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By refusing to register royal edicts or delaying registration, they could obstruct implementation without directly overthrowing the monarchy."},{"text":"They passed laws that cancelled royal edicts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parlements were courts, not independent legislatures with power to cancel laws. Their main obstructive tool was issuing remonstrances, which delayed or resisted the registration of royal edicts."},{"text":"They collected taxes that funded opposition to the king.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tax collection was not the parlements’ principal means of resistance. They obstructed royal policy through remonstrances, formal criticisms that could delay or resist the registration of edicts."},{"text":"They organised elections that removed royal ministers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Parlements did not remove ministers through elections. Their constitutional opposition operated through remonstrances, which challenged royal measures and could delay or resist edicts."}]},{"id":"99311399-d4ff-47eb-9f31-a0f9b4e69256","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Third Estate included [ ] the clergy and nobility.","back":"The Third Estate included everyone outside the clergy and nobility.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"everyone outside","correct":true,"explanation":"The Third Estate comprised everyone who was neither clergy nor nobility, including peasants, urban workers, professionals and the bourgeoisie. It therefore represented the overwhelming majority of the population."},{"text":"only wealthy merchants","correct":false,"explanation":"Wealthy merchants were part of the Third Estate, but it also included most other non-privileged groups. The correct fill is “everyone outside”, covering all people beyond the clergy and nobility."},{"text":"only landless peasants","correct":false,"explanation":"Peasants formed a large part of the Third Estate, but the order also included urban workers, professionals and the bourgeoisie. The correct term is “everyone outside” the clergy and nobility."},{"text":"everyone within","correct":false,"explanation":"The Third Estate excluded the clergy and nobility rather than including them. “Everyone outside” correctly identifies the broad non-privileged population represented by the Third Estate."}]},{"id":"33462e93-5038-4b53-8f25-3a431ee1db3b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Enlightenment ideas help critics of the ancien régime?","back":"They gave critics language to attack privilege and arbitrary power.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They gave critics language to attack privilege and arbitrary power.","correct":true,"explanation":"Enlightenment thinkers provided concepts such as natural rights, equality and popular sovereignty. Critics used this language to challenge inherited privilege and arbitrary royal authority under the ancien régime."},{"text":"They gave critics language to defend privilege and arbitrary power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enlightenment arguments generally challenged inherited privilege and unchecked authority rather than defending them. Critics used these ideas to attack privilege and arbitrary power within the ancien régime."},{"text":"They gave critics language to demand stronger royal power.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although some Enlightenment thinkers supported reforming monarchy, their ideas were not chiefly a demand for stronger royal power. They supplied arguments against privilege and arbitrary authority."},{"text":"They gave critics language to restore religious uniformity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Religious uniformity was not the central political weapon provided by Enlightenment thought. Critics mainly drew on its language of rights and reason to attack privilege and arbitrary power."}]},{"id":"ba3c9081-5255-412a-9256-5b89b4e337e5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was financial reform politically difficult under the ancien régime?","back":"

Monarchy needed privileged groups’ cooperation.
Privileged groups resisted losing exemptions.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Monarchy needed privileged groups’ cooperation.
Privileged groups resisted losing exemptions.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Reform required the monarchy to secure cooperation from groups that benefited from the existing system. Those privileged groups opposed taxation and other changes that threatened their exemptions."},{"text":"

Monarchy lacked any authority over privileged groups.
Privileged groups supported losing exemptions.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The monarchy retained authority, but depended politically on cooperation from privileged groups. Those groups generally resisted reforms because they threatened the exemptions that protected their wealth and status."},{"text":"

Monarchy wanted to abolish all taxation.
Privileged groups demanded higher exemptions.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The crown needed more effective taxation rather than the abolition of taxation. Privileged groups already enjoyed exemptions and resisted reform because it risked making them contribute more."},{"text":"

Monarchy had popular support for immediate reform.
Privileged groups controlled the entire population.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The political difficulty came from the crown’s need for privileged groups’ cooperation and their resistance to losing exemptions. Neither universal popular support nor total social control explains the obstacle."}]},{"id":"fbf323ba-96f5-4c07-a971-c9d8c25f7b6e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"France’s support for the [ ] from [ ] worsened crown debt.","back":"France’s support for the American Revolution from 1778 worsened crown debt.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"France’s support for the American Revolution from 1778 worsened crown debt.","correct":true,"explanation":"France entered the American War of Independence against Britain in 1778. Military and financial assistance helped the Americans but added heavily to the already serious debt of the French crown."},{"text":"France’s support for the American Revolution from 1776 worsened crown debt.","correct":false,"explanation":"The American Revolution began in 1776, which makes that date tempting, but France formally entered the war in 1778. Its support from 1778 worsened the crown’s debt."},{"text":"France’s support for the American Revolution from 1783 worsened crown debt.","correct":false,"explanation":"1783 was the year the American war ended with the Treaty of Paris, not the beginning of French intervention. France supported the American Revolution from 1778, increasing crown debt."},{"text":"France’s support for the Seven Years’ War from 1778 worsened crown debt.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Seven Years’ War ended in 1763, so it was not the conflict France supported from 1778. The relevant intervention was support for the American Revolution, which increased crown debt."}]},{"id":"6ee93bde-4038-4a09-943e-494e3d71507a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Calonne’s Assembly of Notables backfire in 1787?","back":"The notables refused reform without wider consent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The notables refused reform without wider consent.","correct":true,"explanation":"Calonne expected the Assembly of Notables to approve his reforms, but the notables demanded broader legitimacy and questioned the minister’s proposals. Their refusal helped expose the monarchy’s political weakness."},{"text":"The notables accepted reform without any debate.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Assembly of Notables did not simply approve Calonne’s programme. It resisted and demanded wider consent, helping turn the attempted reform into a political failure for the monarchy."},{"text":"The notables demanded reform without higher taxation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calonne’s proposals aimed to make taxation more effective, including taxing privileged landowners. The notables’ key objection was refusing reform without wider consent, not demanding reform without higher taxation."},{"text":"The notables supported reform without ministerial approval.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Assembly was called by the crown and considered ministerial proposals; it did not bypass ministerial approval in this way. Its refusal centred on the need for wider consent."}]},{"id":"f7fd6de5-c939-4735-aec9-3902ddb2f4ee","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the Estates-General, voting by [ ] favoured the Third Estate; voting by [ ] preserved privilege.","back":"In the Estates-General, voting by head favoured the Third Estate; voting by estate preserved privilege.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the Estates-General, voting by head favoured the Third Estate; voting by estate preserved privilege.","correct":true,"explanation":"Voting by head could give the many deputies of the Third Estate greater influence, especially if some clergy and nobles supported it. Voting by estate allowed each order one vote, protecting privilege."},{"text":"In the Estates-General, voting by estate favoured the Third Estate; voting by head preserved privilege.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the political effect of the two systems. Voting by head favoured the numerically larger Third Estate, while voting by estate allowed the privileged orders to combine against it."},{"text":"In the Estates-General, voting by majority favoured the Third Estate; voting by order preserved privilege.","correct":false,"explanation":"“Majority” and “order” are not the specific voting terms used in this contrast. The relevant distinction was voting by head, which favoured the Third Estate, and by estate, which preserved privilege."},{"text":"In the Estates-General, voting by estate favoured the Third Estate; voting by majority preserved privilege.","correct":false,"explanation":"Voting by estate did not favour the Third Estate because each order had one vote. The correct contrast is voting by head, which favoured the Third Estate, and voting by estate, which preserved privilege."}]},{"id":"31fcd2ed-7cae-461f-88e3-84d0eaba2820","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What claim did the Third Estate make on 17 June 1789?","back":"It claimed to be the National Assembly representing the nation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It claimed to be the National Assembly representing the nation.","correct":true,"explanation":"On 17 June 1789, the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly. It claimed to represent the nation as a whole rather than merely one of the three traditional estates."},{"text":"It claimed to be the General Council representing the provinces.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Third Estate did not adopt the title General Council. On 17 June it declared itself the National Assembly, asserting that it represented the French nation as a whole."},{"text":"It claimed to be the Royal Assembly representing the king.","correct":false,"explanation":"The declaration challenged the king’s political structure rather than claiming to represent him. The Third Estate called itself the National Assembly, claiming authority to represent the nation."},{"text":"It claimed to be the Constitutional Court representing the parlements.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Third Estate was not claiming to represent the parlements or create a court. Its 17 June declaration established the National Assembly, which claimed to represent the nation."}]},{"id":"461379c1-f633-42f1-94a8-be841fb6f009","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the Tennis Court Oath commit deputies to?","back":"Not to disperse until France had a constitution.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Not to disperse until France had a constitution.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Tennis Court Oath pledged the deputies to remain assembled until France had a constitution, making constitutional reform their central political objective."},{"text":"Not to disperse until France had a king.","correct":false,"explanation":"The deputies were not defending the king’s position; they were demanding political reform. The oath committed them to remain assembled until France had a constitution."},{"text":"Not to disperse until France had a republic.","correct":false,"explanation":"A republic was not yet the deputies’ stated aim in June 1789. The Tennis Court Oath committed them to remain until a constitution had been created."},{"text":"Not to disperse until France had a new parliament.","correct":false,"explanation":"The deputies already claimed to represent the nation through the National Assembly. Their specific commitment was to stay together until France had a constitution."}]},{"id":"d4831d06-e078-4371-8d72-38ed7d9bc5c1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"On [ ], crowds stormed the [ ].","back":"On 14 July 1789, crowds stormed the Bastille.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On 14 July 1789, crowds stormed the Bastille.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Bastille was stormed on 14 July 1789, becoming a major symbol of popular involvement in the Revolution and the collapse of royal authority in Paris."},{"text":"On 4 August 1789, crowds stormed the Bastille.","correct":false,"explanation":"4 August 1789 was the date when the National Assembly abolished feudal privileges. The Bastille was stormed earlier, on 14 July 1789."},{"text":"On 14 July 1789, crowds stormed the Versailles.","correct":false,"explanation":"The date is correct, but the storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris. Versailles was attacked during the October Days, on 5-6 October 1789."},{"text":"On 21 January 1793, crowds stormed the Bastille.","correct":false,"explanation":"21 January 1793 was the date of Louis XVI’s execution. The Bastille was stormed much earlier, on 14 July 1789."}]},{"id":"1c17ffac-c332-415a-aa99-de685a2feead","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the Great Fear pressure the National Assembly to abolish?","back":"It helped force abolition of feudal privileges.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It helped force abolition of feudal privileges.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fear of peasant attacks and the destruction of manorial records pressured the National Assembly to abolish feudal privileges during the night of 4 August 1789."},{"text":"It helped force abolition of the monarchy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Great Fear initially encouraged the Assembly to reform and stabilise the existing order, not abolish the monarchy. It helped bring about the abolition of feudal privileges."},{"text":"It helped force abolition of religious worship.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Great Fear was driven by rural panic, rumours and attacks on feudal structures, not opposition to religion. Its key pressure was for abolition of feudal privileges."},{"text":"It helped force abolition of elections.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Great Fear did not lead the Assembly to remove elections. Peasant unrest instead pressured deputies to abolish feudal privileges and weaken seigneurial rights."}]},{"id":"e45e31cb-e6b3-42f6-91ff-399338e92d25","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the key consequence of the October Days?","back":"Louis XVI moved to Paris under popular surveillance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Louis XVI moved to Paris under popular surveillance.","correct":true,"explanation":"After the October Days, Louis XVI and his family were brought from Versailles to Paris, where the revolutionary crowd could monitor and pressure the monarchy."},{"text":"Louis XVI moved to Versailles under popular surveillance.","correct":false,"explanation":"The October Days removed Louis XVI from Versailles rather than taking him there. He was brought to Paris, where popular surveillance restricted his freedom."},{"text":"Louis XVI moved to Varennes under popular surveillance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Varennes was where Louis XVI was stopped during his failed flight in June 1791. The October Days resulted in his relocation from Versailles to Paris."},{"text":"Louis XVI moved to London under popular surveillance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Louis XVI did not move to London during the October Days. The crowd forced him from Versailles to Paris, placing the monarchy under closer popular control."}]},{"id":"6f95e1ed-79ac-453f-812e-aaa14a7a5b26","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What division did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy create?","back":"It split clergy into constitutional and refractory priests.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It split clergy into constitutional and refractory priests.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Civil Constitution required clergy to swear loyalty to the state, dividing those who accepted the oath as constitutional priests from those who refused as refractory priests."},{"text":"It split clergy into royalist and republican priests.","correct":false,"explanation":"The main division concerned whether priests accepted the state oath, not whether they supported royalism or republicanism. The result was constitutional and refractory clergy."},{"text":"It split clergy into secular and regular priests.","correct":false,"explanation":"Secular and regular describe pre-existing types of clergy, not the political division created by the Civil Constitution. It divided priests into constitutional and refractory groups."},{"text":"It split clergy into aristocratic and popular priests.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Civil Constitution did not classify priests by social background. Its oath divided them according to acceptance or rejection of state control, producing constitutional and refractory clergy."}]},{"id":"9c10add4-4685-42f8-8cec-775e7a4f175f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Louis XVI’s flight to Varennes undermine constitutional monarchy?","back":"It suggested he did not sincerely accept the Revolution.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It suggested he did not sincerely accept the Revolution.","correct":true,"explanation":"Louis XVI’s attempted escape showed that he rejected the limits imposed by the Revolution and hoped to regain greater authority, seriously weakening trust in constitutional monarchy."},{"text":"It suggested he did not sincerely accept the constitution.","correct":false,"explanation":"The flight did undermine confidence in the constitution, but the wider conclusion was that Louis XVI did not sincerely accept the Revolution that had created it."},{"text":"It suggested he did not sincerely accept the monarchy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Louis XVI was trying to preserve or recover royal authority, not reject monarchy. His flight suggested hostility towards the Revolution and its constitutional restrictions."},{"text":"It suggested he did not sincerely accept the Church.","correct":false,"explanation":"Varennes concerned Louis XVI’s political position and opposition to revolutionary change, not his attitude towards the Church. It suggested he did not sincerely accept the Revolution."}]},{"id":"2a39a849-3089-470d-a5ea-212445dafac7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the Brunswick Manifesto radicalise opinion against Louis XVI?","back":"It made him seem an ally of foreign invasion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It made him seem an ally of foreign invasion.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Brunswick Manifesto threatened revolutionary Paris in the king’s name, making Louis XVI appear connected to foreign armies and intensifying popular fears of betrayal."},{"text":"It made him seem an ally of parliamentary reform.","correct":false,"explanation":"The manifesto threatened revolutionary forces rather than supporting reform. Its aggressive language made Louis XVI appear aligned with foreign invasion and hostile to the Revolution."},{"text":"It made him seem an ally of the Paris Commune.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Paris Commune opposed the monarchy and became more radical after the manifesto. Louis XVI instead appeared connected to foreign invasion threatening revolutionary Paris."},{"text":"It made him seem an ally of the constitutional clergy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The manifesto was issued in the context of war and royal resistance, not the clerical split. It made Louis XVI seem an ally of foreign invasion."}]},{"id":"dfada64e-ea76-4aad-90e6-9e47585a0cd6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"On [ ], the storming of the Tuileries effectively overthrew the [ ].","back":"On 10 August 1792, the storming of the Tuileries effectively overthrew the monarchy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On 10 August 1792, the storming of the Tuileries effectively overthrew the monarchy.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Tuileries was stormed on 10 August 1792, forcing the suspension of Louis XVI and effectively ending the constitutional monarchy."},{"text":"On 14 July 1789, the storming of the Tuileries effectively overthrew the monarchy.","correct":false,"explanation":"14 July 1789 was the date of the Bastille’s storming. The Tuileries attack that ended the monarchy’s effective power occurred on 10 August 1792."},{"text":"On 10 August 1792, the storming of the Tuileries effectively overthrew the republic.","correct":false,"explanation":"The republic had not yet been established when the Tuileries was stormed. The attack effectively overthrew the monarchy and led towards the proclamation of a republic."},{"text":"On 21 September 1792, the storming of the Tuileries effectively overthrew the monarchy.","correct":false,"explanation":"21 September 1792 was when the National Convention abolished the monarchy. The Tuileries was stormed earlier, on 10 August 1792, precipitating that change."}]},{"id":"514f6e80-ab8d-40e8-b6d7-70d3582dd897","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which March 1793 revolt became a major internal crisis for the republic?","back":"The Vendée revolt.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Vendée revolt.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Vendée revolt began in March 1793, driven by opposition to conscription, religious policies and revolutionary rule, and developed into a major counter-revolutionary civil war."},{"text":"The Federalist revolt.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Federalist revolt began later, after the Girondins were expelled from the Convention in June 1793. The March uprising that became a major crisis was the Vendée revolt."},{"text":"The Chouan revolt.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Chouan revolt was a later royalist insurgency centred mainly in Brittany. The major internal crisis that erupted in March 1793 was the Vendée revolt."},{"text":"The Lyon revolt.","correct":false,"explanation":"The revolt in Lyon formed part of the later Federalist revolts against Jacobin control. The major rural rebellion beginning in March 1793 was the Vendée revolt."}]},{"id":"b2205519-71fa-4bf8-b5b9-ced8dd0d8f57","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which institution increasingly directed war and government during the Terror?","back":"The Committee of Public Safety.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Committee of Public Safety.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Committee of Public Safety became the republic’s dominant executive body during the Terror, coordinating military policy, supervising ministers and directing emergency government."},{"text":"The Committee of General Security.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Committee of General Security concentrated mainly on policing, surveillance and internal security. The Committee of Public Safety increasingly directed both warfare and government."},{"text":"The Revolutionary Tribunal.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Revolutionary Tribunal tried political suspects but did not direct the republic’s overall war effort and government. That dominant role belonged to the Committee of Public Safety."},{"text":"The National Convention.","correct":false,"explanation":"The National Convention remained the sovereign assembly, but it delegated growing executive authority during the emergency. The Committee of Public Safety increasingly directed war and government."}]},{"id":"33074fb4-8876-4d7c-87aa-ed27e54c0bfd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the Law of Suspects do in September 1793?","back":"It widened who could be arrested.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It widened who could be arrested.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Law of Suspects broadened the categories of people considered politically unreliable, allowing local authorities to arrest and detain a much wider range of suspected enemies."},{"text":"It widened who could be deported.","correct":false,"explanation":"Deportation was not the law’s central mechanism. The Law of Suspects widened the categories of people who could be arrested and detained for suspected disloyalty."},{"text":"It widened who could be enfranchised.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses political repression with changes to voting rights. The Law of Suspects expanded the definition of suspicious persons who could be arrested."},{"text":"It widened who could be conscripted.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conscription was expanded through measures such as the levée en masse, not the Law of Suspects. This law widened who could be arrested for suspected disloyalty."}]},{"id":"c13b2be3-7260-4209-8251-186707fb6369","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the Law of 22 Prairial intensify the Great Terror?","back":"It made convictions easier and defence harder.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It made convictions easier and defence harder.","correct":true,"explanation":"The law restricted defendants’ ability to call witnesses or use counsel while broadening admissible moral evidence, making conviction and execution substantially easier."},{"text":"It made convictions harder and defence easier.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the law’s effects. The Law of 22 Prairial reduced safeguards for defendants, making convictions easier and defence harder during the Great Terror."},{"text":"It made acquittals easier and trials longer.","correct":false,"explanation":"The law accelerated proceedings and increased the likelihood of conviction rather than acquittal. It made convictions easier and defence harder by removing important procedural protections."},{"text":"It made appeals easier and juries weaker.","correct":false,"explanation":"The law did not expand rights of appeal; it streamlined political trials and empowered jurors to convict on moral evidence. Convictions became easier and defence harder."}]},{"id":"07d175ba-632a-4d1e-9026-a8e857cb7bbc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"On [ ] (27 July 1794), [ ] and allies were arrested.","back":"On 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), Robespierre and allies were arrested.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), Robespierre and allies were arrested.","correct":true,"explanation":"On 9 Thermidor Year II, Convention deputies turned against Robespierre and ordered his arrest. He and several allies were executed the following day."},{"text":"On 10 August 1792 (27 July 1794), Robespierre and allies were arrested.","correct":false,"explanation":"10 August 1792 was the insurrection that overthrew the monarchy and cannot correspond to 27 July 1794. Robespierre was arrested on 9 Thermidor Year II."},{"text":"On 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), Danton and allies were arrested.","correct":false,"explanation":"Danton had been arrested and executed months earlier, in April 1794. It was Robespierre and his allies who were arrested on 9 Thermidor Year II."},{"text":"On 18 Brumaire Year VIII (27 July 1794), Napoleon Bonaparte and allies were arrested.","correct":false,"explanation":"18 Brumaire Year VIII was Napoleon Bonaparte’s coup in November 1799, not an arrest in July 1794. Robespierre was arrested on 9 Thermidor Year II."}]},{"id":"44631c97-4232-43bf-ac9b-11ca68a98d24","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Constitution of Year III created a [ ] and a [ ].","back":"The Constitution of Year III created a five-man Directory and a bicameral legislature.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Constitution of Year III created a five-man Directory and a bicameral legislature.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Constitution of Year III divided executive power among five Directors and legislative power between the Council of Five Hundred and Council of Ancients."},{"text":"The Constitution of Year III created a three-man Consulate and a bicameral legislature.","correct":false,"explanation":"The three-man Consulate was established by the Constitution of Year VIII after Napoleon’s coup. Year III instead created a five-man Directory and bicameral legislature."},{"text":"The Constitution of Year III created a five-man Directory and a unicameral legislature.","correct":false,"explanation":"The executive was correctly a five-man Directory, but the legislature was bicameral, divided between the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients."},{"text":"The Constitution of Year III created a seven-man executive and a tricameral legislature.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither institution had that structure. The Constitution of Year III established a five-man Directory alongside a bicameral legislature consisting of two councils."}]},{"id":"5273c0dd-00c6-4eaa-b420-734c70e9ffd8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did the Directory’s two-thirds bankruptcy do in 1797?","back":"It effectively defaulted on much state debt.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It effectively defaulted on much state debt.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Directory repudiated two-thirds of the government’s accumulated debt, converting only the remaining third into consolidated bonds and therefore effectively defaulting on much state debt."},{"text":"It effectively defaulted on much private debt.","correct":false,"explanation":"The measure concerned obligations owed by the revolutionary state, not debts between private individuals. It repudiated two-thirds of public liabilities, effectively defaulting on much state debt."},{"text":"It effectively devalued much paper currency.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the bankruptcy with the collapse of assignats and mandats. The 1797 measure repudiated two-thirds of government liabilities, effectively defaulting on much state debt."},{"text":"It effectively confiscated much Church land.","correct":false,"explanation":"Church lands had been nationalised much earlier, beginning in 1789. The two-thirds bankruptcy was a fiscal default that cancelled a large proportion of state debt."}]},{"id":"ac1fcdf0-9df5-4964-84ad-94ca1dc588bf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the Verona Declaration frighten moderates in 1795?","back":"

Monarchy would be restored.
Regicides would be punished.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Monarchy would be restored.
Regicides would be punished.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The Verona Declaration suggested a restored Bourbon monarchy would reverse revolutionary changes and punish those who had voted for Louis XVI’s death, alarming moderates."},{"text":"

Republic would be preserved.
Émigrés would be punished.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The declaration came from the Bourbon claimant and threatened restoration rather than preservation of the republic. It promised punishment for regicides, not royalist émigrés."},{"text":"

Constitutional monarchy would be guaranteed.
Regicides would be pardoned.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Moderates were frightened precisely because the declaration did not guarantee a limited constitutional settlement or pardon regicides. It threatened monarchical restoration and punishment."},{"text":"

Feudalism would remain abolished.
Church lands would be protected.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Such guarantees might have reassured property-owning moderates, but the declaration instead appeared to threaten revolutionary gains. It promised monarchical restoration and punishment of regicides."}]},{"id":"ff459693-7886-43b4-beb6-fbb530866ee0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Sieyès turn to Bonaparte in 1799?","back":"

Sieyès wanted a stronger executive.
Bonaparte supplied military prestige.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Sieyès wanted a stronger executive.
Bonaparte supplied military prestige.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Sieyès believed the Directory’s divided government was ineffective and sought a stronger executive. Bonaparte’s military reputation and popularity provided the authority needed to carry out a successful coup."},{"text":"

Sieyès wanted to preserve the Directory.
Bonaparte supplied electoral legitimacy.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Sieyès was not trying to preserve the Directory, whose constitutional weaknesses he wanted to replace. He turned to Bonaparte because he desired a stronger executive backed by Bonaparte’s military prestige."},{"text":"

Sieyès wanted a Bourbon restoration.
Bonaparte supplied royalist support.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the Brumaire conspirators with royalist opponents of the Republic. Sieyès sought constitutional reform and a stronger executive, while Bonaparte contributed the military prestige needed for the coup."},{"text":"

Sieyès wanted a Jacobin revival.
Bonaparte supplied sans-culotte support.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Sieyès did not seek renewed Jacobin radicalism, and Bonaparte was not chosen for sans-culotte backing. Sieyès wanted a stronger executive and valued Bonaparte’s military prestige and public reputation."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-19","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"France in revolution, 1774–99","title":"France in revolution, 1774–99 Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/history/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"beffd28f-2fc6-587d-9344-167090067513","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]