A commercial forestry firm establishes a large, sustainably managed pine plantation on previously degraded hillside land. Which of the following represents a positive externality arising from this investment?
The wages and specialized silviculture training provided to local residents hired as forestry workers
The reduction in topsoil erosion and wind-driven crop damage experienced by neighboring independent farms
The disruption to local tourism and recreational hiking routes during the seasonal harvesting phases
The corporate revenues earned by the forestry firm from selling carbon offsets to international airlines
