $0$, which occurs when $x = 1$.\n\nSubstituting $x = 1$ into our completed square form gives the minimum value of the function:\n\n$$h(1) = (1 - 1)^2 + 7 = 7$$\n\nThus, the minimum point (vertex) of the curve is $(1, 7)$. Finding this minimum point earns the second method mark (**M1**)."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Determine the range","content":"Because the coefficient of $x^2$ is positive ($1 > 0$), the parabola opens upwards. This means the function has a minimum value of $7$ and can take any value greater than or equal to $7$.\n\nTherefore, the range of $h(x)$ is:\n\n$$h(x) \\geq 7$$\n\nStating this range correctly yields the final accuracy mark (**A1**).","calculator":[{"gdc":{"expression":"x^2 - 2x + 8","instructions":"1. Go to the Graph menu and enter \$ y1(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8 \$.\n2. Draw the graph.\n3. Use the G-Solv (or Graph Solve) feature and select 'MIN' (Minimum).\n4. The calculator will identify the vertex at \$ (1, 7) \$."},"ti84":{"expression":"x^2 - 2x + 8","instructions":"1. Press [Y=] and enter \$ Y_1 = X^2 - 2X + 8 \$.\n2. Press [GRAPH].\n3. Press [2nd] [TRACE] and select '3: minimum'.\n4. Move the cursor to the left of the vertex for 'Left Bound', press [ENTER].\n5. Move the cursor to the right of the vertex for 'Right Bound', press [ENTER].\n6. Press [ENTER] for 'Guess'.\n7. The screen will display the coordinates of the minimum point: \$ (1, 7) \$."},"desmos":{"expression":"y = x^2 - 2x + 8","instructions":"1. Type `h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8` into the expression list.\n2. Click on the curve to display the key points.\n3. Click on the gray dot at the bottom-most point of the parabola to see its coordinates, which are \$ (1, 7) \$."},"description":"You can verify the minimum point and range by graphing the function on your calculator."}]}]},{"id":"f15df31e-2d23-4e70-ab0e-12f6009ec86e:vertex_formula","label":"(a) Using the Vertex Formula","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Understand the goal","content":"We want to find the range of the quadratic function\n\n$$h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8$$\n\nSince the coefficient of $x^2$ is positive ($a = 1 > 0$), the graph of $h(x)$ is a parabola that opens upwards. This means the function has a minimum value at its vertex. The range of the function will consist of all values greater than or equal to this minimum value."},{"type":"hyper_latex","block":{"nodes":[{"latex":"$$h(x) = \\htmlData{anchor=val-a}{\\color{@sky}{1}}x^2 \\htmlData{anchor=val-b}{\\color{@amber}{-2}}x + 8$"},{"latex":"$$x = \\frac{-\\htmlData{anchor=sub-b}{\\color{@amber}{b}}}{2\\htmlData{anchor=sub-a}{\\color{@sky}{a}}}$"},{"latex":"$$x = \\frac{-(\\color{@amber}{-2})}{2(\\color{@sky}{1})} = 1$"}],"highlights":[{"color":"sky","style":"text-color","anchor":"val-a"},{"color":"amber","style":"text-color","anchor":"val-b"}],"connections":[{"to":"sub-a","from":"val-a","color":"sky","label":"a","style":"solid"},{"to":"sub-b","from":"val-b","color":"amber","label":"b","style":"solid"}]},"order":1,"title":"Find vertex x-coordinate","description":"We identify the coefficients of our quadratic equation: $a = 1$ and $b = -2$. Then we use the vertex formula to calculate the $x$-coordinate of the vertex."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"Calculate the minimum value","content":"To find the minimum value (the $y$-coordinate of the vertex), we substitute the $x$-value we found ($x = 1$) back into our function $h(x)$:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} h(1) &= (1)^2 - 2(1) + 8 \\\\ &= 1 - 2 + 8 \\\\ &= 7 \\end{aligned}$$\n\nThus, the minimum point of the curve is $(1, 7)$."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Use a graphing calculator","content":"You can verify the vertex and minimum point of the function by graphing it using a graphing calculator.","calculator":[{"gdc":{"expression":"x^2 - 2*x + 8","instructions":"Go to the Graph menu, enter the function y = x^2 - 2x + 8, and draw it. Use the 'G-Solv' (or equivalent) tool and select 'MIN' to locate the minimum point."},"ti84":{"expression":"X^2 - 2*X + 8","instructions":"Press [Y=], enter 'X² - 2X + 8' in Y1. Press [GRAPH]. Press [2nd] [CALC] and select '3: minimum'. Set a Left Bound to the left of x=1, a Right Bound to the right of x=1, and press [ENTER] on 'Guess?'."},"desmos":{"expression":"y = x^2 - 2*x + 8","instructions":"Type y = x^2 - 2x + 8 into the input bar. Click on the curve, then click on the grey dot representing the lowest point (the vertex) to display its coordinates."},"description":"Graph the function and find its minimum point to determine the vertex."}]},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"State the range","content":"Since the quadratic opens upwards and has a minimum value of $7$, the function can output any value greater than or equal to $7$.\n\nTherefore, the range of $h(x)$ is:\n\n$$h(x) \\geq 7$$"}]},{"id":"f15df31e-2d23-4e70-ab0e-12f6009ec86e:calculus","label":"(a) Using Differentiation","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Understand the task","content":"We need to find the range of the function $h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8$ for $x \\in \\mathbb{R}$.\n\nThe range of a function is the set of all possible output values. Since $h(x)$ is a quadratic function with a positive coefficient for $x^2$, it opens upwards and has a global minimum value. We can find this minimum value by locating its stationary point using differentiation."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Differentiate the function","content":"To find the stationary point, we first calculate the derivative of $h(x)$ with respect to $x$.\n\nUsing the power rule:\n$$h'(x) = \\frac{d}{dx}(x^2 - 2x + 8) = 2x - 2$$"},{"type":"hyper_latex","block":{"nodes":[{"latex":"$$\\text{Set } \\htmlData{anchor=deriv}{\\color{@sky}{h'(x)}} = 0$"},{"latex":"$$\\htmlData{anchor=eq}{\\color{@sky}{2x - 2}} = 0$"},{"latex":"$$2x = 2 \\implies \\htmlData{anchor=x-val}{\\color{@amber}{x = 1}}$"}],"highlights":[{"color":"sky","style":"text-color","anchor":"deriv"},{"color":"sky","style":"text-color","anchor":"eq"},{"color":"amber","style":"box","anchor":"x-val"}],"connections":[{"to":"eq","from":"deriv","color":"sky","label":null,"style":"solid"}]},"order":2,"title":"Find the stationary point","description":"Stationary points occur where the gradient of the function is zero."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Determine the minimum value","content":"Now we evaluate $h(x)$ at the $x$-coordinate of our stationary point, $x = 1$, to find the minimum $y$-value:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned} h(1) &= (1)^2 - 2(1) + 8 \\\\ &= 1 - 2 + 8 \\\\ &= 7 \\end{aligned}$$\n\nSince the coefficient of $x^2$ is positive ($1 > 0$), the graph is a u-shaped parabola. This means the stationary point $(1, 7)$ is indeed the global minimum."},{"type":"text","order":4,"title":"State the range","content":"Since the minimum value of $h(x)$ is $7$ and the function grows without bound as $x \\to \\pm\\infty$, the range of $h(x)$ consists of all values greater than or equal to $7$.\n\nTherefore, the range is:\n$$h(x) \\geq 7$$"}]},{"id":"7863d201-0aa7-489e-9996-8df4698a3134:mapping-property","label":"(b) Using Mapping Classification","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Analyze the function mapping","content":"To understand if a function has an inverse, we first need to look at how it maps inputs to outputs.\n\nThe function is defined as:\n\n$$h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8, \\quad x \\in \\mathbb{R}$$\n\nSince $h(x)$ is a quadratic function defined over the domain of all real numbers, multiple different input values of $x$ can produce the same output value. For example, let's find the outputs for $x = 0$ and $x = 2$:\n\n* For $x = 0$:\n $$h(0) = 0^2 - 2(0) + 8 = 8$$\n* For $x = 2$:\n $$h(2) = 2^2 - 2(2) + 8 = 8$$\n\nBecause $h(0) = h(2) = 8$, this function maps more than one distinct element from its domain to the same element in its range."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Classify the mapping type","content":"Because multiple distinct inputs map to the same output, we classify $h(x)$ as a **many-to-one** function.\n\n$$\\text{Domain } (x) \\xrightarrow{\\text{many-to-one}} \\text{Range } (h(x))$$"},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"State the inverse condition","content":"For a function to have an inverse, the mapping must be **one-to-one**.\n\nAn inverse function $h^{-1}(x)$ undoes the action of $h(x)$ by mapping outputs back to their original inputs. If $h(x)$ is many-to-one, trying to undo it would result in a single input mapping to multiple different outputs (for example, trying to map $8$ back to both $0$ and $2$). This violates the definition of a function.\n\nTherefore, because $h(x)$ is a many-to-one function, it **does not have an inverse**."}]},{"id":"7863d201-0aa7-489e-9996-8df4698a3134:horizontal-line-test","label":"(b) Horizontal Line Test","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Visualize the graph","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be **one-to-one**. This means that every output value $y$ corresponds to exactly one input value $x$.\n\nLet's consider the graphical representation of the function:\n\n$$h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8, \\quad x \\in \\mathbb{R}$$\n\nSince this is a quadratic function with a positive coefficient for $x^2$, its graph is a **U-shaped parabola** opening upwards, with its vertex at $x = 1$ (where $y = 7$).","calculator":[{"gdc":{"expression":"x^2 - 2*x + 8","instructions":"Open the graphing menu, enter the function f(x) = x² - 2x + 8, and plot the graph."},"ti84":{"expression":"X^2 - 2*X + 8","instructions":"Press [Y=], enter 'X² - 2X + 8' for Y1, and then press [GRAPH] to view the parabola."},"desmos":{"expression":"y = x^2 - 2*x + 8","instructions":"Type y = x^2 - 2*x + 8 into the input bar to view the upward-opening parabola."},"description":"You can visualize this quadratic function by plotting it on a graphing tool."}]},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Apply Horizontal Line Test","content":"To determine graphically if a function has an inverse, we use the **Horizontal Line Test**:\n\n* If **any** horizontal line passes through more than one point on the graph, the function is **many-to-one** and does not have an inverse.\n\nLet's test this with a horizontal line, for example, $y = 8$:\n\n$$x^2 - 2x + 8 = 8$$\n\n$$x^2 - 2x = 0$$\n\n$$x(x - 2) = 0$$\n\n$$x = 0 \\quad \\text{or} \\quad x = 2$$\n\nSince the horizontal line $y = 8$ intersects the parabola at two distinct points, $(0, 8)$ and $(2, 8)$, the function **fails** the horizontal line test. Therefore, it is many-to-one and does not have an inverse."},{"type":"text","order":2,"title":"State the final conclusion","content":"To secure the mark, clearly state that:\n\n* The graph is a parabola which fails the horizontal line test because a horizontal line can intersect the graph at two distinct points.\n* Therefore, the function is **many-to-one** and has **no inverse**."}]},{"id":"7863d201-0aa7-489e-9996-8df4698a3134:numerical-counterexample","label":"(b) Numerical Counterexample","steps":[{"type":"text","order":0,"title":"Condition for an inverse","content":"For a function to have an inverse, it must be **one-to-one**. This means that every output value is mapped to by exactly one input value.\n\nIf we can find a single output value that is mapped to by more than one input value, the function is **many-to-one** and cannot have an inverse. We can show this by finding a specific **numerical counterexample**."},{"type":"text","order":1,"title":"Use graphing to find points","content":"We can find a counterexample by looking for a horizontal line that intersects the curve $$h(x) = x^2 - 2x + 8$$ at two points. This gives us two different inputs with the same output.","calculator":[{"gdc":{"expression":"y1 = x^2 - 2x + 8\ny2 = 8","instructions":"1. Open the graphing menu and input both functions: $y_1 = x^2 - 2x + 8$ and $y_2 = 8$.\n2. Plot the graphs.\n3. Use the intersection tool (typically G-Solv -> INTSECT) to find the two intersection coordinates: $(0,8)$ and $(2,8)$."},"ti84":{"expression":"Y1 = X^2 - 2*X + 8\nY2 = 8","instructions":"1. Press [Y=] and enter `Y1 = X^2 - 2X + 8` and `Y2 = 8`.\n2. Press [GRAPH] to view the curves.\n3. Press [2nd] [CALC] and select `5: intersect`.\n4. Move the cursor near the first intersection and press [ENTER] three times to find the first x-value ($x=0$).\n5. Repeat the intersection process for the second intersection to find the second x-value ($x=2$)."},"desmos":{"expression":"y = x^2 - 2x + 8\ny = 8","instructions":"1. Enter `y = x^2 - 2x + 8` in the first expression bar.\n2. Enter `y = 8` in the second bar.\n3. Click on the gray intersection points on the screen to reveal their coordinates: $(0, 8)$ and $(2, 8)$."},"description":"Graph the quadratic function and a horizontal line (such as $y = 8$) to find two $x$-values that yield the same $y$-value."}]},{"type":"hyper_latex","block":{"nodes":[{"latex":"$$h(\\htmlData{anchor=in-zero}{\\color{@sky}{0}}) = \\color{@sky}{0}^2 - 2(\\color{@sky}{0}) + 8 = \\htmlData{anchor=out-a}{\\color{@purple}{8}}$"},{"latex":"$$h(\\htmlData{anchor=in-two}{\\color{@amber}{2}}) = \\color{@amber}{2}^2 - 2(\\color{@amber}{2}) + 8 = \\htmlData{anchor=out-b}{\\color{@purple}{8}}$"}],"highlights":[{"color":"sky","style":"text-color","anchor":"in-zero"},{"color":"amber","style":"text-color","anchor":"in-two"},{"color":"purple","style":"text-color","anchor":"out-a"},{"color":"purple","style":"text-color","anchor":"out-b"}],"connections":[{"to":"out-b","from":"out-a","color":"purple","label":"Same output","style":"dashed"}]},"order":2,"title":"Verify the counterexample","description":"Substituting our chosen $x$-values ($0$ and $2$) into the function shows that they both map to the exact same output value of $8$."},{"type":"text","order":3,"title":"Conclude the proof","content":"Since we have shown that two distinct inputs map to the same output ($h(0) = h(2) = 8$):\n\n- The function $h(x)$ is **many-to-one**.\n- Therefore, $h(x)$ **does not have an inverse**."}]}],"generatedAt":"2026-06-09T04:56:57.861Z","modelVersion":"gemini-3.5-flash","explanationVersion":"v2"},"firstAttemptFullMarks":{"percent":67},"walkthroughVideo":null}],"subjectCode":"a_level_maths","summaries":[{"id":"89fb776e-6c83-4fd6-9eb4-075e1c9fb82d","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true},{"id":"5d3e02dc-cec3-4cac-9d59-24032bd4142d","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true},{"id":"46c2b354-ef56-4172-8c02-d507966463e7","difficultyBand":"medium","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":4,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true},{"id":"08c6df0b-f9cf-49cd-a5f5-554140455f97","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":9,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true},{"id":"600b05a2-86cb-49b5-9c1d-a14aabe63e11","difficultyBand":"hard","calculatorUse":null,"totalMarks":8,"questionType":"LA","isCalculation":true}],"title":"2.2 Functions and Mappings","topicId":"0ee413bd-2885-447b-b456-d3bbd461cebc","topicSidebar":"$L3b","topicSlug":"a-level-pure-mathematics-2-2-functions-and-mappings","topicTitle":"2.2 Functions and Mappings"}]}],"$L3c","$L3d"]}]