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Air resistance
Dimensions of the object

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Air resistance
Dimensions of the object

","correct":true,"explanation":"The standard particle model treats the projectile as a point mass and neglects air resistance, so these two physical factors are ignored."},{"text":"

Gravity
Mass of the object

","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravity is included as the projectile’s constant downward acceleration, while mass is not usually needed once the forces are modelled. The ignored factors are air resistance and the object’s dimensions."},{"text":"

Initial speed
Launch angle

","correct":false,"explanation":"Initial speed and launch angle are essential starting conditions for the motion, not assumptions omitted by the model. The model ignores air resistance and the dimensions of the object."},{"text":"

Horizontal velocity
Vertical velocity

","correct":false,"explanation":"The velocity components describe the projectile’s motion and are used in the equations. The particle model instead ignores air resistance and the physical dimensions of the object."}]},{"id":"8aa47a49-6d3d-4d8b-bf43-ea68035096d8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the horizontal acceleration of a projectile modeled as zero?","back":"There are no horizontal forces acting on the particle after launch.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"There are no horizontal forces acting on the particle after launch.","correct":true,"explanation":"With no horizontal force after launch, Newton’s second law gives zero horizontal acceleration, so the horizontal velocity remains constant throughout the flight."},{"text":"There are no vertical forces acting on the particle after launch.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gravity is a vertical force and causes the projectile’s downward acceleration. The horizontal acceleration is zero because there are no horizontal forces acting after launch."},{"text":"The particle has no velocity acting on it after launch.","correct":false,"explanation":"A projectile continues moving with its initial velocity components after launch. Its horizontal acceleration is zero specifically because no horizontal force acts, not because its velocity disappears."},{"text":"The particle has constant vertical velocity after launch.","correct":false,"explanation":"The vertical velocity changes because gravity produces constant downward acceleration. The horizontal velocity is constant because no horizontal force acts on the particle."}]},{"id":"15dd8dbf-9788-4f48-8ab4-013a7b5d54ae","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A particle is launched with speed $U$ at angle $\\theta$ to the horizontal. What is its initial vertical velocity component $u_y$?","back":"$$U\u0010\nsin\\theta$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$U\u0010\nsin\\theta$","correct":true,"explanation":"Resolving the initial velocity vector vertically gives the opposite component in the right-angled triangle, so the initial vertical velocity is $U\\sin\\theta$."},{"text":"$$U\ncos\\theta$","correct":false,"explanation":"Using cosine gives the component adjacent to the launch angle, which is horizontal. The vertical component is opposite the angle and therefore uses sine: $U\\sin\\theta$."},{"text":"$$\\frac{U}{\\sin\\theta}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by sine is not the rule for resolving this velocity vector and gives the wrong dependence on the angle. The vertical component is found by multiplying $U$ by $\\sin\\theta$."},{"text":"$$U\\tan\\theta$","correct":false,"explanation":"Tangent relates the two velocity components rather than directly resolving the speed into the vertical component. The correct vertical component is $U\\sin\\theta$."}]},{"id":"3eb84d2e-72c0-4d7b-b209-b8b0187bd018","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A particle is launched with speed $U$ at angle $\\theta$ to the horizontal. What is its initial horizontal velocity component $u_x$?","back":"$$U\u0010\ncos\\theta$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$U\u0010\ncos\\theta$","correct":true,"explanation":"Resolving the initial velocity vector horizontally gives the component adjacent to the launch angle, so the initial horizontal velocity is $U\\cos\\theta$."},{"text":"$$U\nsin\\theta$","correct":false,"explanation":"Sine gives the component opposite the launch angle, which is vertical. The horizontal component is adjacent to the angle and is therefore $U\\cos\\theta$."},{"text":"$$\\frac{U}{\\cos\\theta}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by cosine is not the rule for resolving the velocity and produces an incorrect value. The horizontal component is obtained by multiplying $U$ by $\\cos\\theta$."},{"text":"$$U\\tan\\theta$","correct":false,"explanation":"Tangent gives the ratio of the vertical component to the horizontal component, not the horizontal component directly. Resolving the speed horizontally gives $U\\cos\\theta$."}]},{"id":"d2140208-68ae-4aea-ba5a-e7cd920a00fb","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which variable links the horizontal and vertical SUVAT equations in a projectile problem?","back":"Time ($t$)","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Time ($t$)","correct":true,"explanation":"The same elapsed time $t$ describes both the horizontal and vertical motion, allowing the two independent SUVAT equations to be connected in a projectile problem."},{"text":"Distance ($s$)","correct":false,"explanation":"Horizontal and vertical distances generally differ, so distance does not directly link the two equations. The common variable is the elapsed time $t$ since launch."},{"text":"Acceleration ($a$)","correct":false,"explanation":"The horizontal and vertical accelerations are different: horizontal acceleration is zero while vertical acceleration is $-g$. The variable shared by both equations is time $t$."},{"text":"Velocity ($v$)","correct":false,"explanation":"The horizontal and vertical velocity components are generally different, so velocity is not the single linking variable. Both equations use the same elapsed time $t$."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-26","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Projectiles","title":"Projectiles Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/maths/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"0d8114ff-5905-4196-8341-3396f41ef0f8","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]