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wealth to become concentrated more persistently than annual income."},{"text":"Income is received only by households with no savings.","correct":false,"explanation":"Households can receive income whether or not they save, so this does not explain wealth inequality. Assets accumulate over time and can be inherited, concentrating wealth among some families."},{"text":"Wealth is measured before tax, while income is measured after tax.","correct":false,"explanation":"The distinction between pre-tax and post-tax measures is not the main reason wealth is more unequal. Assets accumulate and can be inherited, creating persistent concentration."},{"text":"All households earn the same income but own different currencies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Households do not generally earn identical incomes, and currency ownership does not explain the distribution of wealth. Wealth becomes unequal because assets accumulate and can be inherited."}]},{"id":"9691f74e-2a78-47f9-bbd7-2900b50a3493","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can wealth inequality create income inequality?","back":"Wealth generates rent, dividends and interest, increasing owners' income.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Wealth generates rent, dividends and interest, increasing owners' income.","correct":true,"explanation":"Property can produce rent, shares can pay dividends, and savings can earn interest. These returns give wealth owners additional income beyond earnings from employment."},{"text":"Wealth eliminates rent, dividends and interest, reducing owners' income.","correct":false,"explanation":"The opposite relationship applies: wealth-producing assets can generate rent, dividends, and interest. These returns increase the income of owners and can widen income inequality."},{"text":"Wealth makes all workers receive identical wages, increasing average income.","correct":false,"explanation":"Owning wealth does not make wages identical across workers. The relevant mechanism is that assets generate rent, dividends, and interest, increasing income for their owners."},{"text":"Wealth only increases income when the government raises income tax rates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Asset income can rise without any tax increase because property, shares, and savings generate returns. Those returns are rent, dividends, and interest received by wealth owners."}]},{"id":"8e1b1efb-48e1-485e-b286-3f78ab9238e6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Because the population is ranked from poorest to richest, the Lorenz curve's horizontal axis shows the cumulative percentage of the [ ].","back":"Because the population is ranked from poorest to richest, the Lorenz curve's horizontal axis shows the cumulative percentage of the population.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"population","correct":true,"explanation":"The horizontal axis ranks households from poorest to richest and records the cumulative percentage of the population, from 0% to 100%."},{"text":"income","correct":false,"explanation":"Income belongs on the vertical axis, where the cumulative income share is compared with the cumulative population share. The horizontal axis shows the cumulative percentage of the population."},{"text":"wealth","correct":false,"explanation":"Wealth may be the variable being studied, but it is not the horizontal ranking variable in this statement. The axis shows the cumulative percentage of the population."},{"text":"tax revenue","correct":false,"explanation":"Tax revenue is not the ranked population measure on a standard Lorenz diagram. The horizontal axis shows the cumulative percentage of the population, ordered from poorest to richest."}]},{"id":"b7ba19a8-12dc-4bdc-b95b-a67329b323b9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Lorenz curve's vertical axis shows the cumulative percentage of [ ].","back":"The Lorenz curve's vertical axis shows the cumulative percentage of income.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"income","correct":true,"explanation":"The vertical axis records the cumulative percentage of income received by the ranked population, allowing the Lorenz curve to show how income is distributed."},{"text":"population","correct":false,"explanation":"Population is placed on the horizontal axis as households are accumulated from poorest to richest. The vertical axis shows the cumulative percentage of income received."},{"text":"employment","correct":false,"explanation":"Employment is not the cumulative distribution measure shown on this axis. The vertical axis records the cumulative percentage of income received by the population."},{"text":"wealth transfers","correct":false,"explanation":"Wealth transfers are not the standard vertical-axis variable in a Lorenz diagram. The vertical axis shows the cumulative percentage of income received."}]},{"id":"d4c28261-798b-496a-b6e7-7d29b5935615","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the 45-degree line on a Lorenz diagram represent?","back":"The line of perfect equality, where each population share receives the same income share.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The line of perfect equality, where each population share receives the same income share.","correct":true,"explanation":"On the 45-degree line, 20% of the population receives 20% of income, 50% receives 50%, and so on. Every population share has the same income share."},{"text":"The line of perfect inequality, where one household receives all income.","correct":false,"explanation":"Perfect inequality would place nearly all income with the richest household, not along the 45-degree line. The 45-degree line represents perfect equality between population and income shares."},{"text":"The line of average income, where every worker earns the national mean.","correct":false,"explanation":"The line does not require every worker to earn the mean income. It represents perfect equality, where each cumulative population share receives the same cumulative income share."},{"text":"The line of maximum growth, where income rises fastest.","correct":false,"explanation":"A Lorenz diagram measures distribution rather than the rate of economic growth. Its 45-degree line represents perfect equality between cumulative population and income shares."}]},{"id":"3bb8d66d-2e46-49e6-a9f0-36f5bbe551f8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a Lorenz curve bowing further from the equality line indicate?","back":"Greater income inequality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Greater income inequality.","correct":true,"explanation":"A greater gap between the Lorenz curve and the equality line means income is distributed less evenly, so the economy has greater income inequality."},{"text":"Lower income inequality.","correct":false,"explanation":"A curve closer to the equality line indicates lower inequality. Bowing further away shows a larger distributional gap and therefore greater income inequality."},{"text":"Greater economic growth.","correct":false,"explanation":"The distance from the equality line measures income distribution, not the growth rate of the economy. A curve bowing further away indicates greater income inequality."},{"text":"Lower national income.","correct":false,"explanation":"A Lorenz curve shows shares of income, so its shape does not directly reveal the level of national income. Greater bowing indicates greater income inequality."}]},{"id":"cb01550f-f4fe-42a5-9901-ad38498846d6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Gini coefficient is calculated using $\\text{[...]}$, where $A$ is the area between the equality line and Lorenz curve.","back":"The Gini coefficient is calculated using $\\boxed{G = \\dfrac{A}{A + B}}$, where $A$ is the area between the equality line and Lorenz curve.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$G = \\dfrac{A}{A + B}$","correct":true,"explanation":"The Gini coefficient divides the area between the equality line and Lorenz curve, A, by the total area under the equality line, A+B."},{"text":"$$G = \\dfrac{B}{A + B}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Using B in the numerator measures the complementary area rather than the inequality gap. The Gini coefficient uses A, the area between the equality line and Lorenz curve."},{"text":"$$G = \\dfrac{A + B}{A}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the required ratio and would usually produce a value above one. The Gini coefficient is the inequality area A divided by the total area A+B."},{"text":"$$G = \\dfrac{A}{B}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by B alone ignores the total area represented by A+B and can produce an invalid coefficient. The correct formula is A divided by A+B."}]},{"id":"5813ff62-d69c-4735-ac41-a2ef36652448","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What do Gini coefficients of 0 and 1 represent?","back":"

0 - perfect equality
1 - perfect inequality

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

0 - perfect equality
1 - perfect inequality

","correct":true,"explanation":"A Gini coefficient of 0 means everyone receives the same income, while 1 represents the theoretical extreme in which one person receives all income."},{"text":"

0 - perfect inequality
1 - perfect equality

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the Gini scale. Zero represents no inequality and perfect equality, whereas one represents the maximum theoretical income inequality."},{"text":"

0 - no income
1 - average income

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Gini coefficient measures distribution, not the amount of income received. Zero means perfect equality and one means perfect inequality, regardless of national income levels."},{"text":"

0 - zero taxation
1 - maximum taxation

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Gini coefficient is not a tax-rate scale. It describes income distribution: zero is perfect equality and one is perfect inequality."}]},{"id":"e63dac7f-1e2e-466a-b763-b5a836b61176","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the Gini coefficient when $A=0.15$ and $A+B=0.5$?","back":"0.3, because $G=\\dfrac{0.15}{0.5}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"0.3, because $G=\\dfrac{0.15}{0.5}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Substituting the values into the formula gives $G=A/(A+B)=0.15/0.5=0.3$. The coefficient is therefore 0.3."},{"text":"0.075, because $G=0.15 \\times 0.5$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying the two areas gives 0.075, but the Gini formula requires division. Using $G=0.15/0.5$ gives the correct coefficient of 0.3."},{"text":"3.33, because $G=0.5/0.15$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the numerator and denominator and produces a value above the possible Gini range of 0 to 1. The correct calculation is $0.15/0.5=0.3$."},{"text":"0.35, because $G=0.15+0.5$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the areas does not calculate a Gini coefficient. The formula divides the inequality area by the total area, so $G=0.15/0.5=0.3$."}]},{"id":"93f4629a-4454-4ee5-8d66-939ce5748ffc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do differences in skills create income inequality?","back":"Workers with scarce, highly demanded skills command higher wages than low-skilled workers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Workers with scarce, highly demanded skills command higher wages than low-skilled workers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Skills that are scarce but strongly demanded raise a worker's marginal productivity and bargaining position, producing higher wages than those available to low-skilled workers."},{"text":"Workers with common, weakly demanded skills command higher wages than low-skilled workers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Common skills with weak demand generally exert less upward pressure on wages. Scarce, highly demanded skills command higher wages than low-skilled work."},{"text":"Workers with identical skills command identical wages in every industry.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wages can differ because skill demand, scarcity, productivity, and industries vary. Income inequality arises when scarce, highly demanded skills receive higher wages."},{"text":"Workers with fewer skills command higher wages because labour supply falls automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Having fewer skills does not automatically reduce labour supply or raise wages. Higher pay is associated with skills that are scarce and highly demanded by employers."}]},{"id":"c181a338-9ece-4440-8709-73f3444b58bb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a progressive tax and benefits system reduce inequality?","back":"It redistributes income towards poorer households through taxes and welfare transfers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It redistributes income towards poorer households through taxes and welfare transfers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Progressive taxes take a larger proportion from higher incomes, while benefits support poorer households. Together, these transfers reduce disposable-income inequality."},{"text":"It redistributes income towards richer households through taxes and welfare transfers.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual direction of redistribution. Progressive taxation and means-tested benefits generally transfer disposable income towards poorer households."},{"text":"It redistributes income towards all households equally through taxes and welfare transfers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal transfers would not necessarily reduce inequality, especially if everyone received the same amount. Progressive systems direct relatively more support towards poorer households."},{"text":"It redistributes income towards firms through taxes and welfare transfers.","correct":false,"explanation":"The stated system concerns household incomes, not a transfer of income to firms. Progressive taxes and welfare benefits redistribute towards poorer households."}]},{"id":"4a79572e-ec54-4358-befc-f3e2233fb0fd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can globalisation and technology increase inequality?","back":"

They raise rewards to capital and high-skilled labour.
They reduce demand for low-skilled work.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

They raise rewards to capital and high-skilled labour.
They reduce demand for low-skilled work.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Technology and globalisation can increase returns to capital and skilled workers while replacing or offshoring some routine low-skilled jobs, widening differences in income."},{"text":"

They raise rewards to low-skilled labour.
They reduce demand for capital.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the typical distributional effects. Technology and globalisation often increase returns to capital and high-skilled labour while reducing demand for some low-skilled work."},{"text":"

They raise rewards to all labour equally.
They reduce demand for high-skilled work.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Technological change usually complements high-skilled labour rather than reducing its demand, and wage gains are not shared equally. Low-skilled work may face reduced demand."},{"text":"

They raise rewards to low-skilled labour and capital.
They reduce demand for high-skilled work.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The usual concern is that high-skilled labour gains alongside capital, while routine low-skilled work loses demand. This option reverses both labour-skill effects."}]},{"id":"9e4db2a0-7af3-42ad-beee-3b06e3ff11c1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What factors drive inequality between countries?","back":"Differences in development, resources and capital, including physical and human capital and institutions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Differences in development, resources and capital, including physical and human capital and institutions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Countries differ in productive resources, education, infrastructure, technology, investment, and institutional quality. These differences affect productivity, wages, and national income."},{"text":"Differences in climate, population size and currency names, excluding capital and institutions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Climate and population may influence economies, but currency names do not explain income differences, and excluding capital and institutions misses major drivers of development."},{"text":"Differences in tax rates, holidays and language, including no resource differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"These factors may have limited effects, but inequality between countries is principally linked to development, resources, capital, and institutions."},{"text":"Differences in consumer preferences, flags and time zones, including no human capital differences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Flags and time zones do not determine productive capacity. Differences in physical and human capital, resources, development, and institutions are central explanations."}]},{"id":"16182648-b6c6-44d6-894e-3b9e5556512f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Kuznets hypothesis predicts that inequality follows an [ ] during economic development.","back":"The Kuznets hypothesis predicts that inequality follows an inverted-U during economic development.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"inverted-U","correct":true,"explanation":"The Kuznets hypothesis proposes that inequality rises during early development, reaches a peak, and then falls as development continues, creating an inverted-U pattern."},{"text":"U-shaped curve","correct":false,"explanation":"A U-shaped relationship would imply inequality falls first and rises later. Kuznets instead predicted an initial rise followed by a fall, forming an inverted-U."},{"text":"straight line","correct":false,"explanation":"A straight line would show a constant one-direction relationship. The Kuznets hypothesis predicts inequality first rises and then falls during development."},{"text":"horizontal line","correct":false,"explanation":"A horizontal line would imply inequality remains unchanged as development progresses. The hypothesis predicts changing inequality in an inverted-U pattern."}]},{"id":"3c0e9a71-7b9c-455c-a252-9c7bd2c127de","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does inequality initially rise during industrialisation?","back":"The gains concentrate among capital owners and urban workers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The gains concentrate among capital owners and urban workers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Early industrialisation can reward owners of new capital and workers in expanding urban industries, while rural and less-skilled groups initially gain less."},{"text":"The gains concentrate among rural workers and subsistence farmers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Industrialisation usually shifts opportunities towards capital owners and urban industrial workers rather than concentrating its earliest gains among rural subsistence workers."},{"text":"The gains concentrate among all households equally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Early industrial growth does not distribute its gains equally. Capital owners and urban workers often benefit first, causing inequality to rise."},{"text":"The gains concentrate among unemployed workers and import consumers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unemployment and cheaper imports do not generally receive the main gains from early industrialisation. The initial gains tend to favour capital owners and urban workers."}]},{"id":"565bb968-2d9a-4b76-811c-09e9a3dd1d69","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does inequality tend to fall as an economy matures?","back":"

Education spreads opportunity.
Welfare and wage growth spread benefits more widely.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Education spreads opportunity.
Welfare and wage growth spread benefits more widely.

","correct":true,"explanation":"As economies mature, wider access to education can improve mobility, while welfare provision and rising wages distribute the gains of development more broadly."},{"text":"

Education restricts opportunity.
Welfare and wage growth reduce benefits more widely.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the expected effects. Education broadens opportunity, while welfare and wage growth can spread the benefits of development and reduce inequality."},{"text":"

Inflation spreads opportunity.
Unemployment and wage cuts spread benefits more widely.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Inflation, unemployment, and wage cuts do not normally spread benefits or reduce inequality. The relevant factors are education, welfare, and wage growth."},{"text":"

Trade barriers spread opportunity.
Lower productivity and wage growth spread benefits more widely.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Trade barriers and lower productivity are not the standard mechanisms for reducing mature-economy inequality. Education, welfare, and wage growth spread benefits more widely."}]},{"id":"5e0c5641-490e-47e5-b6e7-5bf3d6e6ef73","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does mixed evidence about the Kuznets hypothesis show?","back":"Inequality has risen again in some advanced economies, challenging the simple inverted-U pattern.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Inequality has risen again in some advanced economies, challenging the simple inverted-U pattern.","correct":true,"explanation":"Recent evidence shows that inequality does not always fall permanently after initially rising with development. In some advanced economies it has increased again, so the simple inverted-U prediction is not universally supported."},{"text":"Inequality always falls steadily as economies become more advanced, confirming the simple inverted-U pattern.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overstates the Kuznets hypothesis by treating it as universally true. The evidence is mixed because inequality has risen again in some advanced economies, challenging a simple inverted-U relationship."},{"text":"Inequality remains constant as economies develop, providing no evidence for an inverted-U pattern.","correct":false,"explanation":"Development can initially be associated with rising inequality and later falling inequality, rather than constant inequality. However, renewed inequality in some advanced economies means the simple pattern is challenged."},{"text":"Inequality falls permanently after industrialisation, proving the inverted-U pattern is fully reliable.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Kuznets hypothesis predicts a rise followed by a fall, but not necessarily a permanent decline. Inequality has increased again in some advanced economies, so this conclusion is too certain."}]},{"id":"0146d9b9-85f4-48b6-adce-ed8fc5ec36af","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the equity-efficiency trade-off?","back":"The tension between fairer income distribution and preserving incentives for effort and growth.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The tension between fairer income distribution and preserving incentives for effort and growth.","correct":true,"explanation":"Greater equality may improve fairness and reduce poverty, but redistribution can weaken incentives to work, invest or take risks. The trade-off is between equity and the efficiency benefits of incentives."},{"text":"The conflict between higher economic growth and lower national income.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic growth increases national income, so these outcomes are not inherently opposing sides of the equity-efficiency trade-off. The relevant tension concerns fair distribution versus incentives that support efficiency and growth."},{"text":"The choice between lower taxes and increased government spending.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tax rates and public spending may be related fiscal choices, but they do not define the equity-efficiency trade-off. The key issue is how redistribution affects fairness and incentives for productive activity."},{"text":"The balance between equal prices and preserving competition between firms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prices and competition concern market structure and resource allocation, not primarily income distribution. The equity-efficiency trade-off compares the benefits of fairer incomes with possible losses of incentive-driven efficiency."}]},{"id":"58e34f92-62ca-4470-89f4-9f27ca51e247","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can unequal rewards increase economic efficiency and growth?","back":"Higher potential income motivates people to train, work, take risks and innovate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Higher potential income motivates people to train, work, take risks and innovate.","correct":true,"explanation":"The prospect of greater financial rewards can encourage investment in skills, labour effort, entrepreneurship and innovation. These activities can raise productivity, expand output and increase long-run economic growth."},{"text":"Higher potential income encourages people to reduce effort, avoid risks and consume less.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual incentive effect of unequal rewards. The prospect of higher earnings can motivate training, work, risk-taking and innovation, all of which may improve productivity and growth."},{"text":"Higher potential income guarantees that all workers receive identical wages and benefits.","correct":false,"explanation":"Unequal rewards create differences in potential earnings rather than identical pay. Those differences may encourage productive behaviour, although they do not guarantee equal wages or benefits for every worker."},{"text":"Higher potential income mainly motivates people to leave employment and rely on public transfers.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a possible disincentive effect only in particular circumstances, not the general efficiency argument. Higher rewards typically encourage employment, skill acquisition, entrepreneurship and innovation through stronger incentives."}]},{"id":"3e15e1b8-d30d-4236-8ad0-e452e2181324","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"When returns to capital grow faster than wages from labour, the relationship is represented by $\\text{[...]}$, concentrating wealth among asset owners.","back":"When returns to capital grow faster than wages from labour, the relationship is represented by $\\boxed{r > g}$, concentrating wealth among asset owners.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$r > g$","correct":true,"explanation":"When the return on capital, $r$, exceeds the economy’s growth rate, $g$, wealth held in assets can grow faster than wages and national income. This tends to concentrate wealth among asset owners."},{"text":"$$r < g$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship described. If economic growth exceeds capital returns, asset wealth does not automatically outpace the wider economy; the relevant inequality mechanism requires $r > g$."},{"text":"$$r = g$","correct":false,"explanation":"Equality between capital returns and economic growth does not imply that asset wealth grows faster than wages and output. The concentration argument depends on capital returns exceeding growth, so the correct relationship is $r > g$."},{"text":"$$g < 0$","correct":false,"explanation":"Negative economic growth alone does not specify how returns to capital compare with wage growth. The relevant relationship is that the return on capital exceeds the growth rate, expressed as $r > g$."}]},{"id":"685ffa7d-9ddd-455f-8f23-c1f6fc6080b7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can redistribution raise total welfare?","back":"Because of diminishing marginal utility: income adds more welfare to a poor household than to a rich household.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Because of diminishing marginal utility: income adds more welfare to a poor household than to a rich household.","correct":true,"explanation":"Diminishing marginal utility means each additional unit of income provides less extra satisfaction to someone who is already richer. Redistribution can therefore increase total welfare when income moves towards poorer households."},{"text":"Because of increasing marginal utility: income adds more welfare to a rich household than to a poor household.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the standard assumption used to justify redistribution. Diminishing, not increasing, marginal utility means an extra unit of income usually creates more welfare for a poor household."},{"text":"Because of constant marginal utility: every household gains exactly the same welfare from each extra unit of income.","correct":false,"explanation":"Constant marginal utility would make an extra unit of income equally valuable to rich and poor households, providing no welfare gain from transferring income between them. Redistribution is justified here by diminishing marginal utility."},{"text":"Because of negative marginal utility: income reduces welfare for both poor and rich households.","correct":false,"explanation":"Income normally increases welfare, although the additional welfare gained tends to diminish at higher income levels. Redistribution can raise total welfare because marginal utility is lower for rich households, not negative for everyone."}]},{"id":"cb66844a-5154-49c3-bc45-cf5db5fda2b2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can extreme inequality damage economic growth?","back":"It limits poorer people's access to education, health and capital and weakens social cohesion.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It limits poorer people's access to education, health and capital and weakens social cohesion.","correct":true,"explanation":"Extreme inequality can prevent poorer households from investing in skills, health and productive assets. It may also increase social tensions, weakening trust and cohesion and reducing the conditions that support sustained growth."},{"text":"It gives poorer people greater access to education, health and capital and strengthens social cohesion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Extreme inequality generally restricts access to these opportunities for poorer households and can increase social conflict. Limited human and physical capital reduces productivity, while weaker cohesion can damage long-run growth."},{"text":"It limits poorer people's access to consumer goods, imports and luxury housing but strengthens social cohesion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although inequality affects consumption and housing, the growth concern focuses on restricted access to education, health and capital. Extreme inequality is also more likely to weaken, rather than strengthen, social cohesion."},{"text":"It increases poorer people's access to education, health and capital but weakens social cohesion.","correct":false,"explanation":"The social-cohesion effect is correctly identified, but the access effect is reversed. Extreme inequality can prevent poorer people from obtaining education, healthcare and capital, lowering productivity and growth."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"4.2.2 Inequality","title":"4.2.2 Inequality Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/economics/edexcel/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"ee115653-828f-5521-9cde-16d9ff6caf8c","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]