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to interpret and enforce it through formal sanctions or remedies."},{"text":"Social acceptance and observance through community pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Community acceptance may make a rule socially influential, but it does not make it law. Legal status depends on state recognition and enforceability through legal institutions."},{"text":"Religious approval and observance through spiritual institutions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Religious rules can guide conduct but are not necessarily part of state law. A legal rule is distinguished by state recognition and institutional enforceability."},{"text":"Personal conviction and obedience through individual conscience.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individual conscience is a source of moral guidance rather than legal authority. Law is defined by state recognition and the possibility of enforcement through legal institutions."}]},{"id":"f88d5eff-33f8-4467-aab2-7f14d48454ef","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A legal rule is powerful because it can be [ ], leading to remedies such as [ ] or an injunction.","back":"A legal rule is powerful because it can be enforced, leading to remedies such as damages or an injunction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A legal rule is powerful because it can be enforced, leading to remedies such as damages or an injunction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Legal institutions can enforce legal rules and provide formal remedies. Damages compensate for loss, while an injunction orders a person to do or refrain from doing something."},{"text":"A legal rule is powerful because it can be recommended, leading to remedies such as apologies or an injunction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating law as a recommendation confuses legal rules with moral guidance, while apologies are not the usual compensatory remedy. Law can be enforced, with damages or an injunction available."},{"text":"A legal rule is powerful because it can be enforced, leading to remedies such as imprisonment or an injunction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imprisonment is a criminal sentence rather than a civil remedy paired with an injunction. Enforcement of a civil legal rule may lead to damages or an injunction."},{"text":"A legal rule is powerful because it can be criticised, leading to remedies such as damages or an injunction.","correct":false,"explanation":"The power of law comes from enforceability, not merely the possibility of criticism. Enforced legal rules may produce formal remedies such as damages or an injunction."}]},{"id":"ccc5ad93-d66e-42ee-84b9-a196a73033b5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When law guides behaviour by setting standards and consequences, what role is it performing?","back":"Social control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Social control.","correct":true,"explanation":"Law performs social control by setting standards of acceptable behaviour and attaching consequences to breaches, thereby encouraging conformity and regulating conduct within society."},{"text":"Dispute resolution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dispute resolution concerns settling conflicts after they arise. Setting behavioural standards and consequences primarily demonstrates law's role of social control."},{"text":"Rights protection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rights protection safeguards individual interests and freedoms, but guiding behaviour through standards and consequences is specifically the social control function of law."},{"text":"Social reform.","correct":false,"explanation":"Social reform uses law to create deliberate social change. Regulating existing behaviour by prescribing standards and consequences is instead the role of social control."}]},{"id":"6f9c30bd-a525-410d-8265-8d4823842362","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"R v Brown showed that consent was not a defence to [ ].","back":"R v Brown showed that consent was not a defence to serious consensual injuries.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"serious consensual injuries","correct":true,"explanation":"In R v Brown, consent did not provide a defence to injuries amounting to actual or grievous bodily harm inflicted during sadomasochistic activities."},{"text":"minor accidental injuries","correct":false,"explanation":"The case did not concern accidental harm, and minor injuries generally fall outside its central ruling. R v Brown concerned serious consensual injuries inflicted deliberately."},{"text":"lawful surgical injuries","correct":false,"explanation":"Properly performed surgery is a recognised exception in which consent can make bodily interference lawful. R v Brown instead concerned serious consensual injuries."},{"text":"injuries sustained in sport","correct":false,"explanation":"Sport is a recognised context in which participants may consent to injuries occurring within the rules and ordinary expectations. R v Brown concerned serious consensual injuries."}]},{"id":"59424032-6de1-4d47-be8f-2bb57312c908","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In civil disputes, what is the usual remedy for compensating loss?","back":"Damages.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Damages.","correct":true,"explanation":"Damages are the usual civil remedy for loss because they award money intended, as far as possible, to compensate the claimant for the harm suffered."},{"text":"Imprisonment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imprisonment is generally a criminal sentence used to punish offending, not a civil remedy compensating loss. The usual compensatory remedy in civil disputes is damages."},{"text":"Injunctions.","correct":false,"explanation":"An injunction orders a party to act or refrain from acting rather than ordinarily compensating past loss. Monetary compensation is usually provided through damages."},{"text":"Rescission.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rescission sets aside a contract and aims to restore the parties to their earlier positions. The usual remedy specifically used to compensate loss is damages."}]},{"id":"24b161f2-b346-469b-85ce-dd1ae15c129f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Donoghue v Stevenson established that manufacturers may owe consumers a [ ].","back":"Donoghue v Stevenson established that manufacturers may owe consumers a duty of care.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"duty of care","correct":true,"explanation":"Donoghue v Stevenson established the neighbour principle, under which manufacturers may owe a duty of care to ultimate consumers who could foreseeably be harmed by their products."},{"text":"duty of loyalty","correct":false,"explanation":"A duty of loyalty is associated with fiduciary relationships, not the manufacturer-consumer negligence principle. Donoghue v Stevenson established a duty of care."},{"text":"duty to insure","correct":false,"explanation":"The case did not require manufacturers to insure consumers against harm. It established that manufacturers may owe consumers a duty of care in negligence."},{"text":"duty to contract","correct":false,"explanation":"The decision was important because liability could arise despite no contract between manufacturer and consumer. The relevant obligation was a duty of care."}]},{"id":"97200994-1e08-4483-aac3-1394f24d103a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Caparo v Dickman, what policy question completes foreseeability and proximity?","back":"Whether imposing a duty is fair, just and reasonable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Whether imposing a duty is fair, just and reasonable.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Caparo test asks whether harm was foreseeable, whether there was sufficient proximity, and whether imposing a duty would be fair, just and reasonable."},{"text":"Whether imposing a duty is necessary, certain and proportionate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Necessity, certainty and proportionality are not the third stage of the Caparo duty test. The court asks whether imposing a duty is fair, just and reasonable."},{"text":"Whether imposing a duty is honest, lawful and foreseeable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Foreseeability is already a separate stage of the Caparo test, while honesty and lawfulness are not the policy question. The correct phrase is fair, just and reasonable."},{"text":"Whether imposing a duty is practical, beneficial and affordable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Practicality and cost may inform policy arguments, but they are not the formal third stage. Caparo asks whether imposing a duty is fair, just and reasonable."}]},{"id":"b344ced5-8e9c-490d-b26f-1d438858fa71","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Under s6 Human Rights Act 1998, what must public authorities avoid?","back":"Acting incompatibly with Convention rights.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Acting incompatibly with Convention rights.","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 6 makes it unlawful for a public authority to act incompatibly with rights protected by the European Convention on Human Rights, subject to statutory exceptions."},{"text":"Acting inconsistently with judicial precedent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Public authorities may be constrained by precedent, but s6 specifically addresses compatibility with Convention rights. It makes incompatible acts by public authorities unlawful, subject to exceptions."},{"text":"Acting contrary to government policy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Government policy is not the standard imposed by s6, and policy itself must comply with legal obligations. Public authorities must avoid acting incompatibly with Convention rights."},{"text":"Acting unreasonably towards private companies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unreasonableness may be relevant in judicial review, but s6 establishes a distinct human rights obligation. Public authorities must avoid acting incompatibly with Convention rights."}]},{"id":"7d07dbd0-e018-4167-b95a-dd39525ca551","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Under s13 Equality Act 2010, direct discrimination involves being treated how?","back":"Less favourably because of a protected characteristic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Less favourably because of a protected characteristic.","correct":true,"explanation":"Direct discrimination occurs where a person is treated less favourably than another because of a protected characteristic, such as age, race, sex or disability, under the Equality Act 2010."},{"text":"More favourably because of a protected characteristic.","correct":false,"explanation":"More favourable treatment is not direct discrimination against the person receiving it. The statutory concept requires a disadvantage compared with an appropriate comparator because of a protected characteristic."},{"text":"Less favourably because of a non-protected characteristic.","correct":false,"explanation":"A characteristic outside the statutory list does not normally establish direct discrimination under the Equality Act 2010. The correct test requires less favourable treatment because of a protected characteristic."},{"text":"Less favourably because of the claimant’s unlawful conduct.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unlawful conduct may explain a disadvantage, but it is not the defining basis of direct discrimination. The relevant reason must be a protected characteristic, producing less favourable treatment."}]},{"id":"40548225-6de7-408a-8bac-d89aebe053af","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An enforceable right can be relied on before a [ ], with a possible [ ] if breached.","back":"An enforceable right can be relied on before a court or tribunal, with a possible remedy if breached.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An enforceable right can be relied on before a court or tribunal, with a possible remedy if breached.","correct":true,"explanation":"An enforceable right is a legal entitlement that can be asserted in a court or tribunal. If it is breached, the relevant institution may grant a remedy such as damages or an injunction."},{"text":"An enforceable right can be relied on before a government department, with a possible penalty if breached.","correct":false,"explanation":"A government department may administer policies but does not replace a court or tribunal as the usual forum for enforcing a legal right. Breach can lead to a remedy, not merely a penalty."},{"text":"An enforceable right can be relied on before Parliament, with a possible sanction if breached.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parliament creates and changes law rather than generally deciding individual breaches of rights. Enforcement is pursued before a court or tribunal, which may provide a remedy."},{"text":"An enforceable right can be relied on before a police station, with a possible sentence if breached.","correct":false,"explanation":"A police station is not the ordinary forum for determining civil rights or granting civil remedies. The correct forum is a court or tribunal, where a remedy may follow a breach."}]},{"id":"3920dd4e-1ef7-47e2-bc19-e5cb95021bf8","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do private interests and public interests differ?","back":"

Private: individual interests, e.g. privacy or property.
Public: community interests, e.g. crime prevention.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Private: individual interests, e.g. privacy or property.
Public: community interests, e.g. crime prevention.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Private interests concern individuals, including their privacy and property, whereas public interests concern the welfare or safety of the wider community, such as preventing crime."},{"text":"

Private: community interests, e.g. crime prevention.
Public: individual interests, e.g. privacy or property.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two categories. Individual concerns such as privacy and property are private interests, while crime prevention is generally a public community interest."},{"text":"

Private: individual interests, e.g. crime prevention.
Public: community interests, e.g. property.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both examples are individual concerns, so they do not correctly distinguish the categories. Public interests relate to the community as a whole, while private interests concern individuals."},{"text":"

Private: community interests, e.g. public safety.
Public: community interests, e.g. crime prevention.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both examples concern the community, not the required distinction between individual and public interests. Privacy and property illustrate private interests, whereas crime prevention illustrates a public interest."}]},{"id":"c425c191-8fd8-4d20-91ae-bd5ce00e9f69","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Article 8.1 protects [ ], but Article 8.2 allows justified [ ].","back":"Article 8.1 protects private and family life, but Article 8.2 allows justified interference.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Article 8.1 protects private and family life, but Article 8.2 allows justified interference.","correct":true,"explanation":"Article 8.1 protects private and family life as a qualified Convention right. Article 8.2 permits interference only where the legal and proportionality requirements for justification are satisfied."},{"text":"Article 8.1 protects freedom of expression, but Article 8.2 allows justified interference.","correct":false,"explanation":"Article 8.1 protects private and family life, not freedom of expression. Article 8.2 concerns justified interference with that protected sphere, rather than restriction of expression."},{"text":"Article 8.1 protects private and family life, but Article 8.2 allows justified restriction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Article 8.2 does not permit every limitation without justification. It allows justified interference, subject to legal authority, a legitimate aim and proportionality."},{"text":"Article 8.1 protects freedom of assembly, but Article 8.2 allows justified interference.","correct":false,"explanation":"Freedom of assembly is primarily protected by Article 11, not Article 8. Article 8.1 protects private and family life, which may be subject to justified interference."}]},{"id":"6296a54d-83e0-42e6-8d5e-403a0f60d412","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does proportionality require when a right is interfered with?","back":"Interference goes no further than necessary for a legitimate aim.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Interference goes no further than necessary for a legitimate aim.","correct":true,"explanation":"Proportionality requires a fair balance between the right and the legitimate aim. Any restriction must be no more extensive than necessary to achieve that aim."},{"text":"Interference goes as far as possible for a legitimate aim.","correct":false,"explanation":"A restriction that goes as far as possible is likely to impose excessive harm on the right. Proportionality instead requires the interference to go no further than necessary."},{"text":"Interference goes no further than reasonably convenient for a legitimate aim.","correct":false,"explanation":"Minimal interference is not automatically the legal test if it fails to achieve the legitimate aim. The required approach is interference no further than necessary for that aim."},{"text":"Interference goes as far as authorised for a legitimate aim.","correct":false,"explanation":"The existence of a legitimate aim alone does not justify unlimited interference. Proportionality requires a necessary and measured restriction, going no further than necessary."}]},{"id":"5a5c746b-a895-4a0d-a603-b00a4c2c8741","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Campbell v MGN, which right was balanced against Article 8 privacy?","back":"Article 10 freedom of expression.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Article 10 freedom of expression.","correct":true,"explanation":"Article 10 protects freedom of expression, including publication. In Campbell, this right had to be balanced against Naomi Campbell’s Article 8 right to privacy."},{"text":"Article 9 freedom of religion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Article 9 protects freedom of thought, conscience and religion, not the press’s general right to publish material. The competing right in Campbell was Article 10 freedom of expression."},{"text":"Article 11 freedom of assembly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Article 11 protects freedom of assembly and association. It was not the publication right balanced against privacy in Campbell; that competing right was Article 10."},{"text":"Article 6 right to a fair trial.","correct":false,"explanation":"Article 6 concerns a fair hearing, not the media’s freedom to publish. Campbell required a balance between Article 8 privacy and Article 10 freedom of expression."}]},{"id":"ad5472df-f007-496f-928e-128362fc4f6d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why did the publication in Campbell v MGN go too far?","back":"It included intrusive medical details and photographs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It included intrusive medical details and photographs.","correct":true,"explanation":"The publication went beyond reporting a public event by revealing intrusive medical information and publishing photographs connected with Campbell’s treatment, significantly affecting her privacy."},{"text":"It included an inaccurate name and headline.","correct":false,"explanation":"The case was not decided simply because the article contained an inaccurate name. The decisive concern was the intrusive medical information and photographs, which exceeded permissible reporting."},{"text":"It included ordinary fashion details and quotations.","correct":false,"explanation":"The issue was not merely that the article discussed a celebrity in public. Intrusive medical details and photographs added private information beyond legitimate reporting about her public statements."},{"text":"It included brief comments and a newspaper headline.","correct":false,"explanation":"A short article is not automatically an unjustified privacy interference. Campbell concerned the nature of the medical details and photographs, which were particularly intrusive."}]},{"id":"776e4441-de07-4328-91dd-26ed33545e33","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The physical element of an offence is [ ]; the mental element is [ ].","back":"The physical element of an offence is actus reus; the mental element is mens rea.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The physical element of an offence is actus reus; the mental element is mens rea.","correct":true,"explanation":"Actus reus is the physical element of a criminal offence, while mens rea is the accompanying mental element, such as intention, recklessness or knowledge."},{"text":"The physical element of an offence is mens rea; the mental element is actus reus.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two core elements of criminal liability. Actus reus refers to the prohibited conduct or circumstance, while mens rea refers to the required mental state."},{"text":"The physical element of an offence is causation; the mental element is intention.","correct":false,"explanation":"Causation may form part of the actus reus for some offences, but it is not the general name for the physical element. The mental element is mens rea."},{"text":"The physical element of an offence is conduct; the mental element is motive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Motive explains why a defendant acted but is not normally the legal mental element required for an offence. The established pair is actus reus and mens rea."}]},{"id":"d5e48199-438c-4c1d-930e-b6587d7c9961","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In R v Cunningham, what must the defendant have actually foreseen for recklessness?","back":"An unjustified risk.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An unjustified risk.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cunningham established subjective recklessness: the defendant must actually foresee a risk and nevertheless take it when that risk is unjustified."},{"text":"A foreseeable risk.","correct":false,"explanation":"Foreseeability alone is insufficient because it may be assessed objectively. The correct answer is an unjustified risk that the defendant actually foresaw and took."},{"text":"A reasonable risk.","correct":false,"explanation":"A reasonable risk would not normally ground recklessness. Cunningham requires actual foresight of an unjustified risk, followed by the defendant’s decision to take it."},{"text":"A significant risk.","correct":false,"explanation":"The risk need not be especially large or significant; the key issue is whether the defendant foresaw an unjustified risk and proceeded anyway."}]},{"id":"03066562-e711-4396-8161-fe845b66f74a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In negligence, what standard is used to judge civil fault?","back":"The objective reasonable person standard.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The objective reasonable person standard.","correct":true,"explanation":"Negligence uses an objective test, asking how a reasonably competent person would have acted rather than examining the defendant’s personal abilities or intentions."},{"text":"The subjective defendant standard.","correct":false,"explanation":"Civil negligence generally does not reduce the standard because the defendant lacked experience or judgment. The correct test is the objective reasonable person standard."},{"text":"The actual personal ability standard.","correct":false,"explanation":"A defendant cannot usually rely on limited skill to avoid liability. Courts compare conduct with the objective reasonable person standard in the circumstances."},{"text":"The average victim standard.","correct":false,"explanation":"The claimant’s characteristics do not provide the general benchmark for breach. Civil fault is judged against the objective reasonable person standard."}]},{"id":"430a79c6-90d2-43b5-86b7-76477ecc0d2e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Nettleship v Weston show about learner drivers?","back":"They are judged as reasonably competent drivers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are judged as reasonably competent drivers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nettleship v Weston confirmed that learners are held to the objective standard of a reasonably competent driver, despite their inexperience."},{"text":"They are judged as careful learner drivers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Learner status does not create a lower standard based on the care expected from beginners. They are judged as reasonably competent drivers."},{"text":"They are judged as highly skilled drivers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The law does not demand exceptional or professional driving ability from learners. The applicable benchmark is a reasonably competent driver."},{"text":"They are judged as novice drivers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using a novice-driver standard would make inexperience a defence to negligence. Nettleship v Weston applies the objective reasonably competent driver standard."}]},{"id":"2f5d4bab-6755-43ab-9e03-20d730181ed5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Strict liability means liability without proof of [ ] for at least one [ ].","back":"Strict liability means liability without proof of mens rea for at least one element.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Strict liability means liability without proof of mens rea for at least one element.","correct":true,"explanation":"Strict liability removes the need to prove mens rea for at least one element of the offence, although the prosecution must still establish the relevant actus reus."},{"text":"Strict liability means liability without proof of actus reus for at least one element.","correct":false,"explanation":"The physical element of an offence cannot generally be omitted. Strict liability concerns dispensing with mens rea for at least one element."},{"text":"Strict liability means liability without proof of mens rea for at least one offence.","correct":false,"explanation":"The whole offence is not necessarily free from mens rea; strict liability usually removes it for one or more particular elements of the offence."},{"text":"Strict liability means liability without proof of intention for at least one offence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intention is only one possible form of mens rea, and the relevant unit is an element rather than the entire offence. The definition refers to mens rea for at least one element."}]},{"id":"a8371c2d-aa51-45d6-83c5-4d64a13455b3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What presumption did Sweet v Parsley confirm?","back":"Courts usually presume mens rea is required.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Courts usually presume mens rea is required.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sweet v Parsley confirmed the presumption that Parliament intends criminal offences to require mens rea unless the statute clearly or necessarily indicates strict liability."},{"text":"Courts usually presume strict liability applies.","correct":false,"explanation":"The starting point is not strict liability. Courts generally presume mens rea is required, unless the legislation rebuts that presumption."},{"text":"Courts usually presume ignorance of the law is a defence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ignorance of the law is generally no defence, and Sweet v Parsley addressed mens rea rather than legal knowledge. The usual presumption is that mens rea is required."},{"text":"Courts usually presume intention must be proven.","correct":false,"explanation":"The presumption covers mens rea generally, not intention specifically. Some offences require recklessness, knowledge, or another mental state instead."}]},{"id":"ef7df505-ab57-4307-a0a4-6124b4334920","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"According to Gammon, when is strict liability more likely?","back":"For public safety or regulatory offences.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For public safety or regulatory offences.","correct":true,"explanation":"Gammon indicates that strict liability is more likely where legislation protects the public or regulates activities, especially when effective enforcement is important."},{"text":"For private disputes or contractual offences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Strict liability is associated with public protection and regulatory legislation, not ordinary private contractual disputes. Gammon identifies public safety or regulatory offences as more likely."},{"text":"For serious violent or sexual offences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Serious criminal offences normally require proof of an appropriate guilty mind. Strict liability is more commonly used for public safety or regulatory offences."},{"text":"For dishonesty or property offences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dishonesty and property offences commonly depend on a specific mental state, such as intention or dishonesty. Gammon instead points to public safety or regulatory offences."}]},{"id":"adb4fe12-ae6a-4ee7-aeea-5dbec0ae9d2d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Under s2 Consumer Protection Act 1987, what need not be proven?","back":"That the producer was careless.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"That the producer was careless.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under the Consumer Protection Act 1987, liability for defective products is generally strict, so the claimant need not prove that the producer acted negligently or carelessly."},{"text":"That the producer acted intentionally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intention is not the required issue in a product liability claim. The important point is that carelessness need not be proven under the statutory regime."},{"text":"That the producer acted dishonestly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dishonesty is irrelevant to establishing the statutory defect and damage requirements. The Act removes the need to prove that the producer was careless."},{"text":"That the producer caused the defect.","correct":false,"explanation":"The claimant must still establish that the product was defective and caused the relevant damage. What need not be proven is the producer’s carelessness."}]},{"id":"d6f63645-52a9-4b91-8006-335fb2fbe924","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can strict liability seem harsh?","back":"Liability can exist without moral blameworthiness.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Liability can exist without moral blameworthiness.","correct":true,"explanation":"Strict liability can impose criminal responsibility without proving a guilty mind, meaning the defendant may be liable even without moral blameworthiness."},{"text":"Liability can exist without causation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Causation may still be necessary where the offence or claim requires a result. The harshness of strict liability concerns liability without moral blameworthiness."},{"text":"Liability can exist without actus reus.","correct":false,"explanation":"There must generally be a prohibited act or omission. Strict liability is harsh because mens rea or moral blameworthiness may not need to be established."},{"text":"Liability can exist without financial loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"Financial loss is not the general basis of strict criminal liability. The concern is that responsibility can arise without proving moral blameworthiness."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-20","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Nature of law: law and society","title":"Nature of law: law and society Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/law/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"87eaf43f-6a30-53a1-b525-49d315115a5d","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]