33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/1xyh1u_ku6jw-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36r9y5g_s4k64.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/44w2c3xxfw4wd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/27ftpb6yvr6lz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1o4x0l2qh0ta-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2gqripb6ybmw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/1xyh1u_ku6jw-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36r9y5g_s4k64.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/44w2c3xxfw4wd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/27ftpb6yvr6lz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1o4x0l2qh0ta-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2gqripb6ybmw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/1xyh1u_ku6jw-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36r9y5g_s4k64.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/44w2c3xxfw4wd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/27ftpb6yvr6lz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1o4x0l2qh0ta-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2gqripb6ybmw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/1xyh1u_ku6jw-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36r9y5g_s4k64.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/44w2c3xxfw4wd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/16jtsbm2g52s0.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/05mo4k9k-ry1n.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0qeo40bqomvxa.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/27ftpb6yvr6lz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1o4x0l2qh0ta-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2gqripb6ybmw9.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2l63yczi1z2qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/2fnth9-t6i7kd.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791882788"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/a-level/law/aqa/law-making-parliamentary-law-making/flashcards","label":"Law making: parliamentary law making","subjectCode":"a_level_law__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"c750b72e-54e3-451a-9458-6b7ced32e00f","title":"Law making: parliamentary law making Flashcards","topicId":"fa8b91ec-d17f-57a9-a012-f9d4cca9ca14","topicSlug":"law-making-parliamentary-law-making","cards":[{"id":"aea483fe-b83e-4836-8801-dc0d0c94994f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A Bill becomes an Act of Parliament after passing Parliament and receiving [ ].","back":"A Bill becomes an Act of Parliament after passing Parliament and receiving Royal Assent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Royal Assent","correct":true,"explanation":"Royal Assent is the monarch’s formal approval of a Bill. Once it has passed both Houses and received Royal Assent, the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament."},{"text":"the Monarch’s Speech","correct":false,"explanation":"The Monarch’s Speech outlines the government’s proposed legislative programme rather than approving individual Bills. The final approval that turns a Bill into an Act is Royal Assent."},{"text":"a parliamentary majority","correct":false,"explanation":"Majority votes help a Bill pass through Parliament, but they do not themselves turn it into an Act. Royal Assent provides the required formal approval."},{"text":"ministerial approval","correct":false,"explanation":"Ministers may support and promote a Bill, but their approval does not complete the legislative process. A Bill becomes an Act after receiving Royal Assent."}]},{"id":"bf4b74f2-25f8-435f-8aba-e628d307eae3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] invites consultation on options; a [ ] states the government’s preferred policy.","back":"A Green Paper invites consultation on options; a White Paper states the government’s preferred policy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A Green Paper invites consultation on options; a White Paper states the government’s preferred policy.","correct":true,"explanation":"A Green Paper presents possible approaches and encourages consultation. A White Paper follows with firmer proposals, setting out the government’s preferred policy before legislation is introduced."},{"text":"A White Paper invites consultation on options; a Green Paper states the government’s preferred policy.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the roles of the two papers. A Green Paper invites consultation on possible options, while a White Paper presents the government’s preferred policy."},{"text":"A White Paper invites consultation on options; a White Paper states the government’s preferred policy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first term confuses initial consultation with firm policy proposals. A Green Paper invites consultation on options, whereas a White Paper states the government’s preferred policy."},{"text":"A Green Paper invites consultation on options; a Green Paper states the government’s preferred policy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second term wrongly treats an exploratory document as settled policy. A Green Paper invites consultation, while a White Paper states the government’s preferred policy."}]},{"id":"316a4ba4-2ae4-4da5-a64d-6fafd680087f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Green Papers and White Papers are [ ] stages of parliamentary law making.","back":"Green Papers and White Papers are not legally required stages of parliamentary law making.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"not legally required","correct":true,"explanation":"Green Papers and White Papers may help the government consult and develop policy, but neither is a compulsory legal stage that every Bill must pass through."},{"text":"legally required","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes useful pre-legislative documents for compulsory parliamentary stages. Green Papers and White Papers are not legally required, and a Bill can be introduced without either document."},{"text":"judicially supervised","correct":false,"explanation":"The courts do not supervise Green Papers and White Papers as stages of making primary legislation. They are optional policy-development documents and are not legally required."},{"text":"post-legislative","correct":false,"explanation":"These papers normally arise while policy is being developed, before a Bill is introduced, rather than after legislation. They are not legally required stages of parliamentary law making."}]},{"id":"a2f86e9f-97b1-4796-90a8-6a86062e3639","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens at the First Reading of a Bill?","back":"The Bill’s title is read out; there is no real debate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Bill’s title is read out; there is no real debate.","correct":true,"explanation":"First Reading is a formal introductory stage at which the Bill’s title is read out. The Bill is ordered to be printed, but no substantive debate occurs."},{"text":"The Bill’s general principles are debated; a vote may then be held.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debating the Bill’s general principles and holding a vote are features of Second Reading. At First Reading, only the title is read out and there is no real debate."},{"text":"The Bill is examined clause by clause; detailed amendments may be proposed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clause-by-clause examination and detailed amendment take place at Committee Stage. First Reading is only a formal introduction where the Bill’s title is read out."},{"text":"The Bill’s final version is debated; the House votes on whether to pass it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debate and voting on the final version occur at Third Reading. At First Reading, the Bill’s title is read out without any real debate."}]},{"id":"86a332e4-2402-49fa-a62c-fcc9bd1968b7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which stage debates the general principles of a Bill?","back":"Second Reading.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Second Reading.","correct":true,"explanation":"At Second Reading, members debate the Bill’s overall purpose and general principles. A vote usually determines whether the Bill should proceed to detailed consideration."},{"text":"First Reading.","correct":false,"explanation":"First Reading is a formal introduction at which the Bill’s title is read out without substantive debate. The general principles are debated at Second Reading."},{"text":"Committee Stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Committee Stage focuses on detailed, clause-by-clause examination rather than the Bill’s general principles. Those broad principles are debated at Second Reading."},{"text":"Third Reading.","correct":false,"explanation":"Third Reading considers the Bill’s final version after detailed scrutiny and amendments. The main debate on its general principles takes place earlier, at Second Reading."}]},{"id":"bf346e33-6f13-45e0-b0a8-28eb7a54fb39","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which stage examines a Bill clause by clause?","back":"Committee Stage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Committee Stage.","correct":true,"explanation":"Committee Stage provides detailed scrutiny of each clause of the Bill. Members can discuss the wording and propose amendments before the Bill returns to the whole House."},{"text":"Second Reading.","correct":false,"explanation":"Second Reading debates the Bill’s overall purpose and general principles rather than examining each clause. Detailed clause-by-clause scrutiny occurs at Committee Stage."},{"text":"Report Stage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Report Stage lets the whole House review committee changes and consider further amendments. The initial detailed examination of the Bill clause by clause occurs at Committee Stage."},{"text":"Third Reading.","correct":false,"explanation":"Third Reading considers and votes on the Bill’s final version rather than conducting detailed clause-by-clause scrutiny. That detailed examination belongs to Committee Stage."}]},{"id":"9bc18af0-5f60-4c62-be40-1630d416178c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the Report Stage allow the whole House to consider?","back":"Committee changes and possible further amendments.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Committee changes and possible further amendments.","correct":true,"explanation":"At Report Stage, the Bill returns to the whole House, allowing all members to consider changes made in committee and propose or debate further amendments."},{"text":"The Bill’s general principles and whether it should proceed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Bill’s general principles and whether it should proceed are considered at Second Reading. Report Stage considers committee changes and possible further amendments."},{"text":"The Bill’s individual clauses and evidence presented to the committee.","correct":false,"explanation":"Detailed clause-by-clause scrutiny is primarily the function of Committee Stage. Report Stage allows the whole House to review committee changes and consider further amendments."},{"text":"The Bill’s final version and whether it should receive Royal Assent.","correct":false,"explanation":"The final version is debated and voted on at Third Reading, while Royal Assent follows parliamentary approval. Report Stage considers committee changes and possible further amendments."}]},{"id":"61caf68c-b44c-4275-888f-45d90cf6423e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens at the Third Reading?","back":"The final version is debated and voted on.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The final version is debated and voted on.","correct":true,"explanation":"Third Reading is the House’s final opportunity to consider the completed Bill. Members debate its final version and vote on whether it should pass."},{"text":"The general principles are debated and voted on.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debate on the Bill’s general principles occurs at Second Reading. Third Reading instead considers the final version and includes a vote on whether to pass it."},{"text":"The Bill is examined clause by clause and detailed amendments are proposed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clause-by-clause examination and detailed amendments are features of Committee Stage. At Third Reading, the final version of the Bill is debated and voted on."},{"text":"The Bill’s title is read out without any real debate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reading out the title without substantive debate occurs at First Reading. Third Reading is the later stage at which the final version is debated and voted on."}]},{"id":"b470ae6b-c0cf-4fc1-a045-1a3d19d8a37f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When the two Houses disagree over amendments, the Bill may move back and forth in [ ].","back":"When the two Houses disagree over amendments, the Bill may move back and forth in parliamentary ping-pong.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"parliamentary ping-pong","correct":true,"explanation":"Disagreements over amendments can cause a Bill to move repeatedly between the Commons and Lords, a process conventionally known as parliamentary ping-pong."},{"text":"legislative shuttle","correct":false,"explanation":"Legislative shuttle is not the recognised parliamentary term for this process. Repeated exchanges of amendments between the two Houses are known as parliamentary ping-pong."},{"text":"committee scrutiny","correct":false,"explanation":"Committee scrutiny concerns detailed examination of a Bill, not repeated disagreement between the Houses. Movement back and forth over amendments is called parliamentary ping-pong."},{"text":"bicameral deadlock","correct":false,"explanation":"Bicameral deadlock describes an unresolved conflict rather than the repeated exchange itself. The process of sending amendments between the Houses is parliamentary ping-pong."}]},{"id":"8f8b15d1-4988-4fd2-ac68-7eda84a775d0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is final formal approval by the [ ].","back":"Royal Assent is final formal approval by the Monarch.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Royal Assent is final formal approval by the Monarch.","correct":true,"explanation":"Royal Assent is the Monarch’s formal approval of a Bill. Once assent is granted, the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament."},{"text":"Royal Assent is final formal approval by the Prime Minister.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Prime Minister does not provide the final formal approval of legislation. Royal Assent is granted by the Monarch after the parliamentary stages are complete."},{"text":"Third Reading is final formal approval by the Monarch.","correct":false,"explanation":"Third Reading is a parliamentary stage rather than the final formal approval, and the Monarch does not conduct it. Final approval is Royal Assent by the Monarch."},{"text":"Presidential Assent is final formal approval by the President.","correct":false,"explanation":"Presidential Assent belongs to presidential constitutional systems, not the UK Parliament. In the UK, Royal Assent is the final formal approval given by the Monarch."}]},{"id":"eb91bf0c-3c20-434e-8190-23b1a298add4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What can happen to a Money Bill under s1 Parliament Act 1911?","back":"It can become law without Lords’ consent after one month.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can become law without Lords’ consent after one month.","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 1 allows a qualifying Money Bill to receive Royal Assent without the Lords’ consent if the Lords fail to pass it within one month."},{"text":"It can become law without Lords’ consent after one year.","correct":false,"explanation":"The one-year delay broadly applies to most public Bills under section 2, not Money Bills. Under section 1, a Money Bill can bypass the Lords after one month."},{"text":"It can become law without Lords’ consent after two months.","correct":false,"explanation":"This doubles the statutory delay and confuses the special expedited procedure for financial legislation. A qualifying Money Bill can bypass the Lords after one month."},{"text":"It can become law without Lords’ consent after one week.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act does not allow an immediate bypass merely because a Bill concerns finance. Section 1 requires the relevant one-month period to pass first."}]},{"id":"facd74cb-ab24-4506-b24a-9831e44d702d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What can happen to most public Bills under s2 Parliament Act 1911, as amended?","back":"They can pass without the Lords after roughly one year across two sessions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They can pass without the Lords after roughly one year across two sessions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under the amended section 2 procedure, the Commons can overcome Lords’ opposition after the Bill has been rejected across two sessions over roughly one year."},{"text":"They can pass without the Lords after roughly one month in one session.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses ordinary public Bills with Money Bills, which may bypass the Lords after one month. Most public Bills require roughly one year across two sessions."},{"text":"They can pass without the Lords after roughly two years across three sessions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two years across three sessions reflects the longer delay under the original 1911 rules. The 1949 amendment reduced it to roughly one year across two sessions."},{"text":"They can pass without the Lords after roughly six months in one session.","correct":false,"explanation":"Six months in one session does not satisfy the statutory procedure for bypassing the Lords. Most public Bills require rejection across two sessions over roughly one year."}]},{"id":"025c0376-badd-40e6-95bb-e5068388988f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can manifesto promises give law making democratic legitimacy?","back":"Voters can support or reject parties at elections.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Voters can support or reject parties at elections.","correct":true,"explanation":"Elections allow voters to endorse parties offering particular manifesto commitments or remove those parties from office, giving resulting legislation an electoral mandate."},{"text":"Voters can amend or reject Bills at elections.","correct":false,"explanation":"Voters do not directly amend parliamentary Bills at general elections. Democratic legitimacy instead comes from their ability to support or reject parties and their manifesto programmes."},{"text":"Judges can support or reject manifestos at elections.","correct":false,"explanation":"Judges are not elected to approve party manifestos, and judicial interpretation is not an electoral mandate. Legitimacy comes from voters supporting or rejecting parties at elections."},{"text":"Peers can support or reject parties at elections.","correct":false,"explanation":"Members of the House of Lords are generally unelected and do not select governments through general elections. Voters provide legitimacy by supporting or rejecting parties."}]},{"id":"0ff5c73c-b874-4f2a-b71d-065874e5cc6c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can the Law Commission improve parliamentary law making?","back":"It provides expert, detailed, non-party reform proposals.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It provides expert, detailed, non-party reform proposals.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Law Commission conducts specialist research and consultation independently of party competition, enabling it to produce technically detailed and evidence-based proposals for reform."},{"text":"It provides binding, immediate, judicial reform proposals.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Law Commission does not create binding legislation; Parliament must enact its proposals. Its value lies in providing expert, detailed and non-party recommendations for reform."},{"text":"It provides popular, electoral, party reform proposals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Manifesto-based proposals are associated with political parties rather than the independent Law Commission. The Commission improves law making through expert, detailed and non-party analysis."},{"text":"It provides brief, general, partisan reform proposals.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Commission’s work is not designed to be brief, general or politically partisan. Its contribution is careful, expert and detailed non-party reform proposals."}]},{"id":"2d7fc8b0-bb2f-4ef5-af75-e27e75b8d74c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What limits the Law Commission’s influence on Parliament?","back":"Its recommendations are not binding and may be delayed or ignored.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its recommendations are not binding and may be delayed or ignored.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Law Commission advises rather than legislates, so Parliament and the government may choose not to implement its proposals or may postpone them."},{"text":"Its recommendations are automatically binding and must be enacted immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Law Commission recommendations do not automatically become legislation. They are not binding and therefore depend on the government and Parliament finding time and support to implement them."},{"text":"Its recommendations need Royal approval before Parliament may consider them.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Monarch does not decide whether Law Commission proposals are introduced into Parliament. Their influence is limited because recommendations are non-binding and may be delayed or ignored."},{"text":"Its recommendations are binding on courts even before Parliament acts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Courts do not have to apply Law Commission proposals before Parliament legislates. The proposals are recommendations only, so they may be postponed or never implemented."}]},{"id":"94dc08f3-5bd8-43ef-b1c1-28f6d43441b6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can pressure groups improve law making?","back":"They can represent affected groups and provide specialist evidence.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They can represent affected groups and provide specialist evidence.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pressure groups can communicate the experiences of people affected by proposed laws and contribute specialist knowledge that may improve parliamentary debate and drafting."},{"text":"They can enact binding laws and bypass parliamentary scrutiny.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure groups cannot directly enact legislation or bypass Parliament. Their constructive role is to represent affected groups and provide specialist evidence to lawmakers."},{"text":"They can replace elected MPs and determine election results.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure groups do not replace elected MPs or determine election results. They can improve law making by representing affected groups and supplying specialist evidence."},{"text":"They can grant Royal Assent and approve proposed legislation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Royal Assent is given formally by the Monarch, not by pressure groups. Pressure groups instead assist law making through representation and specialist evidence."}]},{"id":"33d0bdcf-573d-4917-ac15-4f31f0d15080","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is a risk of pressure-group influence?","back":"Wealthy or loud groups may gain more access.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Wealthy or loud groups may gain more access.","correct":true,"explanation":"Resources, publicity and strong political connections can give some pressure groups disproportionate access to decision-makers, allowing their interests to influence legislation more heavily than less powerful groups."},{"text":"Small or quiet groups are guaranteed more access.","correct":false,"explanation":"Access is not guaranteed for less prominent groups; they may struggle to attract political attention. The risk is that wealthy or loud groups gain disproportionate access."},{"text":"All competing groups must receive equal access.","correct":false,"explanation":"There is no requirement that Parliament gives every pressure group equal access. Wealthy or highly vocal groups may secure greater influence than less well-resourced groups."},{"text":"Judges and courts may gain more access.","correct":false,"explanation":"Judges are not pressure groups seeking privileged lobbying access. The concern is that wealthy or loud pressure groups may gain greater access to lawmakers than others."}]},{"id":"00a1aa12-1f24-4053-a1c3-03ba8ac29c7e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A pressure group representing a profession is [ ]; one campaigning for a cause is [ ].","back":"A pressure group representing a profession is sectional; one campaigning for a cause is promotional.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A pressure group representing a profession is sectional; one campaigning for a cause is promotional.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sectional groups protect the shared interests of a defined section of society, such as a profession, while promotional groups seek broader change by campaigning for a particular cause."},{"text":"A pressure group representing a profession is promotional; one campaigning for a cause is sectional.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the classifications. A profession-based group is sectional because it represents members’ interests, whereas a cause-based group is promotional because it promotes wider change."},{"text":"A pressure group representing a profession is promotional; one campaigning for a cause is insider.","correct":false,"explanation":"Promotional describes a cause-based group, while insider concerns a group’s relationship with government rather than its purpose. A professional group is sectional and a cause group promotional."},{"text":"A pressure group representing a profession is outsider; one campaigning for a cause is sectional.","correct":false,"explanation":"Insider and outsider status describes access to government, not whom a group represents. A professional group is sectional, while a group campaigning for a cause is promotional."}]},{"id":"7e2d35e8-9a30-4c98-8387-1f70fefdf3be","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What risk can media and public opinion create for law making?","back":"Sensationalism, moral panic or rushed law making.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sensationalism, moral panic or rushed law making.","correct":true,"explanation":"Intense or exaggerated coverage can create public fear and pressure Parliament to respond quickly, producing reactive legislation without sufficient consultation, scrutiny or consideration of unintended consequences."},{"text":"Judicial independence, precedent or delegated law making.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are legal institutions and processes rather than risks created by media pressure. Media coverage can instead encourage sensationalism, moral panic and rushed law making."},{"text":"Detailed scrutiny, consultation or measured law making.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are generally safeguards associated with careful legislative development, not media-related risks. Public pressure can instead cause sensationalism, moral panic or hurried legislative responses."},{"text":"Legal certainty, consistency or clearer law making.","correct":false,"explanation":"Certainty, consistency and clarity are desirable qualities rather than dangers of media influence. Sensational reporting may create moral panic and pressure Parliament into making rushed laws."}]},{"id":"a125bef3-2f9a-4fd7-a5c0-d4b26219b208","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What three legal consequences follow from parliamentary supremacy?","back":"

Parliament can make or unmake any law.
No Parliament can bind a future Parliament.
No court can declare an Act invalid.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Parliament can make or unmake any law.
No Parliament can bind a future Parliament.
No court can declare an Act invalid.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Parliamentary supremacy means Parliament has unlimited legislative competence, each Parliament remains free to change earlier legislation, and courts must recognise valid Acts rather than invalidate them."},{"text":"

Parliament can make but not repeal any law.
Each Parliament can bind a future Parliament.
Any court can declare an Act invalid.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses all three consequences of supremacy. Parliament may make or unmake any law, cannot bind its successors, and its valid Acts cannot be declared invalid by courts."},{"text":"

Parliament can make only constitutional law.
No Parliament can amend an earlier Parliament.
No court can interpret an Act.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Supremacy is not confined to constitutional law, later Parliaments may amend earlier Acts, and courts may interpret legislation. Courts cannot, however, declare a valid Act invalid."},{"text":"

Parliament can make law with judicial approval.
The first Parliament can bind every future Parliament.
Senior courts can repeal an invalid Act.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Parliament does not require judicial approval, cannot bind future Parliaments, and courts do not repeal Acts. Supremacy places ultimate legislative authority in Parliament itself."}]},{"id":"215a7170-a2e1-4aac-8bf1-85f2859d4279","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In [ ], a later Act could override an earlier Act.","back":"In Ellen Street Estates v Minister of Health [1934], a later Act could override an earlier Act.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ellen Street Estates v Minister of Health [1934]","correct":true,"explanation":"The court applied implied repeal in Ellen Street Estates, holding that a later inconsistent Act prevails because an earlier Parliament cannot prevent a future Parliament changing the law."},{"text":"R (Jackson) v Attorney General [2005]","correct":false,"explanation":"Jackson concerned the validity of the Parliament Acts and comments about parliamentary sovereignty, not the leading application of implied repeal. The relevant case is Ellen Street Estates."},{"text":"Factortame Ltd v Secretary of State [1990]","correct":false,"explanation":"Factortame concerned the former priority of directly effective EU law over conflicting domestic legislation. Ellen Street Estates established that a later Act could override an earlier inconsistent Act."},{"text":"R v Secretary of State, ex parte Simms [2000]","correct":false,"explanation":"Simms concerned the principle of legality and the need for clear words to override fundamental rights. The implied-repeal authority is Ellen Street Estates v Minister of Health."}]},{"id":"fb5a0dd7-a687-45ce-b3ba-0e1f888add74","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does s3 Human Rights Act 1998 require courts to do?","back":"Interpret legislation compatibly with Convention rights so far as possible.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Interpret legislation compatibly with Convention rights so far as possible.","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 3 requires courts to read and give effect to legislation compatibly with Convention rights whenever it is possible to do so, using a strong interpretative obligation."},{"text":"Invalidate legislation conflicting with Convention rights in every case.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Human Rights Act does not give courts a general power to strike down Acts of Parliament. Section 3 instead requires compatible interpretation so far as possible."},{"text":"Interpret legislation according to its literal meaning without exception.","correct":false,"explanation":"Section 3 may require courts to move beyond an ordinary literal reading to achieve compatibility with Convention rights. The duty applies so far as such interpretation is possible."},{"text":"Refer incompatible legislation back to Parliament before applying it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Courts do not have to refer legislation to Parliament before applying it. Section 3 requires them to interpret legislation compatibly with Convention rights so far as possible."}]},{"id":"2dffa253-a667-4b23-bd9b-515f2730a3e7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the legal effect of a s4 Human Rights Act declaration of incompatibility?","back":"It does not invalidate the Act; Parliament decides whether to amend it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It does not invalidate the Act; Parliament decides whether to amend it.","correct":true,"explanation":"A section 4 declaration identifies incompatibility but preserves the Act’s validity and operation. Parliamentary supremacy is maintained because Parliament chooses whether and how to amend the legislation."},{"text":"It immediately invalidates the Act; Parliament must replace it.","correct":false,"explanation":"A declaration of incompatibility is not a judicial strike-down power and does not affect the Act’s validity. Parliament retains discretion over whether to amend the legislation."},{"text":"It automatically suspends the Act; Parliament must review it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Section 4 does not suspend the legislation or prevent its continued application. It formally records incompatibility, leaving Parliament to decide whether any amendment should follow."},{"text":"It judicially amends the Act; Parliament must accept the change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Courts cannot rewrite an Act through a section 4 declaration or compel Parliament to amend it. The declaration leaves the legislation valid and the political response discretionary."}]},{"id":"613fd0c0-c607-4521-8e05-d4919fdb84b3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the former EU law limit not destroy parliamentary supremacy?","back":"Parliament created the limit and later removed it after Brexit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Parliament created the limit and later removed it after Brexit.","correct":true,"explanation":"EU law had domestic priority because Parliament enacted the European Communities Act 1972. Parliament retained ultimate authority and demonstrated it by removing that framework following Brexit."},{"text":"The EU created the limit and courts later removed it after Brexit.","correct":false,"explanation":"EU law operated domestically through legislation enacted by Parliament, not solely through external EU authority. Parliament, rather than the courts, removed the relevant framework after Brexit."},{"text":"The courts created the limit and ministers later removed it after Brexit.","correct":false,"explanation":"Courts applied the priority Parliament had accepted through the European Communities Act 1972; they did not independently create it. Parliament later legislated to remove the framework."},{"text":"Parliament accepted a permanent limit that could never be removed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The restriction was not legally permanent because one Parliament cannot bind its successors. Parliament confirmed its continuing supremacy by legislating to end the former EU law arrangement."}]},{"id":"440f37f1-f653-4511-b9a3-caa8df437a70","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is the Sewel convention not a legal limit on Westminster?","back":"Miller [2017] confirmed political conventions are not legally enforceable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Miller [2017] confirmed political conventions are not legally enforceable.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Supreme Court held that the Sewel convention regulates political conduct rather than legal power. Courts therefore cannot enforce it or prevent Westminster legislating on devolved matters."},{"text":"Jackson [2005] confirmed courts can invalidate Acts that breach constitutional conventions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Jackson did not make constitutional conventions enforceable or allow courts to invalidate Acts for breaching them. Miller [2017] confirmed that the Sewel convention remains political, not legal."},{"text":"Thoburn [2002] confirmed devolved legislatures can veto Westminster legislation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Thoburn concerned constitutional statutes and implied repeal, not a devolved legislature’s power to veto Westminster. Miller [2017] confirmed that the Sewel convention is not legally enforceable."},{"text":"Factortame [1990] confirmed conventions legally restrict parliamentary sovereignty.","correct":false,"explanation":"Factortame concerned the priority then given to EU law, not the legal enforcement of conventions. Miller [2017] confirmed that Sewel cannot legally restrict Westminster’s legislative authority."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-20","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Law making: parliamentary law making","title":"Law making: parliamentary law making Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/law/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"fa8b91ec-d17f-57a9-a012-f9d4cca9ca14","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]