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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/a-level/law/aqa/discharge-of-a-contract/flashcards","label":"Discharge of a contract","subjectCode":"a_level_law__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"c039e7ab-fb51-4b9b-a222-04dd110b4d54","title":"Discharge of a contract Flashcards","topicId":"ddeca64d-281d-5b12-9ba6-7cc97d47c651","topicSlug":"discharge-of-a-contract","cards":[{"id":"dcf275e5-eef1-47ef-8f4c-9997dff82c46","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which three routes can discharge a contract in a scenario?","back":"

Performance
Accepted repudiatory breach
Frustration

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Performance
Accepted repudiatory breach
Frustration

","correct":true,"explanation":"A contract may be discharged through complete or substantial performance, acceptance of a repudiatory breach, or frustration caused by a qualifying event beyond the parties’ control."},{"text":"

Request for performance
Anticipatory breach
Misrepresentation

","correct":false,"explanation":"A mere request for performance and an unaccepted anticipatory breach do not discharge a contract. The relevant routes are performance, accepted repudiatory breach, and frustration."},{"text":"

Offer
Acceptance
Consideration

","correct":false,"explanation":"Offer and acceptance form a contract, while consideration supports its enforceability; they do not discharge it. Discharge may occur through performance, accepted repudiatory breach, or frustration."},{"text":"

Negotiation
Invitation to treat
Unaccepted breach

","correct":false,"explanation":"Negotiation and invitation to treat concern contract formation, while an unaccepted breach does not end continuing obligations. The three routes are performance, accepted repudiatory breach, and frustration."}]},{"id":"6fa07c6f-c25e-4b89-9b94-ae6abb4a3458","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Before demanding payment under the complete performance rule, what must a party do?","back":"They must do exactly what they promised.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They must do exactly what they promised.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under the complete performance rule, a party must perform precisely what was promised before becoming entitled to demand the agreed contractual payment."},{"text":"They must make reasonable efforts to perform.","correct":false,"explanation":"Making reasonable efforts is insufficient where the contract requires complete performance. The party must do exactly what was promised before demanding the agreed payment."},{"text":"They must perform the main contractual terms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Completing the most important obligations may amount to substantial performance, but it is not the complete performance rule. Full payment requires doing exactly what was promised."},{"text":"They must begin carrying out their obligations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Beginning performance does not normally create entitlement to the entire contract price. Under the complete performance rule, the party must do exactly what was promised."}]},{"id":"ac0e0ec1-392a-4ff7-a9c1-2ec3c446be2a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why could the widow not recover wages in Cutter v Powell?","back":"Payment depended on completion of the whole voyage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Payment depended on completion of the whole voyage.","correct":true,"explanation":"The contract made completion of the entire voyage a condition of payment. Because Cutter died before completion, no contractual wages became payable to his widow."},{"text":"Payment depended on the ship arriving exactly on time.","correct":false,"explanation":"The claim did not fail because payment depended on the ship arriving punctually. It failed because the entire voyage had to be completed before wages became due."},{"text":"Payment depended on proof of the sailor’s competence.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cutter’s competence was not the reason payment was refused. The contract made completion of the whole voyage a condition precedent to receiving wages."},{"text":"Payment depended on the widow joining the voyage.","correct":false,"explanation":"The widow’s legal status was not the obstacle to recovery. No payment had accrued because Cutter had not completed the whole voyage as the contract required."}]},{"id":"d2b23a90-dc4c-41b3-bfbb-69a2df90f872","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] exists where main obligations are performed with only [ ] remaining.","back":"Substantial performance exists where main obligations are performed with only minor defects remaining.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Substantial performance exists where main obligations are performed with only minor defects remaining.","correct":true,"explanation":"Substantial performance occurs when the essential contractual obligations have been completed and only minor defects remain, allowing payment subject to a deduction for remedying them."},{"text":"Complete performance exists where main obligations are performed with only minor defects remaining.","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete performance requires all contractual obligations to be fulfilled, not the main obligations with defects outstanding. The described situation is substantial performance with minor defects remaining."},{"text":"Substantial performance exists where main obligations are performed with only serious defects remaining.","correct":false,"explanation":"Substantial performance applies only where remaining defects are minor. Serious defects affecting the central purpose of the contract prevent performance from being classified as substantial."},{"text":"Partial performance exists where main obligations are performed with only minor defects remaining.","correct":false,"explanation":"Partial performance concerns completing only part of the promised work and may require free acceptance. Main obligations completed with minor defects instead constitute substantial performance."}]},{"id":"e46f6afa-1312-40b7-ae90-c7275ac7c93e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If performance is substantial, how is the contract price adjusted?","back":"The party claims the price minus defect repair costs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The party claims the price minus defect repair costs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Substantial performance permits recovery of the agreed contract price, but the innocent party may deduct the reasonable cost of remedying the remaining minor defects."},{"text":"The party claims the full price without any deduction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Substantial performance does not automatically entitle the performing party to the entire price. The proper award is the contract price minus the cost of repairing defects."},{"text":"The party claims the price plus defect repair costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"The repair cost is deducted rather than added because it compensates the innocent party for incomplete or defective work. The claim is the price minus repair costs."},{"text":"The party claims the cost of materials already used.","correct":false,"explanation":"Substantial performance does not restrict recovery to the cost of materials used. It permits the contract price, subject to deduction of reasonable defect repair costs."}]},{"id":"d4b9ee76-94a3-4eb4-80a6-f2a945e50aa1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Hoenig v Isaacs allow payment but Bolton v Mahadeva did not?","back":"

Hoenig: defects were minor.
Bolton: defects were serious.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Hoenig: defects were minor.
Bolton: defects were serious.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The decorating defects in Hoenig were minor enough for substantial performance, whereas the defective heating system in Bolton seriously impaired the contract’s purpose."},{"text":"

Hoenig: defects were serious.
Bolton: defects were minor.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the courts’ assessment. Hoenig involved minor defects and therefore substantial performance, while Bolton involved serious defects that prevented recovery."},{"text":"

Hoenig: work was abandoned.
Bolton: work was completed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The distinction was not whether either claimant abandoned the work. Hoenig involved minor defects, while Bolton involved serious defects undermining substantial performance."},{"text":"

Hoenig: work was freely accepted.
Bolton: work was rejected.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Free acceptance governs partial performance and was not the key distinction between these cases. Payment depended on minor defects in Hoenig versus serious defects in Bolton."}]},{"id":"d3f95c9e-aeb1-4ee2-b209-3a4e263f5313","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When can partial performance lead to payment?","back":"When the other party freely accepts it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When the other party freely accepts it.","correct":true,"explanation":"A party who freely chooses to accept a useful part of the promised performance may be required to pay a reasonable amount for the benefit accepted."},{"text":"When the other party knows it is incomplete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Awareness that work is incomplete does not itself create liability to pay. Partial performance can lead to payment only where the other party freely accepts it."},{"text":"When the performing party abandons the remaining work.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abandonment by the performing party does not establish voluntary acceptance by the innocent party. Payment requires the other party to freely accept the partial performance."},{"text":"When the completed work has some practical value.","correct":false,"explanation":"The usefulness of incomplete work alone is insufficient, particularly where the recipient has no genuine choice. Payment arises when the other party freely accepts the partial performance."}]},{"id":"7f967c26-2387-4fec-a58f-f10b85116d9b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why was there no free acceptance in Sumpter v Hedges?","back":"The owner was merely left with unfinished work.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The owner was merely left with unfinished work.","correct":true,"explanation":"The owner had no genuine choice whether to accept the partly built structures because they remained on his land. Being left with them was not free acceptance."},{"text":"The owner had never signed a written contract.","correct":false,"explanation":"The absence of a written contract was not the basis of the decision. There was no free acceptance because the owner was simply left with unfinished work on his land."},{"text":"The owner considered the finished work to be defective.","correct":false,"explanation":"The owner’s personal opinion about the quality was not decisive. He had no real choice to reject structures fixed to his land and was left with unfinished work."},{"text":"The owner had requested only part of the work.","correct":false,"explanation":"The owner did not voluntarily ask for and accept the incomplete state of the work. He was merely left with unfinished structures and therefore lacked genuine choice."}]},{"id":"3ed0f1b9-0121-4fe1-b7a8-50a83546c42d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can a party claim if the other party prevents completion?","back":"A quantum meruit reasonable payment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A quantum meruit reasonable payment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Where one party prevents completion, the performing party may claim a reasonable sum for the value of work already done under the principle of quantum meruit."},{"text":"A nominal damages token payment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nominal damages recognise a breach where no substantial loss is proved. Prevention of completion instead allows a quantum meruit claim for reasonable payment for work already performed."},{"text":"A specific performance compulsory payment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Specific performance compels contractual performance and is not a method of valuing completed work. The party may instead claim a reasonable payment on a quantum meruit basis."},{"text":"A punitive damages penalty payment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Contract damages generally compensate rather than punish, so punitive damages are not the appropriate claim. The party can seek a quantum meruit reasonable payment for work already done."}]},{"id":"f8d984c2-15ce-489f-b3c2-8f286bb68c10","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] happens at or after performance is due; [ ] happens before performance is due.","back":"Actual breach happens at or after performance is due; anticipatory breach happens before performance is due.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Actual breach happens at or after performance is due; anticipatory breach happens before performance is due.","correct":true,"explanation":"An actual breach occurs when performance is due or has begun, whereas an anticipatory breach arises when a party repudiates the contract before the performance date."},{"text":"Anticipatory breach happens at or after performance is due; actual breach happens before performance is due.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the timing of the two forms of breach. Actual breach occurs at or after the due date, while anticipatory breach occurs beforehand."},{"text":"Actual breach happens at or after performance is due; repudiatory breach happens before performance is due.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repudiatory describes the seriousness of a breach, not necessarily its timing. A breach occurring before performance is due is specifically an anticipatory breach."},{"text":"Fundamental breach happens at or after performance is due; anticipatory breach happens before performance is due.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fundamental breach concerns the breach’s effect or seriousness rather than when it occurs. The timing category for breach at or after performance is due is actual breach."}]},{"id":"c919e0fa-ca31-4923-a9ec-48a7d9b4fcfe","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Breach of a [ ] allows termination and damages; breach of a [ ] gives damages only.","back":"Breach of a condition allows termination and damages; breach of a warranty gives damages only.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Breach of a condition allows termination and damages; breach of a warranty gives damages only.","correct":true,"explanation":"A condition is a major contractual term, so its breach permits termination and damages. A warranty is less important, and its breach gives a damages remedy only."},{"text":"Breach of a warranty allows termination and damages; breach of a condition gives damages only.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the remedies for the two term types. Breach of a condition permits termination and damages, while breach of a warranty permits damages only."},{"text":"Breach of a condition allows termination and damages; breach of a innominate term gives damages only.","correct":false,"explanation":"An innominate term does not always restrict the claimant to damages. Termination is also available if the breach deprives the innocent party of substantially the whole benefit."},{"text":"Breach of a warranty allows termination and damages; breach of a warranty gives damages only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Breach of a warranty does not permit termination, even though it supports a damages claim. It is breach of a condition that normally allows both termination and damages."}]},{"id":"35faa24b-49a9-4f14-908a-f71d1bcbd995","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For an innominate term, what decides whether termination is available?","back":"Whether the breach deprived the innocent party of substantially the whole benefit.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Whether the breach deprived the innocent party of substantially the whole benefit.","correct":true,"explanation":"For an innominate term, the consequences of the breach determine the remedy. Termination is available where the innocent party loses substantially the whole contractual benefit."},{"text":"Whether the parties described the term as commercially very important.","correct":false,"explanation":"The parties’ general description of importance does not determine the remedy for an innominate term. The court examines whether the consequences removed substantially the whole contractual benefit."},{"text":"Whether the breach caused the innocent party any financial loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some financial loss may justify damages but does not automatically justify termination. Termination requires deprivation of substantially the whole benefit expected under the contract."},{"text":"Whether the party in breach acted deliberately or dishonestly.","correct":false,"explanation":"The breaching party’s motive is not the governing test for an innominate term. The decisive issue is the seriousness of the breach’s consequences for the innocent party."}]},{"id":"cccb420a-972d-40a3-aa71-0d5d38bdc783","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was termination allowed in Poussard v Spiers but not Bettini v Gye?","back":"

Poussard: missed opening performances - condition.
Bettini: missed rehearsals - warranty.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Poussard: missed opening performances - condition.
Bettini: missed rehearsals - warranty.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Missing the opening performances went to the root of Poussard’s contract, making the term a condition. Bettini’s missed rehearsals were less central, so the term was a warranty."},{"text":"

Poussard: missed opening performances - warranty.
Bettini: missed rehearsals - condition.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the classifications. Poussard’s opening performances were central and amounted to a condition, while Bettini’s rehearsal obligation was less important and amounted to a warranty."},{"text":"

Poussard: missed opening performances - condition.
Bettini: missed rehearsals - condition.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Bettini’s rehearsal obligation was not important enough to be a condition, so termination was unavailable. It was a warranty, although Poussard’s opening-performance obligation was a condition."},{"text":"

Poussard: missed opening performances - warranty.
Bettini: missed rehearsals - warranty.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Poussard’s absence from the opening performances undermined the main purpose of the engagement, so that obligation was a condition. Only Bettini’s rehearsal obligation was classified as a warranty."}]},{"id":"1065d811-dce1-49b3-bf7a-8f691d187abf","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In Hochster v De La Tour, what could the innocent party do before the start date?","back":"They could sue immediately for anticipatory breach.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They could sue immediately for anticipatory breach.","correct":true,"explanation":"The employer’s advance repudiation entitled Hochster to accept the breach and sue at once. He did not have to wait until the agreed start date."},{"text":"They had to wait until the start date to sue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Requiring the claimant to wait overlooks the anticipatory breach doctrine. Hochster could accept the advance repudiation and sue immediately, before contractual performance was due."},{"text":"They could terminate without claiming damages for anticipatory breach.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceptance of an anticipatory breach does not remove the right to damages. Hochster could treat the contract as discharged and sue immediately for the resulting loss."},{"text":"They could demand immediate performance of the contract.","correct":false,"explanation":"Performance was not yet due, and the case did not grant a right to force it early. Hochster’s remedy was to sue immediately for anticipatory breach."}]},{"id":"71d0c8a4-7470-4185-b96c-49d6bc654dba","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If the innocent party accepts the repudiation, the contract is [ ]; if they affirm, the contract [ ].","back":"If the innocent party accepts the repudiation, the contract is discharged; if they affirm, the contract continues.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"If the innocent party accepts the repudiation, the contract is discharged; if they affirm, the contract continues.","correct":true,"explanation":"Accepting repudiation ends future contractual obligations and allows a damages claim. Affirming rejects the attempted termination, so the contract remains in force and continues."},{"text":"If the innocent party accepts the repudiation, the contract is continued; if they affirm, the contract discharged.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the effects of the innocent party’s choices. Acceptance discharges the contract, whereas affirmation keeps the contract alive and requires continued readiness to perform."},{"text":"If the innocent party accepts the repudiation, the contract is suspended; if they affirm, the contract continues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceptance does not merely pause the parties’ obligations. It discharges the contract and permits damages, while affirmation keeps the contract continuing as stated."},{"text":"If the innocent party accepts the repudiation, the contract is discharged; if they affirm, the contract ends.","correct":false,"explanation":"Affirmation means choosing to keep the contract alive rather than ending it. The contract is discharged only when the innocent party accepts the repudiatory breach."}]},{"id":"011cc2b7-3749-4d1b-9e85-0f76078d392d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the risk of affirming after anticipatory breach?","back":"Later events may prevent recovery.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Later events may prevent recovery.","correct":true,"explanation":"Affirmation keeps the contract alive, so a later frustrating event may discharge it before the due date. That can prevent recovery for the earlier anticipatory breach."},{"text":"Affirmation ends the contract immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Affirmation has the opposite effect: it keeps the contract alive. The risk is that a later event may discharge the contract and prevent recovery."},{"text":"They waive every damages claim.","correct":false,"explanation":"Affirmation does not automatically surrender all rights to damages, although it rejects immediate termination. The real risk is that later events may arise and prevent recovery."},{"text":"The promisor must perform immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Affirmation keeps the original contractual timetable in place and does not make performance due early. Its risk is that intervening events may later prevent the innocent party’s recovery."}]},{"id":"06f68d4a-7969-4992-b442-8bbdd9dae84f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Damages follow Robinson v Harman: put the claimant as if the contract were [ ]; mitigation means steps to [ ].","back":"Damages follow Robinson v Harman: put the claimant as if the contract were performed; mitigation means steps to reduce loss.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Damages follow Robinson v Harman: put the claimant as if the contract were performed; mitigation means steps to reduce loss.","correct":true,"explanation":"The expectation measure places the claimant in the position they would have occupied had the contract been performed, while mitigation requires reasonable steps to reduce consequential loss."},{"text":"Damages follow Robinson v Harman: put the claimant as if the contract were cancelled; mitigation means steps to increase compensation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The aim is not to treat the contract as cancelled or reward increased loss. Robinson v Harman puts the claimant in the performance position, and mitigation reduces recoverable loss."},{"text":"Damages follow Robinson v Harman: put the claimant as if the contract were breached; mitigation means steps to transfer loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"A breach triggers the expectation measure, but damages do not assume the contract was merely breached and mitigation is not transferring loss. The claimant must take reasonable steps to reduce loss."},{"text":"Damages follow Robinson v Harman: put the claimant as if the contract were rescinded; mitigation means steps to avoid performance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rescission and avoiding performance confuse remedies with the damages principle. The correct approach assumes performance and requires reasonable action to reduce the loss caused by breach."}]},{"id":"30a2a1ca-2b59-4e80-90dc-bf366f849fa6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Frustration needs an event [ ], outside the parties' control, making performance impossible, illegal or [ ].","back":"Frustration needs an event after formation, outside the parties' control, making performance impossible, illegal or radically different.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Frustration needs an event after formation, outside the parties' control, making performance impossible, illegal or radically different.","correct":true,"explanation":"The frustrating event must arise after the contract is formed, without the parties’ control, and fundamentally transform performance so it becomes impossible, illegal or radically different."},{"text":"Frustration needs an event before formation, outside the parties' control, making performance impossible, illegal or slightly harder.","correct":false,"explanation":"An earlier event may affect formation or mistake, not frustration. Frustration requires an event after formation, and performance must become radically different rather than merely slightly more difficult."},{"text":"Frustration needs an event after formation, caused by one party, making performance impossible, illegal or more expensive.","correct":false,"explanation":"A party cannot normally rely on a self-induced event, and increased expense alone is insufficient. The event must be outside the parties’ control and make performance radically different."},{"text":"Frustration needs an event during negotiations, outside the parties' control, making performance impossible, illegal or temporarily inconvenient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frustration concerns a supervening event after formation, not something during negotiations. Temporary inconvenience also falls short of the radical change in performance that the doctrine requires."}]},{"id":"7a491f97-38ee-4851-8628-9b88525c31c2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Who chooses to terminate when frustration applies?","back":"No one - automatic discharge occurs from the frustrating event.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"No one - automatic discharge occurs from the frustrating event.","correct":true,"explanation":"Frustration operates automatically when the qualifying event occurs. Neither party chooses to terminate, although disputes may arise over whether the legal test for frustration is satisfied."},{"text":"The innocent party - termination by election follows the frustrating event.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frustration is not an election available only to an innocent party. If the doctrine applies, the contract is automatically discharged by the event itself."},{"text":"The party who caused it - termination by notice ends the contract.","correct":false,"explanation":"A self-induced event cannot normally establish frustration, and the contract does not end through the responsible party’s notice. A qualifying frustration causes automatic discharge without choice."},{"text":"The court - termination order is required before discharge.","correct":false,"explanation":"The court may decide retrospectively whether frustration applies, but its order does not create the discharge. The contract ends automatically when the qualifying frustrating event occurs."}]},{"id":"d3f5094f-6689-416a-ad98-708d0e0e430e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why was the contract frustrated in Taylor v Caldwell?","back":"The music hall burned down, destroying the subject matter.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The music hall burned down, destroying the subject matter.","correct":true,"explanation":"The music hall’s destruction made the agreed concerts impossible because the specific venue, which was essential to the contract, no longer existed."},{"text":"The music hall became more expensive, increasing the cost of performance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher cost or greater difficulty does not itself frustrate a contract. In Taylor v Caldwell, frustration arose because the specific music hall was destroyed."},{"text":"The organist became unavailable, preventing the planned performances.","correct":false,"explanation":"The case was not based on the unavailability of an individual performer. The essential subject matter was the music hall, and its destruction made performance impossible."},{"text":"The audience lost interest, reducing the concerts’ likely profits.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced demand or profitability is a commercial risk rather than destruction of the contractual subject matter. The contract was frustrated because the music hall itself burned down."}]},{"id":"02549dcb-2cbc-473b-843b-dc9b8922c43e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did frustration succeed in Krell v Henry but fail in Herne Bay Steamboat v Hutton?","back":"

Krell: shared coronation-viewing purpose failed.
Herne Bay: boat trip retained commercial purpose.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Krell: shared coronation-viewing purpose failed.
Herne Bay: boat trip retained commercial purpose.

","correct":true,"explanation":"In Krell, both parties understood that viewing the coronation procession was the contract’s foundation. In Herne Bay, the boat still had a substantial commercial purpose."},{"text":"

Krell: boat trip retained commercial purpose.
Herne Bay: shared coronation-viewing purpose failed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the cases. Krell was frustrated because the shared viewing purpose disappeared, whereas Herne Bay retained a commercial purpose despite the cancelled procession."},{"text":"

Krell: performance became more expensive.
Herne Bay: the vessel was destroyed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither case turned on increased expense or destruction of the vessel. The distinction is whether the contract’s common purpose failed in Krell but remained partly achievable in Herne Bay."},{"text":"

Krell: one party secretly changed the purpose.
Herne Bay: the parties had no shared purpose.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The issue was not a secret change or absence of any shared purpose. Krell involved a recognised common purpose that failed, while Herne Bay retained commercial value."}]},{"id":"9a7f9bce-6285-4fa6-bcf0-1b2992554d7a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Davis Contractors shows frustration is not available merely because performance is [ ]; Tsakiroglou shows no frustration where an [ ] is possible.","back":"Davis Contractors shows frustration is not available merely because performance is more onerous; Tsakiroglou shows no frustration where an alternative route is possible.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Davis Contractors shows frustration is not available merely because performance is more onerous; Tsakiroglou shows no frustration where an alternative route is possible.","correct":true,"explanation":"Frustration requires a fundamental change, not simply greater difficulty or expense. An available alternative route can preserve the contractual performance, as shown by Tsakiroglou."},{"text":"Davis Contractors shows frustration is not available merely because performance is more profitable; Tsakiroglou shows no frustration where an alternative route is possible.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater profitability is not the difficulty considered in Davis Contractors. The case establishes that increased onerousness is insufficient, while Tsakiroglou concerns an alternative route."},{"text":"Davis Contractors shows frustration is not available merely because performance is more onerous; Tsakiroglou shows no frustration where an identical contract is possible.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first principle is correct, but the second term is too narrow and does not describe the case. Tsakiroglou shows frustration is unavailable where performance can occur by an alternative route."},{"text":"Davis Contractors shows frustration is not available merely because performance is impossible; Tsakiroglou shows no frustration where an automatic discharge is possible.","correct":false,"explanation":"Impossibility is a recognised type of frustrating change, not a mere hardship excluded by Davis Contractors. Tsakiroglou instead focuses on the availability of an alternative route."}]},{"id":"5ab35514-7754-44a4-91b8-6454a8733b48","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens if the alleged frustrating event is self-induced?","back":"Frustration is unavailable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Frustration is unavailable.","correct":true,"explanation":"A party cannot rely on frustration where its own conduct caused or substantially contributed to the frustrating event. The doctrine addresses supervening events outside the parties’ control."},{"text":"Frustration is automatic.","correct":false,"explanation":"Automatic discharge applies only when a qualifying event occurs independently of the parties. If the alleged frustration is self-induced, frustration is unavailable rather than automatic."},{"text":"Frustration is delayed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Self-inducement does not postpone the doctrine until a later date. It prevents reliance on frustration altogether because the event was not beyond the party’s control."},{"text":"Frustration is presumed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The law does not presume frustration when a party caused the event. Self-induced frustration fails because a party cannot benefit from circumstances created by its own conduct."}]},{"id":"bf129f83-3773-4a88-91f1-99b396207f5e","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Under the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943, what are the key financial consequences?","back":"

s1(2): money paid recoverable; unpaid money usually stops.
s1(3): valuable benefit may justify a just sum.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

s1(2): money paid recoverable; unpaid money usually stops.
s1(3): valuable benefit may justify a just sum.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Section 1(2) generally reverses payments and ends future payment obligations, subject to the court’s discretion. Section 1(3) allows a just sum for a valuable benefit conferred."},{"text":"

s1(2): money paid is always retained; unpaid money remains due.
s1(3): valuable benefit must be repaid in full.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both effects. Section 1(2) generally permits recovery of money paid and stops unpaid sums, while section 1(3) concerns a discretionary just sum for a benefit received."},{"text":"

s1(2): money paid is recoverable only for breach.
s1(3): valuable benefit automatically creates full payment.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act applies to frustrated contracts, not only breach, and a benefit does not automatically generate full payment. Section 1(3) permits a court to award a just sum."},{"text":"

s1(2): money paid is forfeited; unpaid money is accelerated.
s1(3): valuable benefit has no financial relevance.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Frustration generally reverses rather than forfeits payments and stops future payment obligations. Section 1(3) expressly recognises the possible value of a benefit already conferred."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-20","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Discharge of a contract","title":"Discharge of a contract Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/law/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"ddeca64d-281d-5b12-9ba6-7cc97d47c651","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]