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24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/a-level/history/aqa/the-weimar-republic-1918-1933/flashcards","label":"The Weimar Republic, 1918–1933","subjectCode":"a_level_history__aqa","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"ec112054-0f21-4eb4-9523-590238e94627","title":"The Weimar Republic, 1918–1933 Flashcards","topicId":"bdaba2e4-ca67-5753-89cd-e891ef23849c","topicSlug":"the-weimar-republic-1918-1933","cards":[{"id":"11df4e9a-c74b-4eb5-95cd-1f3554ee9088","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Weimar Republic was Germany's democratic state from [ ] to [ ].","back":"The Weimar Republic was Germany's democratic state from 1918 to 1933.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Weimar Republic was Germany's democratic state from 1918 to 1933.","correct":true,"explanation":"The republic emerged from the German Revolution in 1918 and ended in 1933 when Hitler's appointment and subsequent measures destroyed parliamentary democracy."},{"text":"The Weimar Republic was Germany's democratic state from 1919 to 1933.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing 1919 confuses the adoption of the Weimar Constitution with the republic's creation. Germany's democratic state began in 1918 following the Kaiser's abdication and lasted until 1933."},{"text":"The Weimar Republic was Germany's democratic state from 1918 to 1932.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing 1932 mistakes the republic's final full year for its endpoint. Weimar democracy ended in 1933 as Hitler consolidated power and dismantled constitutional government."},{"text":"The Weimar Republic was Germany's democratic state from 1914 to 1918.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are the years of the First World War, when Germany remained an imperial monarchy. The Weimar Republic instead existed from 1918 to 1933."}]},{"id":"04ecbba5-fc38-4677-8e78-17311b92871b","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What were the three phases of Weimar's chronology?","back":"

1918-1924: crisis.
1924-1928: relative stability.
1928-1933: collapse.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

1918-1924: crisis.
1924-1928: relative stability.
1928-1933: collapse.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Weimar's early years were dominated by political and economic crises, followed by relative stability under Stresemann, before renewed economic and political collapse after 1928."},{"text":"

1918-1924: relative stability.
1924-1928: collapse.
1928-1933: crisis.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the first two phases. The years 1918-1924 brought severe crisis, 1924-1928 brought relative stability, and 1928-1933 saw the republic's collapse."},{"text":"

1918-1924: consolidation.
1924-1928: crisis.
1928-1933: dictatorship.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Early Weimar was not securely consolidated, while 1924-1928 was comparatively stable. The final period was one of collapse, with dictatorship established only in 1933."},{"text":"

1918-1924: revolution.
1924-1928: recovery.
1928-1933: stability.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although revolution and recovery featured in the first two periods, these labels miss the broader chronology. Most importantly, 1928-1933 brought collapse rather than stability."}]},{"id":"f8576668-73b4-4b78-9483-913cbbf48839","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"On [ ], Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and Scheidemann proclaimed a [ ].","back":"On 9 November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and Scheidemann proclaimed a republic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On 9 November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and Scheidemann proclaimed a republic.","correct":true,"explanation":"On 9 November 1918, Wilhelm II's abdication ended imperial rule, while Philipp Scheidemann publicly proclaimed a German republic amid revolution and wartime defeat."},{"text":"On 8 November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and Scheidemann proclaimed a republic.","correct":false,"explanation":"The one-day error confuses events during the rapidly developing German Revolution. Wilhelm II abdicated and Scheidemann proclaimed the republic on 9 November 1918."},{"text":"On 9 November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and Scheidemann proclaimed a constitutional monarchy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scheidemann did not preserve monarchy in constitutional form. He proclaimed a republic on 9 November 1918, marking the political break from imperial government."},{"text":"On 11 November 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and Scheidemann proclaimed a socialist dictatorship.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses Germany's revolution with the Armistice date and with later communist systems. The abdication and proclamation of a republic occurred on 9 November 1918."}]},{"id":"433b442a-f3f4-4c6f-a46c-d3e915ee57e4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did Weimar's birth in November 1918 make the stab-in-the-back myth useful to its enemies?","back":"It linked democracy with defeat, armistice and alleged betrayal.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It linked democracy with defeat, armistice and alleged betrayal.","correct":true,"explanation":"Because democratic politicians took power as Germany lost the war and signed the Armistice, opponents could falsely blame democracy for defeat and portray its leaders as traitors."},{"text":"It linked monarchy with victory, armistice and national unity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany's monarchy was associated with wartime leadership and collapsed amid defeat, not victory. The myth targeted democracy by linking republican politicians with defeat, armistice and alleged betrayal."},{"text":"It separated democracy from defeat, armistice and alleged betrayal.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stab-in-the-back myth did the opposite: it connected the new democratic regime to Germany's defeat and Armistice, allowing enemies to accuse republican politicians of betrayal."},{"text":"It linked the Kaiser with democracy, peace and parliamentary government.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Kaiser represented imperial monarchy rather than democratic parliamentary rule. Weimar's enemies exploited its birth by associating democracy with defeat, the Armistice and alleged betrayal."}]},{"id":"60cbcf2e-aa9a-4b95-b808-5a133d56594f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did proportional representation weaken Weimar governments?","back":"It encouraged many small parties, making coalitions unstable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It encouraged many small parties, making coalitions unstable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Proportional representation allowed numerous parties to gain Reichstag seats, making outright majorities rare and forcing governments to depend on fragile multi-party coalitions."},{"text":"It encouraged two dominant parties, making coalitions unnecessary.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a two-party system rather than Weimar's proportional system. Proportional representation encouraged many small parties, so governments usually required unstable coalitions."},{"text":"It guaranteed single-party majorities, making coalitions stable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Proportional representation did not guarantee majorities; it fragmented Reichstag representation. Many small parties gained seats, making coalition formation necessary and governments less stable."},{"text":"It excluded small political parties, making coalitions more coherent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Weimar's electoral system enabled rather than excluded small parties because representation closely reflected vote shares. This fragmentation produced unstable coalitions instead of more coherent ones."}]},{"id":"2be7e726-a96c-434e-88df-dcf58cf7ef4b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was Article 48 dangerous during political crisis?","back":"It let the President rule by emergency decree, bypassing the Reichstag.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It let the President rule by emergency decree, bypassing the Reichstag.","correct":true,"explanation":"Article 48 allowed the President to issue emergency decrees without normal parliamentary approval, creating a constitutional route for authoritarian government during periods of political crisis."},{"text":"It let the Chancellor abolish presidential elections, bypassing the Reichstag.","correct":false,"explanation":"Article 48 did not empower the Chancellor to abolish presidential elections. Its danger was that the President could govern by emergency decree without Reichstag approval."},{"text":"It let the Reichstag dismiss elected presidents, bypassing the electorate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Article 48 concerned presidential emergency powers, not a parliamentary power to dismiss presidents. It enabled the President to bypass the Reichstag through emergency decrees."},{"text":"It let the army rewrite the constitution, bypassing the President.","correct":false,"explanation":"The article did not give the army authority to rewrite the constitution. It allowed the President to issue emergency decrees and bypass normal Reichstag lawmaking."}]},{"id":"d467c9cd-22b9-42d4-a787-9814ea21a7c1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Treaty of Versailles, signed on [ ], was seen by many Germans as a [ ].","back":"The Treaty of Versailles, signed on 28 June 1919, was seen by many Germans as a Diktat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Treaty of Versailles, signed on 28 June 1919, was seen by many Germans as a Diktat.","correct":true,"explanation":"Germany signed the treaty on 28 June 1919. Many Germans called it a Diktat because its terms had been imposed without meaningful German participation in negotiations."},{"text":"The Treaty of Versailles, signed on 11 November 1918, was seen by many Germans as a Diktat.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the Treaty of Versailles with the Armistice ending the fighting. Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919 and was widely condemned as a Diktat."},{"text":"The Treaty of Versailles, signed on 28 June 1919, was seen by many Germans as a compromise.","correct":false,"explanation":"Many Germans believed the terms had been imposed rather than mutually negotiated, so they described the treaty as a Diktat, not a compromise."},{"text":"The Treaty of Versailles, signed on 28 June 1920, was seen by many Germans as a victory.","correct":false,"explanation":"The year is one too late, and Germans did not regard the punitive settlement as a victory. It was signed on 28 June 1919 and condemned as a Diktat."}]},{"id":"6f23d710-be6d-4c3f-8cf4-7160797b8808","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Versailles damage Weimar's legitimacy at home?","back":"Right-wing nationalists branded Weimar politicians November Criminals for accepting it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Right-wing nationalists branded Weimar politicians November Criminals for accepting it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nationalists used the label November Criminals to accuse democratic politicians of betraying Germany by accepting the Armistice and the Treaty of Versailles, undermining Weimar's legitimacy."},{"text":"Right-wing nationalists branded Weimar politicians March Heroes for accepting it.","correct":false,"explanation":"The approving label contradicts nationalist hostility to the settlement. Right-wing opponents called Weimar politicians November Criminals, presenting acceptance of Versailles as an act of betrayal."},{"text":"Right-wing nationalists branded Weimar politicians Spartacist Martyrs for accepting it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Spartacists were revolutionary communists, not the politicians blamed for accepting Versailles. Nationalists used the hostile term November Criminals to discredit Weimar's democratic leaders."},{"text":"Right-wing nationalists branded Weimar politicians Imperial Patriots for accepting it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nationalists did not praise Weimar politicians as imperial patriots. They condemned them as November Criminals, falsely associating democratic government with surrender and betrayal."}]},{"id":"55bfeaf3-4da2-48c0-85f1-5891c3847b5e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the 1923 Ruhr occupation help drive hyperinflation?","back":"

Germany fell behind on reparations deliveries.
Passive resistance was funded by printing money.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Germany fell behind on reparations deliveries.
Passive resistance was funded by printing money.

","correct":true,"explanation":"French and Belgian forces occupied the Ruhr after Germany defaulted on reparations deliveries. Funding passive resistance with newly printed currency greatly increased the money supply and accelerated hyperinflation."},{"text":"

Germany increased its reparations deliveries.
Industrial expansion was funded by higher taxes.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany did not increase reparations deliveries, and taxation was not used to finance greater production. The crisis intensified because Germany defaulted and printed money to fund passive resistance."},{"text":"

Germany defaulted on American loans.
Armed resistance was funded by foreign banks.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The occupation was triggered by missed deliveries, not refusal to repay American loans. Workers practised passive resistance, while government money-printing to support them accelerated inflation."},{"text":"

Germany reduced its workers’ wages.
Active collaboration was funded by government borrowing.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The government did not cut wages or fund collaboration through borrowing. It printed money to sustain workers engaged in passive resistance after Germany fell behind on reparations deliveries."}]},{"id":"98d32a6a-6b14-45a7-a69b-82ed14a4f555","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What contrast exposed Weimar's weakness during the Spartacist uprising and Kapp Putsch?","back":"

Spartacists: crushed using the Freikorps.
Kapp Putsch: defeated by a workers' general strike.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Spartacists: crushed using the Freikorps.
Kapp Putsch: defeated by a workers' general strike.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The government relied on the right-wing Freikorps to suppress the Spartacists, yet the army would not stop Kapp. A general strike therefore defeated the right-wing putsch."},{"text":"

Spartacists: defeated by a workers' general strike.
Kapp Putsch: crushed using the Freikorps.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the methods used against the two threats. The Freikorps crushed the Spartacists, whereas workers defeated the Kapp Putsch by launching a general strike."},{"text":"

Spartacists: crushed using the regular army.
Kapp Putsch: defeated by an army intervention.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither uprising was defeated through effective action by the regular army. The Freikorps suppressed the Spartacists, while a workers' general strike brought down the Kapp Putsch."},{"text":"

Spartacists: defeated through fresh elections.
Kapp Putsch: defeated through fresh elections.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Elections did not resolve either armed challenge. The government used the Freikorps against the Spartacists but depended on a workers' general strike to defeat the Kapp Putsch."}]},{"id":"14c9b8fe-ccae-4e24-b711-7faedcfac414","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Stresemann introduce in 1923 to stabilise the currency?","back":"The Rentenmark.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Rentenmark.","correct":true,"explanation":"Stresemann's government introduced the Rentenmark in November 1923 to replace the worthless Papiermark. Its restricted supply and backing by German assets restored confidence in the currency."},{"text":"The Reichsmark.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Reichsmark replaced the Rentenmark in 1924 rather than initiating stabilisation in 1923. Stresemann first introduced the Rentenmark to halt the hyperinflationary currency collapse."},{"text":"The Papiermark.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Papiermark was the existing currency whose uncontrolled expansion produced hyperinflation. Stresemann stabilised the monetary system by replacing it with the tightly controlled Rentenmark."},{"text":"The Goldmark.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Goldmark was Germany's pre-war gold-based unit and was not the currency introduced in 1923. Stresemann's government created the Rentenmark to restore confidence."}]},{"id":"a4848f82-325b-49a9-a4b7-85981a59be67","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why did the failed Munich Putsch still help Hitler?","back":"

Trial publicity boosted his profile.
Legal strategy replaced putschism.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Trial publicity boosted his profile.
Legal strategy replaced putschism.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Hitler used his trial as a national platform, gaining publicity despite his conviction. The failure also persuaded him to pursue power through legal electoral methods rather than another putsch."},{"text":"

Election victory secured his leadership.
Bavarian control replaced putschism.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The putsch brought neither an electoral victory nor control of Bavaria. Its benefits were Hitler's extensive trial publicity and his subsequent decision to seek power legally."},{"text":"

Trial acquittal proved his innocence.
Armed strategy continued putschism.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Hitler was convicted rather than acquitted, and the failure discouraged further immediate armed uprisings. Trial publicity raised his profile, while a legal strategy replaced putschism."},{"text":"

Party prohibition expanded his movement.
Military backing replaced putschism.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The ban on the Nazi Party temporarily restricted Hitler instead of expanding his movement, and he lost rather than gained military support. Publicity and strategic change made the failure useful."}]},{"id":"5fa19eca-9c96-44c4-9e0e-b686f72fda82","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] of 1924 reorganised reparations and brought in large [ ].","back":"The Dawes Plan of 1924 reorganised reparations and brought in large US loans.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Dawes Plan of 1924 reorganised reparations and brought in large US loans.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Dawes Plan rescheduled Germany's reparations payments according to its ability to pay. It also encouraged substantial US loans, which financed German recovery but created dependence."},{"text":"The Young Plan of 1924 reorganised reparations and brought in large US loans.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Young Plan was agreed in 1929, not 1924, and further revised the total reparations burden. The 1924 Dawes Plan reorganised payments and attracted large US loans."},{"text":"The Dawes Plan of 1924 reorganised reparations and brought in large British grants.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Dawes Plan did not bring large British grants, which would not have required repayment. It supported recovery primarily by attracting substantial loans from the United States."},{"text":"The Marshall Plan of 1924 reorganised reparations and brought in large French investments.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Marshall Plan belongs to the period after the Second World War, while French investments misidentify the main funding source. In 1924, the Dawes Plan attracted large US loans."}]},{"id":"d5acda6b-5515-4455-a18f-d5d3aa8b6d67","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why was Weimar's post-1924 recovery fragile?","back":"

Recovery depended on short-term American lending.
Agriculture stayed weak.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Recovery depended on short-term American lending.
Agriculture stayed weak.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Industrial recovery relied heavily on short-term loans from the United States, which could be withdrawn quickly. Meanwhile, depressed prices and indebtedness left agriculture in persistent difficulty."},{"text":"

Recovery depended on long-term British investment.
Heavy industry stayed weak.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Recovery was not securely based on long-term British investment, and German industry generally recovered more strongly than farming. Dependence on short-term American lending and weak agriculture created fragility."},{"text":"

Recovery depended on domestic German savings.
Exports stayed weak.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany's recovery was not mainly self-financed through domestic savings, and exports were not the principal persistently weak sector. Short-term American credit and agricultural depression were the central vulnerabilities."},{"text":"

Recovery depended on French reparations payments.
Banking stayed weak.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reparations receipts went to the victorious powers rather than financing German recovery, and banking was not the sector identified as remaining chronically weak. American lending supported recovery while agriculture struggled."}]},{"id":"6d403421-8135-4d42-ba23-477ac4bcd706","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The [ ] of [ ] created a national scheme for workers who lost jobs.","back":"The Unemployment Insurance Act of 1927 created a national scheme for workers who lost jobs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Unemployment Insurance Act of 1927 created a national scheme for workers who lost jobs.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Unemployment Insurance Act of 1927 established a nationwide contributory insurance scheme for workers who became unemployed, extending the Weimar Republic's system of social welfare."},{"text":"The Works Councils Act of 1920 created a national scheme for workers who lost jobs.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Works Councils Act of 1920 concerned employee representation within workplaces, not nationwide unemployment insurance. That scheme was created by the Unemployment Insurance Act of 1927."},{"text":"The Unemployment Insurance Act of 1920 created a national scheme for workers who lost jobs.","correct":false,"explanation":"The named legislation is right, but the year is seven years too early. Germany's national unemployment insurance scheme was established by the Unemployment Insurance Act in 1927."},{"text":"The Enabling Act of 1933 created a national scheme for workers who lost jobs.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Enabling Act of 1933 gave Hitler's government legislative powers and did not establish worker protection. National unemployment insurance came from the Unemployment Insurance Act of 1927."}]},{"id":"dc4c9a90-6c98-468c-8dda-d7eeff237e7b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did Stresemann achieve at Locarno in 1925?","back":"Germany accepted its western borders with France and Belgium.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Germany accepted its western borders with France and Belgium.","correct":true,"explanation":"Under the Locarno Treaties, Germany accepted and guaranteed its existing western frontiers with France and Belgium. This improved relations with Western powers and encouraged Germany's diplomatic rehabilitation."},{"text":"Germany accepted its eastern borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia.","correct":false,"explanation":"Locarno did not guarantee Germany's disputed eastern borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia. Germany accepted its western borders with France and Belgium while leaving eastern revision possible."},{"text":"Germany restored its pre-war borders with France and Belgium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Locarno did not restore Germany's pre-war frontiers with France and Belgium. Germany instead accepted its existing western borders, including the territorial settlement established after the war."},{"text":"Germany abolished its western borders with France and Belgium.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germany did not abolish its borders with neighbouring states at Locarno. It formally accepted its western borders with France and Belgium, which reduced fears of renewed conflict."}]},{"id":"98f2e5ad-fea7-4bf3-95aa-04549f609eef","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did the Nazis' 2.6% vote in May 1928 suggest about extremism?","back":"Extremists were weakened, not destroyed, during relative stability.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Extremists were weakened, not destroyed, during relative stability.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Nazis won only 2.6% of the vote in May 1928, showing that extremism had lost support during stable years, although it remained present and could recover after crisis."},{"text":"Extremists were eliminated completely, during relative stability.","correct":false,"explanation":"The low Nazi vote shows weakened support, not total elimination. Extremist groups continued to exist and could regain popularity when economic and political conditions deteriorated."},{"text":"Extremists were strengthened, not weakened, during relative stability.","correct":false,"explanation":"A 2.6% Nazi vote indicates reduced electoral support, so this reverses the evidence. Extremism survived but was weakened during the relative stability of the late 1920s."},{"text":"Extremists were dominant, not marginal, during relative stability.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Nazis were electorally marginal in May 1928, receiving only 2.6% of votes. Their later dominance came after the impact of the Depression, not during relative stability."}]},{"id":"d0521f35-2548-4b09-9622-bf599fa1b73d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did the Wall Street Crash hit Germany?","back":"

American loans were withdrawn.
Exports fell and businesses failed.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

American loans were withdrawn.
Exports fell and businesses failed.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Germany depended heavily on American loans after the Dawes Plan. Their withdrawal caused bank and business failures, while collapsing international demand reduced exports and increased unemployment."},{"text":"

French reparations were cancelled.
Exports rose and businesses expanded.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Crash brought financial withdrawal and falling demand, not cancelled reparations or expanding exports. American loans were withdrawn, exports fell, and many German businesses failed."},{"text":"

German savings were increased.
Imports fell and businesses recovered.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Crash reduced confidence and damaged German businesses rather than increasing savings or encouraging recovery. The key effects were withdrawn American loans, falling exports and business failures."},{"text":"

British loans were increased.
Exports fell and businesses recovered.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The crucial foreign finance came from America, and German businesses generally failed rather than recovered. Falling exports were an effect, but increased British loans were not."}]},{"id":"cc4b4d67-dcfc-4ed6-9ce3-c71e3c2e0e42","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"By early 1932, around [ ] Germans were [ ].","back":"By early 1932, around six million Germans were unemployed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"By early 1932, around six million Germans were unemployed.","correct":true,"explanation":"By early 1932, the Depression had produced approximately six million unemployed Germans, creating severe social hardship and greatly increasing support for extremist parties."},{"text":"By early 1932, around four million Germans were unemployed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Four million underestimates the scale of unemployment at the Depression’s peak. The accepted figure is around six million, reflecting the depth of Germany’s economic crisis."},{"text":"By early 1932, around six million Germans were employed.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Depression caused mass unemployment, so employed reverses the key historical fact. Around six million Germans were unemployed by early 1932."},{"text":"By early 1932, around eight million Germans were unemployed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eight million exaggerates the commonly accepted figure. Around six million Germans were unemployed by early 1932, although the wider number affected by unemployment was even greater."}]},{"id":"a2182d7d-18d4-4c15-b454-4a1278837314","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How did Brüning's deflationary policy deepen hardship?","back":"Spending cuts, tax rises and wage reductions intensified hardship.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Spending cuts, tax rises and wage reductions intensified hardship.","correct":true,"explanation":"Brüning responded to the Depression with austerity: cutting government spending, raising taxes and reducing wages. These measures reduced demand and employment, intensifying hardship for ordinary Germans."},{"text":"Spending increases, tax cuts and wage rises intensified hardship.","correct":false,"explanation":"These measures describe expansion rather than Brüning’s deflationary policy. He cut spending, raised taxes and reduced wages, which lowered demand and deepened unemployment and hardship."},{"text":"Spending cuts, tax cuts and wage increases intensified hardship.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brüning did cut spending, but he raised taxes and reduced wages rather than cutting taxes and increasing wages. The combined austerity measures intensified economic hardship."},{"text":"Spending increases, tax rises and wage reductions intensified hardship.","correct":false,"explanation":"Brüning’s policy was deflationary, so government spending was reduced rather than increased. Spending cuts, tax rises and wage reductions together weakened demand and worsened hardship."}]},{"id":"0271e412-1608-42ce-94bc-a04ef8396bef","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What was the appeal of Volksgemeinschaft in Nazi propaganda?","back":"It promised a people's community above class conflict.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It promised a people's community above class conflict.","correct":true,"explanation":"Volksgemeinschaft presented Germany as a united national community in which class divisions were supposedly overcome. This appealed to people seeking social unity during economic and political crisis."},{"text":"It promised a workers' dictatorship above national unity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Volksgemeinschaft rejected class-based revolution and instead emphasised national unity. The Nazi promise was a people’s community above class conflict, not a workers’ dictatorship."},{"text":"It promised a racial hierarchy below class conflict.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although Nazi racial ideas shaped membership of the community, Volksgemeinschaft was presented as national unity above class conflict. This wording incorrectly places class conflict at the centre."},{"text":"It promised a liberal democracy above party politics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Volksgemeinschaft was an authoritarian Nazi ideal, not a promise of liberal democracy. It claimed to unite Germans in a people’s community above class conflict."}]},{"id":"ffebbf6e-6b0d-4c7d-a17a-8ad84c656088","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why is 'Hitler won power by majority vote' inaccurate?","back":"

Nazis were largest but lacked a Reichstag majority.
Conservative elites secured his appointment.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Nazis were largest but lacked a Reichstag majority.
Conservative elites secured his appointment.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The Nazis were the largest Reichstag party but never won over half the seats. Hitler became Chancellor through negotiations involving conservative elites, especially von Papen and Hindenburg."},{"text":"

Nazis won and held a Reichstag majority.
Voters alone secured his appointment.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Nazis were the largest party but lacked a Reichstag majority, and Hitler’s appointment depended on elite negotiations. Voters did not directly appoint him Chancellor."},{"text":"

Nazis were largest but lacked a Reichstag majority.
Socialists secured his appointment.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first point is accurate, but Socialists opposed Hitler rather than securing his appointment. Conservative elites arranged the political deal that brought him into office."},{"text":"

Nazis were smallest but held a Reichstag majority.
Trade unions secured his appointment.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Nazis were the largest party, not the smallest, and they lacked a majority. Trade unions did not appoint Hitler; conservative elites helped secure his Chancellorship."}]},{"id":"a41b7dfa-88ed-475b-a61c-3dd7d9466b2a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Hitler was appointed Chancellor on [ ] by [ ].","back":"Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 by Hindenburg.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 by Hindenburg.","correct":true,"explanation":"President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor on 30 January 1933 after conservative political negotiations led by figures including von Papen."},{"text":"Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 by von Papen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Von Papen helped negotiate Hitler’s appointment but did not possess the constitutional authority to appoint him. President Hindenburg formally made Hitler Chancellor on 30 January 1933."},{"text":"Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 5 March 1933 by Hindenburg.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hindenburg was the appointing authority, but the date is wrong. Hitler became Chancellor on 30 January 1933, before the March election."},{"text":"Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1932 by Hindenburg.","correct":false,"explanation":"The appointing president was Hindenburg, but the year is incorrect. Hitler became Chancellor on 30 January 1933, following the political crisis of 1932."}]},{"id":"3ff50b97-2916-4756-b01d-4f1942ede1d3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did the Reichstag Fire Decree allow Hitler's government to do?","back":"Suspend civil liberties, enabling arrests, censorship and repression.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Suspend civil liberties, enabling arrests, censorship and repression.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Reichstag Fire Decree suspended key civil liberties, including freedoms of speech, press and assembly. This enabled the Nazi government to arrest opponents and suppress political resistance."},{"text":"Restore civil liberties, preventing arrests, censorship and repression.","correct":false,"explanation":"The decree did the opposite: it suspended civil liberties and enabled arrests, censorship and repression. It was a major legal basis for destroying political opposition."},{"text":"Suspend economic controls, enabling arrests, censorship and repression.","correct":false,"explanation":"The decree targeted political rights rather than economic controls. By suspending civil liberties, it enabled arrests, censorship and repression against opponents of the Nazi government."},{"text":"Suspend civil liberties, preventing arrests, censorship and repression.","correct":false,"explanation":"The decree suspended civil liberties, but it enabled rather than prevented arrests, censorship and repression. This reversal misses how the Nazis used emergency powers against their opponents."}]},{"id":"2d9c83ea-af44-4249-b7e0-a64bbb39221e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What did the Enabling Act shift from the Reichstag to Hitler's government?","back":"The power to make laws without the Reichstag for four years.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The power to make laws without the Reichstag for four years.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Enabling Act allowed Hitler's government to pass laws without Reichstag approval for four years, removing parliamentary scrutiny and providing the legal basis for Nazi dictatorship."},{"text":"The power to appoint judges without the President for four years.","correct":false,"explanation":"Judicial appointments were not the central power transferred by the Enabling Act. It gave Hitler's government the power to make laws without the Reichstag for four years."},{"text":"The power to hold elections without the Reichstag for four years.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Act did not transfer responsibility for holding elections from the Reichstag. It enabled Hitler's government to make laws without Reichstag approval for four years."},{"text":"The power to command troops without the President for four years.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the Enabling Act with presidential and military authority. The Act transferred legislative power, allowing Hitler's government to make laws without the Reichstag for four years."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-19","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"The Weimar Republic, 1918–1933","title":"The Weimar Republic, 1918–1933 Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/history/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"bdaba2e4-ca67-5753-89cd-e891ef23849c","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]