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1971.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Criminal Damage Act 1971 primarily covers destroying or damaging property. Theft, robbery and burglary are contained in the Theft Act 1968."},{"text":"The Fraud Act 2006.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Fraud Act 2006 defines fraud offences involving false representations, failure to disclose information and abuse of position. The correct statute is the Theft Act 1968."},{"text":"The Offences Against the Person Act 1861.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Offences Against the Person Act 1861 deals mainly with non-fatal offences against individuals. Theft, robbery and burglary are governed by the Theft Act 1968."}]},{"id":"f3c652a8-a731-482f-a981-0669072d3192","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Theft is the core offence; robbery adds [ ]; burglary focuses on [ ].","back":"Theft is the core offence; robbery adds force or threats; burglary focuses on entry as a trespasser.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Theft is the core offence; robbery adds force or threats; burglary focuses on entry as a trespasser.","correct":true,"explanation":"Robbery is theft accompanied by force or the threat of force, while burglary centres on entering a building or part of one as a trespasser."},{"text":"Theft is the core offence; robbery adds entry as a trespasser; burglary focuses on force or threats.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the offences’ distinguishing features. Robbery adds force or threats to theft, whereas burglary focuses on entry into a building as a trespasser."},{"text":"Theft is the core offence; robbery adds damage to property; burglary focuses on entry as a trespasser.","correct":false,"explanation":"Damage to property is associated with criminal damage, not the defining addition for robbery. Robbery adds force or threats, while burglary focuses on entry as a trespasser."},{"text":"Theft is the core offence; robbery adds force or threats; burglary focuses on dishonest appropriation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dishonest appropriation is central to theft rather than the distinctive focus of burglary. Burglary concerns entry as a trespasser, while robbery adds force or threats."}]},{"id":"d21d2041-f606-4be3-a4c2-b11b6584a64e","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"For theft, which elements usually form the actus reus?","back":"

Appropriation
Property
Belonging to another

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Appropriation
Property
Belonging to another

","correct":true,"explanation":"The actus reus of theft requires an appropriation of property belonging to another. Dishonesty and intention permanently to deprive form the separate mens rea."},{"text":"

Appropriation
Dishonesty
Belonging to another

","correct":false,"explanation":"Dishonesty is a mens rea element, not part of the actus reus. The three actus reus elements are appropriation, property and belonging to another."},{"text":"

Force
Property
Belonging to another

","correct":false,"explanation":"Force is relevant to robbery but is not required for theft. Theft’s actus reus consists of appropriation, property and belonging to another."},{"text":"

Appropriation
Property
Intention permanently to deprive

","correct":false,"explanation":"Intention permanently to deprive belongs to the mens rea of theft. The final actus reus requirement is that the appropriated property belongs to another."}]},{"id":"b1f24a88-15e1-4648-a4aa-e2d38317c17a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"For theft, which elements form the mens rea?","back":"

Dishonesty
Intention permanently to deprive

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Dishonesty
Intention permanently to deprive

","correct":true,"explanation":"The mens rea of theft requires dishonesty and an intention permanently to deprive the other person of the property, assessed separately from the actus reus."},{"text":"

Dishonesty
Belonging to another

","correct":false,"explanation":"Belonging to another is an actus reus requirement, not a mental element. Theft’s mens rea consists of dishonesty and intention permanently to deprive."},{"text":"

Appropriation
Intention permanently to deprive

","correct":false,"explanation":"Appropriation describes the defendant’s conduct and forms part of the actus reus. The missing mens rea element is dishonesty, alongside intention permanently to deprive."},{"text":"

Dishonesty
Intention temporarily to deprive

","correct":false,"explanation":"A merely temporary deprivation does not normally satisfy the statutory mental element. Theft requires dishonesty together with an intention permanently to deprive."}]},{"id":"a528b7de-dd42-4dab-adb3-ea71057628d1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Under s3 Theft Act 1968, appropriation means any [ ].","back":"Under s3 Theft Act 1968, appropriation means any assumption of the rights of an owner.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"assumption of the rights of an owner","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 3 defines appropriation as any assumption of an owner’s rights. Assuming even one such right may be sufficient; taking every ownership right is unnecessary."},{"text":"removal of property from an owner","correct":false,"explanation":"Physical removal is not required and would make appropriation too narrow. Section 3 defines it as any assumption of the rights of an owner."},{"text":"use of force against an owner","correct":false,"explanation":"Force is a feature that may turn theft into robbery, not the definition of appropriation. Appropriation means any assumption of the rights of an owner."},{"text":"permanent deprivation of an owner","correct":false,"explanation":"Permanent deprivation concerns the defendant’s required intention rather than the conduct of appropriation. Appropriation is any assumption of the rights of an owner."}]},{"id":"237209dd-d690-4470-8a18-f7af904d0d96","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was switching price labels appropriation in R v Morris?","back":"It assumed an owner's right over the goods.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It assumed an owner's right over the goods.","correct":true,"explanation":"Changing the price label assumed the owner’s right to set the price at which the goods were offered, so it amounted to appropriation."},{"text":"It used force against staff over the goods.","correct":false,"explanation":"No force was needed for the appropriation in Morris; force would instead raise issues of robbery. Switching labels assumed the owner’s right to set the goods’ price."},{"text":"It caused criminal damage to the goods.","correct":false,"explanation":"The case did not depend on proving criminal damage to the goods. The appropriation occurred because changing the label assumed the owner’s right to determine price."},{"text":"It proved an intention to steal over the goods.","correct":false,"explanation":"An intention to steal concerns mens rea and does not itself explain appropriation. Switching labels was appropriation because it assumed the owner’s right to set the price."}]},{"id":"f03719c8-7306-40f8-afc1-1d50cff8de27","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did R v Gomez show about owner consent and appropriation?","back":"Owner consent does not prevent appropriation if obtained by deception.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Owner consent does not prevent appropriation if obtained by deception.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gomez established that an owner’s consent does not rule out appropriation, including where deception induces the owner to consent to the transaction."},{"text":"Owner consent always prevents appropriation even if obtained by deception.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects the rejected assumption that consent is a complete barrier. Gomez established that appropriation can occur despite consent obtained through deception."},{"text":"Owner consent prevents appropriation unless force is used.","correct":false,"explanation":"Force is not required for appropriation and is principally relevant to robbery. Gomez showed that consent obtained by deception can still involve appropriation."},{"text":"Owner consent creates appropriation only if property is damaged.","correct":false,"explanation":"Damage is not a condition of appropriation and belongs to a different property offence. Gomez showed that deceptively obtained consent does not prevent appropriation."}]},{"id":"08e593a8-7825-4c04-ac3a-1c1772dee555","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did R v Hinks show about a valid gift?","back":"A valid gift can still be an appropriation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A valid gift can still be an appropriation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hinks established that accepting an indefeasible and legally valid gift may still amount to appropriation, provided the remaining elements of theft are proved."},{"text":"A valid gift can never be an appropriation.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes that legal validity automatically excludes theft. Hinks established that even a valid and indefeasible gift can amount to appropriation."},{"text":"A valid gift is an appropriation only if taken by force.","correct":false,"explanation":"Force is not required for appropriation and would instead be relevant to robbery. Hinks showed that accepting a valid gift can itself be appropriation."},{"text":"A valid gift is an appropriation only if later returned.","correct":false,"explanation":"Returning the property later is not what determines whether appropriation occurred. Hinks established that receipt of a legally valid gift can still constitute appropriation."}]},{"id":"bed127b8-bd98-49ea-a1ac-51d088ef7dba","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A bank account balance is a thing in action: an enforceable [ ], so it can be [ ] for theft.","back":"A bank account balance is a thing in action: an enforceable legal right, so it can be property for theft.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A bank account balance is a thing in action: an enforceable legal right, so it can be property for theft.","correct":true,"explanation":"A bank balance represents an enforceable legal right against the bank. Section 4 of the Theft Act 1968 recognises intangible property, so the balance can be property for theft."},{"text":"A bank account balance is a thing in action: an enforceable moral claim, so it can be property for theft.","correct":false,"explanation":"A merely moral claim is not a thing in action because it cannot be legally enforced. A bank balance is an enforceable legal right and therefore property capable of being stolen."},{"text":"A bank account balance is a thing in action: an enforceable legal right, so it can be money for theft.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the account balance with physical cash or currency. The balance is an intangible legal right, so it falls within property for theft rather than being money itself."},{"text":"A bank account balance is a thing in action: an enforceable contractual duty, so it can be services for theft.","correct":false,"explanation":"The customer holds an enforceable legal right against the bank, not a service capable of being stolen. That right is intangible property under the Theft Act 1968."}]},{"id":"6b247289-12c7-4c90-87ea-b1c2fd81ebd9","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can property still belong to another under s5 even if D owns or received it?","back":"

Possession or control, as in Turner
Obligation to use it for a particular purpose
Obligation to return an overpayment

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Possession or control, as in Turner
Obligation to use it for a particular purpose
Obligation to return an overpayment

","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 5 extends belonging to another beyond ownership. Property may belong to someone through possession or control, a duty to apply it for a specified purpose, or a duty to restore an overpayment."},{"text":"

Physical ownership, as in Turner
Permission to use it for any purpose
Intention to spend an overpayment

","correct":false,"explanation":"Section 5 is not limited to physical ownership, and permission or an intention to spend creates no relevant obligation. The correct bases are possession or control and obligations concerning purpose or repayment."},{"text":"

Possession or control, as in Turner
Expectation to use it for a particular purpose
Entitlement to retain an overpayment

","correct":false,"explanation":"An expectation is weaker than the legal obligation required by section 5(3), while entitlement to retain an overpayment contradicts section 5(4). The relevant duties are to use as directed and return it."},{"text":"

Ownership or title, as in Turner
Obligation to keep it for personal use
Permission to retain an overpayment

","correct":false,"explanation":"Turner shows that even an owner can steal property from another’s possession or control. Section 5 also concerns obligations to use property for a purpose or return an overpayment."}]},{"id":"5cadc2a5-5329-4b97-87aa-234bda07e244","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Under s2 Theft Act 1968, which genuine beliefs mean D is not dishonest?","back":"

Legal right to the property
Owner would consent
Owner cannot be found after reasonable steps

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Legal right to the property
Owner would consent
Owner cannot be found after reasonable steps

","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 2 excludes dishonesty where D genuinely believes in a legal right, the owner’s consent, or that the owner cannot be discovered despite taking reasonable steps, even if the belief is unreasonable."},{"text":"

Moral right to the property
Owner might consent
Owner is difficult to find without taking steps

","correct":false,"explanation":"Section 2 requires beliefs in a legal right, actual consent, or inability to discover the owner after reasonable steps. Moral entitlement, possible consent, and mere inconvenience do not satisfy it."},{"text":"

Legal right to the property
Owner would object
Owner cannot be found after reasonable steps

","correct":false,"explanation":"Believing that the owner would object does not prevent dishonesty; section 2 protects a genuine belief that the owner would consent. The other recognised beliefs concern legal right and an undiscoverable owner."},{"text":"

Personal need for the property
Owner would consent
Owner can be found after reasonable steps

","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal need does not create a section 2 defence, and finding the owner removes the basis of section 2(1)(c). The protected beliefs are legal right, consent, or inability to discover the owner."}]},{"id":"dd01b2fd-7b4d-47f2-bdcd-7c8b17381043","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Under Ivey, first identify D's actual [ ], then ask whether [ ] would see the conduct as dishonest.","back":"Under Ivey, first identify D's actual knowledge or belief as to the facts, then ask whether ordinary decent people would see the conduct as dishonest.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Under Ivey, first identify D's actual knowledge or belief as to the facts, then ask whether ordinary decent people would see the conduct as dishonest.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ivey uses a two-stage approach: establish D’s genuinely held view of the facts, then apply the objective standards of ordinary decent people without requiring D to recognise the dishonesty."},{"text":"Under Ivey, first identify D's actual knowledge of the criminal law, then ask whether D personally would see the conduct as dishonest.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ivey does not test D’s legal knowledge or personal moral judgment. It establishes D’s knowledge or belief about the facts, then applies the standards of ordinary decent people."},{"text":"Under Ivey, first identify D's actual knowledge or belief as to the facts, then ask whether D's friends and family would see the conduct as dishonest.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second stage is an objective community standard, not the views of people close to D. Ordinary decent people assess dishonesty after D’s factual knowledge or belief has been established."},{"text":"Under Ivey, first identify D's actual belief as to whether the conduct was dishonest, then ask whether ordinary decent people would see the conduct as dishonest.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly retains a subjective moral-awareness requirement associated with the former Ghosh test. Ivey examines D’s belief about facts, not whether D appreciated that the conduct was dishonest."}]},{"id":"9ca9761d-baa1-42fd-9b46-a0bfb3603ff7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does s6 include as intention permanently to deprive?","back":"Treating property as one's own to dispose of regardless of the owner's rights.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Treating property as one's own to dispose of regardless of the owner's rights.","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 6 treats an assumption of the owner’s power to dispose of property, regardless of the owner’s rights, as intention permanently to deprive even where permanent loss is not expressly intended."},{"text":"Treating property as one's own to borrow with the owner's permission.","correct":false,"explanation":"Authorised borrowing respects rather than disregards the owner’s rights, so it does not satisfy section 6. The provision concerns treating property as one’s own to dispose of regardless of those rights."},{"text":"Treating property as one's own to preserve for the owner's benefit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preserving property for the owner’s benefit does not amount to assuming a power to dispose of it regardless of the owner’s rights. Section 6 targets conduct equivalent to outright appropriation."},{"text":"Treating property as one's own to return subject to the owner's request.","correct":false,"explanation":"An intention to return property when requested ordinarily recognises the owner’s continuing rights. Section 6 instead covers treating it as one’s own to dispose of regardless of those rights."}]},{"id":"306dc149-6fbe-4021-ad1d-33b83af2536d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was borrowing cinema films in R v Lloyd not theft?","back":"They were returned with their goodness and virtue intact.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They were returned with their goodness and virtue intact.","correct":true,"explanation":"The films were returned before their commercial value or practical usefulness had been exhausted. The borrowing therefore did not amount to an outright taking or disposal under section 6."},{"text":"They were returned with their ownership and title intact.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ownership remaining with the victim is not decisive because theft does not transfer legal title. Lloyd focused on whether the films’ goodness and virtue had been exhausted by the borrowing."},{"text":"They were returned with their packaging and labels intact.","correct":false,"explanation":"The condition of the packaging was not the legal issue. The borrowing fell short of intention permanently to deprive because the films retained their goodness and virtue when returned."},{"text":"They were returned with their copies and proceeds intact.","correct":false,"explanation":"Copies or proceeds do not determine whether borrowed property has effectively been taken outright. The relevant point was that the original films were returned with their goodness and virtue intact."}]},{"id":"d05443a3-fb25-4a01-9624-978f8eeb062f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was intending to return equivalent money insufficient in R v Velumyl?","back":"D intended to deprive the owner of the exact notes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"D intended to deprive the owner of the exact notes.","correct":true,"explanation":"The stolen notes were specific property, and replacing them later with equivalent money would not return that property. D therefore intended permanently to deprive the owner of the exact notes."},{"text":"D intended to deprive the owner of the same value.","correct":false,"explanation":"D planned to replace the amount, so there was no intention to deprive the owner permanently of the same value. The theft concerned permanent deprivation of the exact notes taken."},{"text":"D intended to deprive the owner of the temporary use.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temporary loss of use alone does not explain Velumyl. Money is property in the particular notes taken, and D never intended to return those exact notes to the owner."},{"text":"D intended to deprive the owner of the future interest.","correct":false,"explanation":"The case did not depend on interest or future earnings from the money. D intended to replace the value but permanently deprive the owner of the particular notes originally taken."}]},{"id":"4dc3f575-641a-4d38-a628-9002aaeab36c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For robbery, force or fear of force must be used [ ] and [ ].","back":"For robbery, force or fear of force must be used immediately before or at the time of stealing and in order to steal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For robbery, force or fear of force must be used immediately before or at the time of stealing and in order to steal.","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 8 requires the force or threat to coincide with the stealing, including immediately beforehand, and to be used for the purpose of stealing rather than for an unrelated reason."},{"text":"For robbery, force or fear of force must be used at any time after the stealing and in order to escape.","correct":false,"explanation":"Force used only after a completed theft merely to escape does not automatically make robbery. It must occur immediately before or during the stealing and be used in order to steal."},{"text":"For robbery, force or fear of force must be used immediately before or at the time of stealing and in order to cause injury.","correct":false,"explanation":"The timing is correct, but the required purpose is missing. Section 8 requires force or fear of force to be used in order to steal, not specifically to cause injury."},{"text":"For robbery, force or fear of force must be used several days before the stealing and in order to steal.","correct":false,"explanation":"A remote earlier threat lacks the required connection in time with the appropriation. The force or fear must be used immediately before or at the time of stealing and for that purpose."}]},{"id":"5002335f-3c35-4622-91fa-c0340ddfe19b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Against whom can force be used for robbery?","back":"Against any person, not necessarily the owner.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Against any person, not necessarily the owner.","correct":true,"explanation":"The force element can be directed at any person, rather than only the owner. This reflects robbery’s focus on force used in connection with stealing property."},{"text":"Against the owner only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Robbery does not require force against the owner. Force may be used against any person, including someone carrying or protecting the property, provided the other robbery elements are present."},{"text":"Against the victim of the theft only.","correct":false,"explanation":"The person subjected to force need not be the person deprived of the property. The law allows force against any person during the appropriation, not just the theft victim."},{"text":"Against the person in lawful possession only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lawful possession is not required for the person affected by force. Robbery can involve force against any person, even someone with no ownership or possession of the property."}]},{"id":"34436739-78e7-4a0f-ac9e-010b3b6969c0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What level of force can be enough for robbery?","back":"Small force, such as nudging or wrenching a basket, can be enough.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Small force, such as nudging or wrenching a basket, can be enough.","correct":true,"explanation":"Robbery requires force or the threat of force, but the force need not be substantial. Small force, such as nudging or wrenching away a basket, may satisfy the requirement."},{"text":"Significant force, such as punching or kicking, is required.","correct":false,"explanation":"A serious physical attack is unnecessary. The law accepts small force, including nudging or wrenching a basket, so requiring significant violence sets the threshold too high."},{"text":"Violent force, causing visible injury, is required.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible injury is not needed for robbery. The force threshold is low: small force can suffice, even where the victim suffers no injury or only minimal physical interference."},{"text":"Force causing physical pain is required.","correct":false,"explanation":"Force does not have to cause pain. Nudging or wrenching a basket can be sufficient, so adding a requirement of physical pain incorrectly raises the legal threshold."}]},{"id":"cfd75c0f-78ae-49b8-9436-8538ee0b51f6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can force during escape still support robbery under R v Hale?","back":"Stealing may be a continuing act during escape.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stealing may be a continuing act during escape.","correct":true,"explanation":"R v Hale treats stealing as capable of continuing while the offender is escaping. Consequently, force used during escape may occur while the theft is still in progress."},{"text":"Stealing is complete once D touches the property, so escape force is automatically part of the theft.","correct":false,"explanation":"Touching property alone does not complete stealing. Under R v Hale, stealing may be a continuing act during escape, which can connect force used then to the robbery."},{"text":"Stealing ends when D first gains control, so escape force cannot support robbery.","correct":false,"explanation":"The decision in R v Hale rejects an automatic end to stealing when control is first gained. The theft may continue during escape, allowing escape force to support robbery."},{"text":"Stealing continues only until D leaves the building, not during the escape.","correct":false,"explanation":"The continuing act is not limited to leaving the building. R v Hale allows stealing to continue during escape, so force used after departure may still support robbery."}]},{"id":"1c1a10e9-be78-4d8d-813c-0c160753064a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What must be proved for the actus reus of burglary?","back":"Entry into a building or part of a building as a trespasser.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Entry into a building or part of a building as a trespasser.","correct":true,"explanation":"The actus reus of burglary is entry into a building or part of a building while trespassing. The entry must therefore be combined with the required trespass element."},{"text":"Entry into a building only, without needing trespass.","correct":false,"explanation":"Burglary requires more than entry. The prosecution must prove entry into a building or part of a building as a trespasser, so omitting trespass is incomplete."},{"text":"Breaking and entering a dwelling as a trespasser.","correct":false,"explanation":"Burglary does not require breaking, and the building need not be a dwelling. The correct actus reus is entry into a building or part of one as a trespasser."},{"text":"Remaining in a building after permission has ended.","correct":false,"explanation":"Remaining after permission ends may be relevant in some circumstances, but this wording does not state the required actus reus. Burglary requires entry into a building or part as a trespasser."}]},{"id":"c2944800-d3d5-43b0-8870-72745e1f1fde","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Under s9(1)(a) burglary, the required intent exists at [ ]; under s9(1)(b), liability is based on what D does [ ].","back":"Under s9(1)(a) burglary, the required intent exists at entry; under s9(1)(b), liability is based on what D does after entering.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Under s9(1)(a) burglary, the required intent exists at entry; under s9(1)(b), liability is based on what D does after entering.","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 9(1)(a) focuses on D’s intent when entering, whereas section 9(1)(b) concerns the further conduct carried out after D has entered the building."},{"text":"Under s9(1)(a) burglary, the required intent exists at the time of leaving; under s9(1)(b), liability is based on what D does before entering.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stages are reversed here. Under s9(1)(a), the relevant intent must exist at entry, while s9(1)(b) concerns conduct after entering, not before entry or at departure."},{"text":"Under s9(1)(a) burglary, the required intent exists at the moment of arrest; under s9(1)(b), liability is based on what D does during entry.","correct":false,"explanation":"Arrest is irrelevant to the timing of the s9(1)(a) intent. The correct distinction is intent at entry for s9(1)(a), and conduct after entering for s9(1)(b)."},{"text":"Under s9(1)(a) burglary, the required intent exists at the time of appropriation; under s9(1)(b), liability is based on what D does before entering.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly places both stages before or after the wrong event. Section 9(1)(a) requires the relevant intent at entry, while s9(1)(b) covers specified conduct after entering."}]},{"id":"5d0b2a23-a0d6-4651-b0f1-3d139a9a75ba","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"For s9(1)(a) burglary, which intended offences are enough at entry?","back":"

Steal
Inflict GBH
Do unlawful damage

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Steal
Inflict GBH
Do unlawful damage

","correct":true,"explanation":"At entry under s9(1)(a), D must intend to steal, inflict grievous bodily harm, or do unlawful damage. These are the three specified intended offences for this form of burglary."},{"text":"

Steal
Inflict common assault
Do unlawful damage

","correct":false,"explanation":"Common assault is not one of the specified intended offences under s9(1)(a). The correct list is stealing, inflicting GBH, and doing unlawful damage."},{"text":"

Steal
Inflict GBH
Commit fraud

","correct":false,"explanation":"Fraud is not included in the s9(1)(a) list. The third intended offence is unlawful damage, alongside stealing and inflicting grievous bodily harm."},{"text":"

Rob
Inflict GBH
Do unlawful damage

","correct":false,"explanation":"Robbery is not separately listed as an intended offence for s9(1)(a). The relevant offences are to steal, inflict GBH, or do unlawful damage."}]},{"id":"93fc9050-c265-46a8-9988-b43d298b01db","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"For s9(1)(b) burglary, what conduct after entry is covered?","back":"

Steal or attempt to steal
Inflict or attempt GBH
Unlawful damage is excluded

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Steal or attempt to steal
Inflict or attempt GBH
Unlawful damage is excluded

","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 9(1)(b) covers stealing or attempting to steal, and inflicting or attempting to inflict GBH, after entry. Unlawful damage is expressly excluded from this limb."},{"text":"

Steal or attempt to steal
Inflict or attempt common assault
Unlawful damage is excluded

","correct":false,"explanation":"The violence offence in s9(1)(b) is GBH, not common assault. The correct provision covers stealing or attempted stealing, and inflicting or attempting GBH, while excluding damage."},{"text":"

Steal or attempt to steal
Inflict or attempt GBH
Unlawful damage is included

","correct":false,"explanation":"Unlawful damage belongs to the intended offences for s9(1)(a), not the conduct covered by s9(1)(b). Under s9(1)(b), the damage offence is excluded."},{"text":"

Rob or attempt to rob
Inflict or attempt GBH
Unlawful damage is excluded

","correct":false,"explanation":"The statute refers to stealing or attempting to steal, not robbery as a separate alternative. The correct list also includes inflicting or attempting GBH and excludes unlawful damage."}]},{"id":"f249e848-fa50-425b-8f5a-9c0982aee040","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For burglary, what must D know or be reckless about?","back":"D must know or be reckless as to being a trespasser.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"D must know or be reckless as to being a trespasser.","correct":true,"explanation":"Burglary requires awareness of the trespass. D must know or be reckless as to being a trespasser, meaning D must recognise or consciously disregard that lack of permission."},{"text":"D must know or be reckless as to being an owner.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ownership is not the relevant mental element. The required awareness concerns trespass: D must know or be reckless as to entering or being present without permission."},{"text":"D must know or be reckless as to causing damage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Damage is not required for every burglary and is not the relevant fault element here. D must know or be reckless as to being a trespasser."},{"text":"D must know or be reckless as to being violent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Violence is not an essential feature of burglary. The relevant knowledge or recklessness concerns trespass, specifically whether D is entering or present without permission."}]},{"id":"6678083e-bde5-4447-995b-85cad218f728","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can someone be a trespasser despite having some permission?","back":"

Entering a restricted part of a building
Exceeding permission, such as entering to steal

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Entering a restricted part of a building
Exceeding permission, such as entering to steal

","correct":true,"explanation":"Permission may be limited by area or purpose. Entering a restricted part or entering for an unauthorised purpose, such as stealing, can therefore make the defendant a trespasser."},{"text":"

Entering an unrestricted part of a building
Following permission, such as entering to shop

","correct":false,"explanation":"Entering a public area and using it for its permitted purpose does not exceed the occupier’s consent. Trespass instead arises by entering a restricted part or exceeding permission, such as entering to steal."},{"text":"

Entering an invited part of a building
Remaining within permission, such as entering to visit

","correct":false,"explanation":"An invitation to enter a particular area gives permission, while acting within its stated limits does not create trespass. The defendant must enter a restricted part or exceed the permission given."},{"text":"

Entering a permitted part of a building
Using permission, such as entering to work

","correct":false,"explanation":"Expressly permitted entry and authorised use are consistent with the occupier’s consent, so they do not make someone a trespasser. Trespass requires entry into a restricted area or conduct exceeding permission."}]},{"id":"5632f6a0-6f50-4811-8b10-d48fb08180a8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For burglary, a fixed freezer container counted as a [ ], but a wheeled lorry trailer was not sufficiently [ ].","back":"For burglary, a fixed freezer container counted as a building, but a wheeled lorry trailer was not sufficiently permanent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For burglary, a fixed freezer container counted as a building, but a wheeled lorry trailer was not sufficiently permanent.","correct":true,"explanation":"A structure’s permanence is central to whether it is a building for burglary. The fixed freezer container was sufficiently permanent, whereas the wheeled trailer remained too mobile."},{"text":"For burglary, a fixed freezer container counted as a building, but a wheeled lorry trailer was not sufficiently secure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Security or enclosure is not the decisive distinction between these cases. The freezer container was a building because of its fixed permanence, while the wheeled trailer was insufficiently permanent."},{"text":"For burglary, a fixed freezer container counted as a vehicle, but a wheeled lorry trailer was not sufficiently permanent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating the container as a vehicle focuses incorrectly on its original function rather than its fixed position. It counted as a building, while the trailer lacked sufficient permanence."},{"text":"For burglary, a fixed freezer container counted as a dwelling, but a wheeled lorry trailer was not sufficiently inhabited.","correct":false,"explanation":"A structure need not be a dwelling or inhabited to qualify as a building under burglary law. The freezer container was a building, but the wheeled trailer was insufficiently permanent."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-20","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Offences against property","title":"Offences against property Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/law/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"24964814-964d-52fa-93ed-d5ae7242293a","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]