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beyond reasonable doubt, expressed in modern terms as requiring the jury or magistrates to be sure of D’s guilt."},{"text":"certain","correct":false,"explanation":"“Certain” suggests absolute proof, which criminal law does not require. The correct standard is that the jury or magistrates must be sure of D’s guilt."},{"text":"convinced","correct":false,"explanation":"“Convinced” is an everyday description rather than the established criminal standard. The required wording is that the jury or magistrates are sure of D’s guilt."},{"text":"satisfied","correct":false,"explanation":"“Satisfied” is associated more closely with the civil standard of proof. In a criminal case, the jury or magistrates must be sure of D’s guilt."}]},{"id":"3fbfeae7-cc68-4583-a923-b3160f0cfaa8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a continuing act satisfy coincidence?","back":"The actus reus continues until the mens rea forms, as in Fagan.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The actus reus continues until the mens rea forms, as in Fagan.","correct":true,"explanation":"In a continuing act, the actus reus remains in progress while the mens rea develops. Fagan shows that coincidence can therefore occur before the continuing act ends."},{"text":"The mens rea continues until the actus reus forms, as in Fagan.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the roles of the elements: mens rea is the guilty mind, not a continuing physical act. The correct explanation is that the actus reus continues until mens rea forms."},{"text":"The actus reus ends before the mens rea forms, as in Fagan.","correct":false,"explanation":"A continuing act does not require the actus reus to stop before mens rea appears. The actus reus continues until the mens rea forms, allowing coincidence in Fagan-type situations."},{"text":"The mens rea creates a new actus reus, as in Fagan.","correct":false,"explanation":"Coincidence is not satisfied because mens rea automatically creates a new actus reus. It is satisfied where the existing actus reus continues until mens rea forms."}]},{"id":"6fbade0c-0414-422f-893c-4d66a4ff4fb4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When can D be liable for an omission?","back":"When D has a legal duty to act.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When D has a legal duty to act.","correct":true,"explanation":"Criminal liability for an omission generally requires more than failing to help: D must be under a recognised legal duty to act and breach that duty."},{"text":"When D has a moral duty to act.","correct":false,"explanation":"A moral duty alone is not normally enough for criminal liability, even if failing to help seems blameworthy. D must have a legal duty to act."},{"text":"When D has an opportunity to act.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being present or able to intervene does not by itself create criminal liability for an omission. The necessary condition is a legal duty to act."},{"text":"When D has a social duty to act.","correct":false,"explanation":"A duty imposed only by social expectations is not generally sufficient for an omission offence. Criminal liability requires D to have a legal duty to act."}]},{"id":"710fa88a-6ec4-4db9-9c05-a545419217a1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What question does factual causation ask?","back":"But for D’s conduct, would the result have happened?","mcqOptions":[{"text":"But for D’s conduct, would the result have happened?","correct":true,"explanation":"Factual causation applies the “but for” test: the court asks whether the result would have occurred without D’s conduct. If it would not, factual causation is established."},{"text":"Because of D’s conduct, did the result happen?","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the factual causation test and asks whether D’s conduct was sufficient on its own. The correct question is whether the result would have happened but for D’s conduct."},{"text":"Was D’s conduct the main reason the result happened?","correct":false,"explanation":"The seriousness or blameworthiness of D’s conduct does not answer factual causation. The court asks whether the result would have happened but for D’s conduct."},{"text":"Did D intend the result to happen?","correct":false,"explanation":"This asks whether D intended the result, which concerns mens rea rather than factual causation. The correct test asks whether the result would have happened but for D’s conduct."}]},{"id":"66cb9058-407d-4def-a43a-b29095dde0ad","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must D’s conduct be for legal causation?","back":"An operating and substantial cause of the result.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An operating and substantial cause of the result.","correct":true,"explanation":"Legal causation requires D’s conduct to remain more than negligible: it must be an operating and substantial cause of the prohibited result."},{"text":"An historical and possible cause of the result.","correct":false,"explanation":"A merely possible cause does not satisfy legal causation because it may be too remote or insignificant. D’s conduct must be an operating and substantial cause of the result."},{"text":"The only and immediate cause of the result.","correct":false,"explanation":"The law does not require D’s conduct to be the only cause, but it must still make a substantial contribution. The correct requirement is an operating and substantial cause."},{"text":"A minor and coincidental cause of the result.","correct":false,"explanation":"A coincidental connection is insufficient for legal causation because D’s conduct must actively contribute to the result. It must be an operating and substantial cause."}]},{"id":"956c26b2-883d-4a61-96b5-a01f1dec06d4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"When will medical treatment break the chain of causation?","back":"Only if it is so independent and potent that D’s act is no longer significant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Only if it is so independent and potent that D’s act is no longer significant.","correct":true,"explanation":"Medical treatment breaks the chain only in the exceptional case where it is so independent and potent that D’s original act is no longer a significant cause of the result."},{"text":"Only if it is foreseeable and routine so that D’s act is no longer significant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Foreseeable treatment normally does not break the chain, because D remains responsible for consequences of the injury. The treatment must be so independent and potent that D’s act is no longer significant."},{"text":"Whenever it is negligent and unexpected so that D’s act is no longer significant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Any negligent treatment is not automatically sufficient to break causation. The intervention must be exceptionally independent and potent, making D’s act no longer significant."},{"text":"Whenever it is independent but ordinary so that D’s act is no longer significant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treatment does not break the chain merely because it is independent; ordinary treatment may remain part of the causal sequence. It must be so independent and potent that D’s act is no longer significant."}]},{"id":"95b15d2a-a1bc-43a5-8c2b-aa10eec9fda3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Under the thin skull rule, D must take V [ ]; V’s refusal of treatment does not [ ].","back":"Under the thin skull rule, D must take V as found; V’s refusal of treatment does not break the chain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Under the thin skull rule, D must take V as found; V’s refusal of treatment does not break the chain.","correct":true,"explanation":"The thin skull rule makes D take V as found, including physical characteristics and vulnerabilities. V’s refusal of treatment does not break the chain of causation."},{"text":"Under the thin skull rule, D must take V as an average victim; V’s refusal of treatment does not break the chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The rule does not let D take V only as an average victim, and refusal of treatment does not automatically break causation. D must take V as found, with the chain intact."},{"text":"Under the thin skull rule, D must take V as found; V’s refusal of treatment does not continue the chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"V’s refusal of treatment generally does not break the chain, and the thin skull rule does not require V to be treated as unusually vulnerable. D must take V as found."},{"text":"Under the thin skull rule, D must take V as unusually vulnerable; V’s refusal of treatment does not break the chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The thin skull rule applies despite V’s vulnerability, while refusal of treatment does not normally end causation. D must take V as found and the refusal does not break the chain."}]},{"id":"3a3d6878-92d5-4055-a59c-70dc33927503","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Oblique intention exists where the result is [ ] and D [ ] that.","back":"Oblique intention exists where the result is virtually certain and D appreciates that.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Oblique intention exists where the result is virtually certain and D appreciates that.","correct":true,"explanation":"Oblique intention is established where the result is virtually certain to occur from D’s conduct and D appreciates that virtual certainty, even if it is not D’s purpose."},{"text":"Oblique intention exists where the result is highly probable and D appreciates that.","correct":false,"explanation":"A result that is merely probable does not meet the high threshold for oblique intention. It must be virtually certain, and D must appreciate that fact."},{"text":"Oblique intention exists where the result is virtually certain and D foresees that.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oblique intention requires D to recognise the result’s virtual certainty, not merely to foresee a possibility. The correct test combines virtual certainty with D’s appreciation of it."},{"text":"Oblique intention exists where the result is possible and D appreciates that.","correct":false,"explanation":"A result that is possible, even if D appreciates that possibility, falls below the oblique-intention threshold. The result must be virtually certain and D must appreciate that."}]},{"id":"cda40124-3421-4738-8964-fa484536aa8f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What must D do for Cunningham/R v G recklessness?","back":"

Foresee a risk.
Unreasonably take that risk.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Foresee a risk.
Unreasonably take that risk.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Cunningham/R v G recklessness requires subjective awareness of a risk and an unreasonable decision to take it. Both foresight and unreasonable risk-taking must be proved."},{"text":"

Foresee a risk.
Reasonably take that risk.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The second requirement is unreasonable risk-taking, not reasonable risk-taking. A person who foresees a risk but reasonably takes it is not reckless under Cunningham/R v G."},{"text":"

Fail to foresee a risk.
Unreasonably take that risk.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Recklessness requires D to foresee the risk personally; failing to foresee it describes negligence more closely. D must then unreasonably decide to take the known risk."},{"text":"

Foresee a risk.
Intentionally create that risk.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The risk need not be created intentionally. The test asks whether D foresaw it and nevertheless took it unreasonably, which distinguishes recklessness from deliberate risk creation."}]},{"id":"dfa4e455-6339-44f4-891d-7d024b7565c2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When does transferred malice fail?","back":"When it would transfer to a completely different offence type.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When it would transfer to a completely different offence type.","correct":true,"explanation":"Transferred malice works where the intended and committed offences are sufficiently similar. It fails when the mens rea would transfer to a completely different type of offence."},{"text":"When it would transfer to a different victim.","correct":false,"explanation":"A different victim does not normally prevent transferred malice; the principle commonly transfers intent from the intended victim to the actual victim. It fails for a completely different offence type."},{"text":"When it would transfer to a more serious offence type.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater seriousness alone is not the test. Transferred malice fails because of a fundamental difference in offence type, not simply because the actual offence is more serious."},{"text":"When it would transfer to an indirect consequence.","correct":false,"explanation":"An indirect consequence is not the defining limitation on transferred malice. The doctrine fails where the intention would transfer between completely different offence types."}]},{"id":"37f318e5-30e9-4b5a-a689-07578101cf8f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In strict liability, the prosecution need not prove [ ] for at least one element of the [ ].","back":"In strict liability, the prosecution need not prove mens rea for at least one element of the actus reus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In strict liability, the prosecution need not prove mens rea for at least one element of the actus reus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Strict liability removes the need to prove mens rea for at least one element of the actus reus. The prosecution must still establish the relevant act or omission."},{"text":"In strict liability, the prosecution need not prove actus reus for at least one element of the mens rea.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two concepts. Strict liability concerns the absence of mens rea for an element of the actus reus; the prosecution still has to prove the prohibited conduct."},{"text":"In strict liability, the prosecution need not prove intention for at least one element of the offence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intention is only one possible form of mens rea, and the technical rule refers to mens rea being unnecessary for an element of the actus reus, not the offence generally."},{"text":"In strict liability, the prosecution need not prove causation for at least one element of the mens rea.","correct":false,"explanation":"Causation concerns the actus reus and is not an element of mens rea. Strict liability removes a mens rea requirement for an element of the actus reus."}]},{"id":"cf5efda0-22ab-400a-ba95-4c6b5e493488","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For murder, what does malice aforethought mean?","back":"Intention to kill or cause GBH.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Intention to kill or cause GBH.","correct":true,"explanation":"Malice aforethought is the mens rea for murder and means an intention to kill or to cause grievous bodily harm. Either form of intention is sufficient."},{"text":"Intention to injure or cause fear.","correct":false,"explanation":"Murder requires an intention to kill or cause GBH, not merely a general intention to injure or frighten. Lesser intentions may support other offences but are insufficient for murder."},{"text":"Recklessness to kill or cause GBH.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recklessness is not enough for murder. The prosecution must prove intention to kill or cause GBH, applying the ordinary meaning of intention and the Woollin direction where necessary."},{"text":"Intention to harm or cause death.","correct":false,"explanation":"The required alternatives are intention to kill or cause GBH. General harm is too broad, while intention to cause death does not replace the precise legal formulation."}]},{"id":"694729ad-4cd5-4178-95bd-32ca07571667","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What is the core rule for unlawful act manslaughter?","back":"

D commits a dangerous unlawful act.
It causes death.
D has mens rea for the base offence.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

D commits a dangerous unlawful act.
It causes death.
D has mens rea for the base offence.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Unlawful act manslaughter requires an objectively dangerous unlawful act, causation of death, and mens rea for the underlying base offence. D need not intend or foresee death."},{"text":"

D commits a lawful dangerous act.
It causes death.
D has mens rea for the base offence.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The act must be unlawful as well as dangerous. A lawful dangerous act causing death cannot satisfy unlawful act manslaughter, even if D has mens rea for another offence."},{"text":"

D commits a dangerous unlawful act.
It risks death.
D has mens rea for the base offence.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A mere risk of death is insufficient because the unlawful act must actually cause death. The offence is result-based, although D need only have mens rea for the base offence."},{"text":"

D commits a dangerous unlawful act.
It causes death.
D has mens rea for the resulting death.

","correct":false,"explanation":"D does not need mens rea for the death itself. The required mens rea relates to the base unlawful offence, while dangerousness is assessed objectively."}]},{"id":"8b4e40d4-fe27-4a25-a481-37f882b1a46e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For assault, what must D cause V to apprehend?","back":"Immediate unlawful force.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Immediate unlawful force.","correct":true,"explanation":"Assault occurs when D intentionally or recklessly causes V to apprehend immediate unlawful force. Apprehension means anticipating the force, even if V is not physically touched."},{"text":"Actual unlawful force.","correct":false,"explanation":"Actual force is required for battery, not assault. Assault is complete when V apprehends immediate unlawful force, so the threatened force need not be applied."},{"text":"Future unlawful force.","correct":false,"explanation":"The force must be apprehended as immediate, although immediate does not always mean instantaneous. A threat confined to the distant future will not normally amount to assault."},{"text":"Immediate lawful force.","correct":false,"explanation":"The apprehended force must be unlawful. Lawful force, such as reasonable self-defence, does not constitute the force required for an assault."}]},{"id":"277f5681-ba11-4025-b6fa-406f7b9b5743","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For battery, how much force is enough?","back":"Even slight unlawful force beyond everyday contact.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Even slight unlawful force beyond everyday contact.","correct":true,"explanation":"Battery requires the intentional or reckless application of unlawful force, and even slight force is sufficient if it goes beyond ordinary everyday contact and is not consented to or lawful."},{"text":"Only significant unlawful force beyond everyday contact.","correct":false,"explanation":"Battery does not require significant force. A common mistake is importing a serious-injury threshold; in fact, even slight unlawful force beyond everyday contact is sufficient."},{"text":"Even slight lawful force beyond everyday contact.","correct":false,"explanation":"The force must be unlawful, not merely slight. Lawful touching, such as reasonable contact in everyday life or justified physical contact, does not amount to battery."},{"text":"Any accidental unlawful force beyond everyday contact.","correct":false,"explanation":"Battery requires intention or recklessness as to the application of force, so a genuinely accidental touching is not enough. Slight force can suffice, but it must be consciously applied."}]},{"id":"965c92ac-05ca-4f74-9b7f-edc0c314e756","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For s47 ABH, D needs mens rea for [ ] only; D need not foresee [ ].","back":"For s47 ABH, D needs mens rea for assault or battery only; D need not foresee ABH.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For s47 ABH, D needs mens rea for assault or battery only; D need not foresee ABH.","correct":true,"explanation":"For s47 ABH, D must intend or be reckless as to the assault or battery. There is no additional requirement that D foresee the resulting actual bodily harm."},{"text":"For s47 ABH, D needs mens rea for ABH only; D need not foresee assault or battery.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the rule. Mens rea is required for the underlying assault or battery, while D does not need to foresee the resulting ABH."},{"text":"For s47 ABH, D needs mens rea for assault or battery only; D need not foresee serious injury.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant result is ABH, not serious injury. Section 47 requires mens rea for assault or battery, and no foresight of ABH is needed."},{"text":"For s47 ABH, D needs mens rea for ABH or GBH only; D need not foresee assault or battery.","correct":false,"explanation":"The underlying mens rea concerns assault or battery, not ABH or GBH. The prosecution need not prove foresight of ABH, but it must prove the underlying unlawful force or threat."}]},{"id":"446d0c81-2551-4848-8a18-8ff9a18a2e8d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What mens rea is required for s20 GBH or wounding?","back":"Intention or recklessness as to some physical harm.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Intention or recklessness as to some physical harm.","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 20 requires intention or recklessness as to some physical harm, not necessarily serious injury. The mens rea is therefore lower than the specific intent required for section 18."},{"text":"Intention or recklessness as to GBH.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses section 20 with the result required for section 18. Section 20 only requires intention or recklessness as to some physical harm, even though GBH or wounding must actually result."},{"text":"Specific intent to cause GBH.","correct":false,"explanation":"Specific intent to cause GBH is associated with section 18, not section 20. Section 20 is satisfied by intention or recklessness as to some physical harm."},{"text":"Intention to cause serious injury only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Section 20 does not require intention to cause serious injury. The correct mens rea is intention or recklessness as to some physical harm, which is a significantly lower threshold."}]},{"id":"e2beb05d-47df-4599-a077-69a18b26ddd7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What mens rea is required for s18 GBH or wounding?","back":"Specific intent to cause GBH or resist/prevent arrest.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Specific intent to cause GBH or resist/prevent arrest.","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 18 is an offence of specific intent. D must intend to cause GBH or intend to resist or prevent lawful apprehension or detention."},{"text":"Intention or recklessness as to some physical harm.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the mens rea for section 20, not section 18. Section 18 requires specific intent to cause GBH or to resist or prevent arrest."},{"text":"Basic intent to cause or risk GBH.","correct":false,"explanation":"Section 18 requires specific intent rather than basic intent. Recklessness as to GBH is insufficient, because D must intend GBH or intend to resist or prevent arrest."},{"text":"Intention to cause some physical harm or recklessness as to GBH.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither alternative states the section 18 requirement. The offence needs specific intent to cause GBH or to resist or prevent arrest, rather than a mixed intention and recklessness test."}]},{"id":"bb70a8fa-d968-448e-ad4e-2e5033fa9104","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Under s1 Theft Act 1968, what must be proved for theft?","back":"Dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with intention permanently to deprive.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with intention permanently to deprive.","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 1 Theft Act 1968 defines theft as dishonest appropriation of property belonging to another, with the intention permanently to deprive the other of it."},{"text":"Dishonestly takes property belonging to another with intention temporarily to deprive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Theft requires appropriation and an intention permanently to deprive, not merely taking and temporary deprivation. Borrowing can amount to theft only where its conditions satisfy the statutory test."},{"text":"Appropriates property belonging to another knowing it is unlawfully obtained.","correct":false,"explanation":"Knowledge that property is unlawfully obtained is not the complete theft test. Theft requires dishonest appropriation, property belonging to another, and intention permanently to deprive."},{"text":"Dishonestly appropriates any property with intention to permanently deprive its owner.","correct":false,"explanation":"Property must belong to another, and the wording cannot be replaced by any property. The complete test also requires appropriation and dishonesty in addition to permanent deprivation."}]},{"id":"9e6d708c-2219-4024-a293-c23a55d54c0a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If no s2 Theft Act exception applies, which test assesses dishonesty?","back":"The Ivey test, confirmed in Barton and Booth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Ivey test, confirmed in Barton and Booth.","correct":true,"explanation":"Where no statutory section 2 exception applies, dishonesty is assessed using the objective second stage of the Ivey test, confirmed in Barton and Booth."},{"text":"The Ghosh test, confirmed in Barton and Booth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ghosh was replaced by the Ivey approach. Barton and Booth confirmed that dishonesty is assessed using Ivey, including the objective judgment of ordinary decent people."},{"text":"The Ivey test, confirmed in R v Ghosh.","correct":false,"explanation":"The case association is wrong. Ivey was confirmed in Barton and Booth, while Ghosh represents the former dishonesty test that is no longer applied."},{"text":"The subjective test, confirmed in Barton and Booth.","correct":false,"explanation":"Barton and Booth applied the Ivey test, whose final question is objective. D’s belief about the facts is considered first, but D need not realise that ordinary people would regard the conduct as dishonest."}]},{"id":"446b9810-e8cf-4c38-99c6-043f13af0dd4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can force while escaping still satisfy robbery?","back":"Appropriation may be continuing, so force can be at the time of stealing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Appropriation may be continuing, so force can be at the time of stealing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Appropriation can be a continuing act. Therefore, force used while D is escaping may occur during the stealing and can satisfy robbery if the other elements are present."},{"text":"Appropriation ends on taking, so force can be used at any later time.","correct":false,"explanation":"The continuing appropriation principle means appropriation does not necessarily end immediately on taking. Force must be used at the time of stealing, although that period can extend into escape."},{"text":"Possession may be continuing, so force can be used after conviction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Possession is not the principle that extends the timing of robbery, and force after conviction is far too late. Continuing appropriation can cover force used during escape."},{"text":"Dishonesty may be continuing, so force can be used whenever D keeps the property.","correct":false,"explanation":"Continuing dishonesty does not make force used at any later point sufficient for robbery. The relevant rule is that appropriation may continue while D is escaping."}]},{"id":"22b1bfe6-7215-473e-99c3-188c2a55cd57","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For s9(1)(a) burglary, when must D have the intent to steal, cause GBH, or damage property?","back":"On entry as a trespasser.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On entry as a trespasser.","correct":true,"explanation":"For section 9(1)(a) burglary, D must have the relevant intent at the moment of entering as a trespasser. Forming the intent only after entry is insufficient for this offence."},{"text":"Before entry as a trespasser.","correct":false,"explanation":"D need not form the intent before entering. The section 9(1)(a) requirement is that the intent exists on entry as a trespasser, including an intent formed immediately before or during entry."},{"text":"After entry once inside the building.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a common confusion with burglary based on an offence committed after entry. Section 9(1)(a) requires the intent to steal, cause GBH, or damage property on entry."},{"text":"When leaving the building as a trespasser.","correct":false,"explanation":"The timing is not postponed until D leaves. For section 9(1)(a), the necessary intent must exist on entry as a trespasser."}]},{"id":"efe13b88-fdbf-4987-8257-5993e2dd66f5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Under s1 Criminal Attempts Act 1981, D must intend the offence and do an act that is [ ].","back":"Under s1 Criminal Attempts Act 1981, D must intend the offence and do an act that is more than merely preparatory.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"more than merely preparatory","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 1 Criminal Attempts Act 1981 requires an act that is more than merely preparatory, alongside intent to commit the full offence. Preparation alone does not amount to an attempt."},{"text":"merely preparatory","correct":false,"explanation":"Merely preparatory conduct falls short of the statutory threshold. The act must be more than merely preparatory, meaning it must go beyond planning or arranging the offence."},{"text":"virtually complete","correct":false,"explanation":"The law does not require the offence to be virtually complete before an attempt is established. The statutory test is whether D’s act was more than merely preparatory."},{"text":"capable of causing harm","correct":false,"explanation":"Capability of causing harm is not the wording of the attempts test and may be irrelevant to some offences. The required act must be more than merely preparatory."}]},{"id":"a465d2d2-1690-43bf-aec5-0441cb14a61d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Attempted murder requires intent to [ ], not merely intent to [ ].","back":"Attempted murder requires intent to kill, not merely intent to cause GBH.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Attempted murder requires intent to kill, not merely intent to cause GBH.","correct":true,"explanation":"Attempted murder requires specific intent to kill. Intent to cause really serious harm may support section 18 GBH, but it is insufficient for attempted murder."},{"text":"Attempted murder requires intent to cause GBH, not merely intent to kill.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relationship is reversed. Intent to kill is required for attempted murder, whereas intent to cause GBH without intent to kill cannot establish that attempt."},{"text":"Attempted murder requires intent to cause death, not merely intent to cause GBH.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although causing death describes the result of murder, the established mens rea wording for attempted murder is intent to kill. Intent to cause GBH alone remains insufficient."},{"text":"Attempted murder requires intent to kill or cause GBH, not merely intent to injure.","correct":false,"explanation":"This wrongly treats intent to cause GBH as an alternative to intent to kill. Attempted murder requires intent to kill; lesser injury intentions do not satisfy that requirement."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-20","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"The rules of criminal law","title":"The rules of criminal law Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/law/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"f701fffc-e272-556c-81a0-f817f9958d8c","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]