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Growth therefore refers to real output, which removes the effect of inflation."},{"text":"productive capacity","correct":false,"explanation":"An increase in productive capacity represents potential growth, but actual economic growth requires real output itself to rise."},{"text":"real output per head","correct":false,"explanation":"Real output per head measures average material living standards and can fall despite overall growth. Economic growth itself is defined as a rise in total real output."}]},{"id":"f5d8ce0b-db20-4c71-a2c0-10c6155ebef8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Economic growth is a rise in real output, whereas economic development is a broader improvement in [ ].","back":"Economic growth is a rise in real output, whereas economic development is a broader improvement in living standards, welfare and freedoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"living standards, welfare and freedoms","correct":true,"explanation":"Economic development is multidimensional, covering material living standards alongside wider welfare outcomes and people’s capabilities and freedoms."},{"text":"output, employment and inflation","correct":false,"explanation":"These are macroeconomic performance indicators rather than the defining dimensions of development. Development concerns broader improvements in living standards, welfare and freedoms."},{"text":"exports, imports and exchange rates","correct":false,"explanation":"These describe an economy’s international transactions and competitiveness, not economic development. Development is the broader improvement of living standards, welfare and freedoms."},{"text":"taxation, borrowing and expenditure","correct":false,"explanation":"These are instruments of government fiscal policy rather than dimensions of development. Economic development involves improvements in living standards, welfare and freedoms."}]},{"id":"306be6cd-ecf7-4e50-a6e9-5a27f1601ae9","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Which three components does the HDI combine?","back":"

Income - GNI per head at PPP
Health - life expectancy
Education - years of schooling

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Income - GNI per head at PPP
Health - life expectancy
Education - years of schooling

","correct":true,"explanation":"The HDI combines an income index based on GNI per head at PPP, a health index based on life expectancy, and an education index based on schooling."},{"text":"

Income - GDP growth rate
Health - infant mortality
Education - literacy rate

","correct":false,"explanation":"These can indicate development but are not the specific HDI measures. HDI uses GNI per head at PPP, life expectancy and years of schooling."},{"text":"

Employment - unemployment rate
Health - doctors per head
Education - examination results

","correct":false,"explanation":"Employment is not a separate HDI dimension, and these health and education measures are not used. HDI combines income, life expectancy and years of schooling."},{"text":"

Income - GNI per head at PPP
Equality - Gini coefficient
Freedom - political rights

","correct":false,"explanation":"Equality and political freedom matter for development but are not standard HDI components. The index combines income, health through life expectancy, and education through schooling."}]},{"id":"1f9ef491-b5e1-4f3b-ac38-d3616a1f705e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The HDI ranges from [ ] and is calculated as a geometric mean of its three component indices.","back":"The HDI ranges from $0$ to $1$ and is calculated as a geometric mean of its three component indices.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$0$ to $1$","correct":true,"explanation":"Each HDI component is normalised as an index, and their geometric mean produces an overall value between $0$ and $1$, with higher values indicating greater development."},{"text":"$$-1$ to $1$","correct":false,"explanation":"Confusing HDI with indices that permit negative values creates this range. HDI component indices are non-negative, so the overall index ranges from $0$ to $1$."},{"text":"$$0$ to $100$","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating the HDI as a percentage produces this scale. Although it can be multiplied by $100$ for presentation, the published index ranges from $0$ to $1$."},{"text":"$$1$ to $10$","correct":false,"explanation":"This resembles a rating scale rather than a normalised index. The HDI is calculated from component indices and ranges from $0$ to $1$."}]},{"id":"4ecc71a0-e042-43aa-9e96-d70f0b2af7b8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The HDI ranges from $0$ to $1$ and is calculated as a [ ] of its three component indices.","back":"The HDI ranges from $0$ to $1$ and is calculated as a geometric mean of its three component indices.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"geometric mean","correct":true,"explanation":"The HDI multiplies its three component indices and takes the cube root, making it their geometric mean and limiting compensation for a very weak dimension."},{"text":"arithmetic mean","correct":false,"explanation":"The arithmetic mean would add the three indices and divide by three, allowing stronger dimensions to compensate more fully. HDI instead uses the geometric mean."},{"text":"weighted median","correct":false,"explanation":"A median would select a central component value rather than combine all three proportionately. The HDI combines all three indices using their geometric mean."},{"text":"weighted sum","correct":false,"explanation":"A weighted sum adds adjusted component values and need not preserve the HDI scale. The current HDI uses an equally weighted geometric mean."}]},{"id":"50c9c079-962a-49f7-843e-e666944ea054","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is GNI per head adjusted for purchasing power parity?","back":"It adjusts for differences in living costs, improving real-income comparisons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It adjusts for differences in living costs, improving real-income comparisons.","correct":true,"explanation":"Purchasing power parity reflects how much a given income can buy locally, so adjusting for different price levels makes real living-standard comparisons more meaningful."},{"text":"It adjusts for differences in population size, improving total-income comparisons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing GNI by population already makes the measure per head. PPP adjustment instead accounts for differences in living costs, improving comparisons of real purchasing power."},{"text":"It adjusts for differences in income distribution, improving equality comparisons.","correct":false,"explanation":"PPP does not show how income is shared within a country. It adjusts for differences in living costs so incomes reflect comparable purchasing power."},{"text":"It adjusts for differences in economic growth, improving output comparisons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth rates measure changes in output over time and are not corrected by PPP. PPP adjusts for differences in living costs when comparing real incomes."}]},{"id":"aaf2d21d-fc33-44df-b552-686b7b25348b","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Into which three income groups are economies commonly classified?","back":"

Low-income
Middle-income
High-income

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Low-income
Middle-income
High-income

","correct":true,"explanation":"Economies are commonly grouped according to income per head as low-income, middle-income or high-income economies, although institutions may subdivide the middle category."},{"text":"

Primary-income
Secondary-income
Tertiary-income

","correct":false,"explanation":"Primary, secondary and tertiary describe sectors of production, not income classifications. Economies are commonly classified as low-income, middle-income or high-income."},{"text":"

Developing-income
Emerging-income
Developed-income

","correct":false,"explanation":"Developing, emerging and developed are broader and less precise development labels, not the three standard income groups: low-income, middle-income and high-income."},{"text":"

Rural-income
Industrial-income
Service-income

","correct":false,"explanation":"These labels concern economic structure rather than income per head. The common income classification divides economies into low-income, middle-income and high-income groups."}]},{"id":"1686de0e-8529-4cb9-9f2d-88581f19eb90","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can income per head misrepresent typical living standards?","back":"It ignores how income is distributed across the population.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It ignores how income is distributed across the population.","correct":true,"explanation":"Income per head is a mean, so it can conceal inequality. A high average may coexist with low typical living standards when income is concentrated among a minority."},{"text":"It ignores how income is produced across the population.","correct":false,"explanation":"The production source does not explain why an average misrepresents a typical person. The central problem is that income per head ignores how income is distributed."},{"text":"It ignores how income is taxed across the population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taxation affects disposable income, but the key weakness of income per head is its failure to show distribution and therefore inequality within the population."},{"text":"It ignores how income is spent across the population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different spending choices do not make the arithmetic average unrepresentative. Income per head can mislead because it ignores how unevenly income is distributed."}]},{"id":"1475a7a1-18f6-43c6-a31d-1a2f9f8128d9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can primary product dependency obstruct development?","back":"Volatile commodity prices cause unstable export earnings.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Volatile commodity prices cause unstable export earnings.","correct":true,"explanation":"Primary commodity prices often fluctuate sharply, causing export revenue and foreign-exchange receipts to vary. This uncertainty makes investment and development planning more difficult."},{"text":"Volatile commodity prices cause unstable import expenditure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dependency concerns commodities sold abroad, so the immediate instability affects export earnings rather than import spending. Uncertain export revenue obstructs investment and development planning."},{"text":"Volatile commodity prices cause unstable government regulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Price volatility may complicate policy, but it does not directly make regulation unstable. Its main development obstacle is unstable export earnings and foreign-exchange revenue."},{"text":"Volatile commodity prices cause unstable labour productivity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Commodity price changes alter revenue rather than workers’ output per hour directly. Primary product dependency obstructs development by making export earnings unstable."}]},{"id":"b5e95cdf-89a9-4239-b6dc-442d5bcdce3d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does a savings gap obstruct economic growth?","back":"Low savings restrict funds for capital investment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Low savings restrict funds for capital investment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Savings provide finance for investment in machinery, infrastructure and other capital. Low savings therefore constrain capital accumulation, productivity improvements and long-run growth."},{"text":"Low savings restrict funds for consumer spending.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low saving generally means a greater share of current income is consumed, not less. The savings gap matters because it limits finance for capital investment."},{"text":"Low savings restrict funds for welfare payments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Welfare payments are mainly financed through taxation and government borrowing rather than household saving. Low savings obstruct growth by restricting funds for capital investment."},{"text":"Low savings restrict funds for export promotion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Export promotion may support trade, but it is not the central savings-gap mechanism. Insufficient saving limits finance for capital investment and capital accumulation."}]},{"id":"b05ddee5-83f7-4266-8bf8-7ce7b2ddcdac","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a large debt burden obstruct development?","back":"Repayments divert funds from health, education and investment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Repayments divert funds from health, education and investment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Servicing a large debt uses scarce government revenue and foreign exchange that could otherwise improve human capital, public services and productive capacity."},{"text":"Repayments divert funds from imports, exports and consumption.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exports generate income rather than normally requiring public funding, making this grouping misleading. Debt service chiefly crowds out health, education and productive investment."},{"text":"Repayments divert funds from taxation, saving and employment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taxation raises government funds, while saving and employment are not direct spending programmes. Debt repayments instead divert available resources from health, education and investment."},{"text":"Repayments divert funds from inflation, trade and exchange rates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inflation, trade and exchange rates are economic variables rather than services receiving budget allocations. Debt repayments crowd out spending on health, education and investment."}]},{"id":"4410d354-9713-4f8c-9d07-94b3a1a52fa7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does conflict obstruct growth and development?","back":"It destroys capital and deters investment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It destroys capital and deters investment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Conflict damages infrastructure, factories and equipment while increasing risk and uncertainty. This both reduces the existing capital stock and discourages new investment."},{"text":"It destroys currency and deters consumption.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conflict may disrupt money and spending, but these are not the central supply-side mechanisms. It destroys physical capital and deters investment through increased risk."},{"text":"It destroys exports and deters taxation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trade and tax collection can decline during conflict, but they are flows rather than the key assets and decisions affected. Conflict destroys capital and deters investment."},{"text":"It destroys inflation and deters saving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inflation cannot be physically destroyed and may actually accelerate during conflict. The principal obstacle is destruction of capital and deterrence of investment."}]},{"id":"26410f13-69b9-48f7-a81a-e8de92798393","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a high dependency ratio hold back development?","back":"More dependants strain household resources and public finances.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More dependants strain household resources and public finances.","correct":true,"explanation":"Children and retired people generally consume without directly earning labour income. A high dependent population raises family costs and demand for tax-funded services and transfers."},{"text":"More dependants strain export earnings and foreign investment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dependency does not directly reduce commodity revenue or overseas capital inflows. It holds back development by placing pressure on household resources and public finances."},{"text":"More dependants strain exchange rates and monetary policy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exchange-rate management is not the main dependency-ratio mechanism. Dependants require support, placing pressure on household resources and government spending."},{"text":"More dependants strain business profits and market competition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Some firms may face changing demand, but a high dependency ratio primarily burdens families and government budgets through support, healthcare and education costs."}]},{"id":"7ea7072b-4fb4-4662-8bb5-1b18a0a74de8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can a high working-age share create a demographic dividend?","back":"If employed, a large working-age population raises output and tax revenue.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"If employed, a large working-age population raises output and tax revenue.","correct":true,"explanation":"Productive employment allows a high working-age share to increase national output and the tax base while reducing the relative burden of supporting dependants."},{"text":"If employed, a large working-age population raises inflation and interest rates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Employment does not necessarily generate inflation or higher interest rates. The demographic dividend arises because more workers can increase output and tax revenue."},{"text":"If employed, a large working-age population raises imports and public borrowing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imports might increase with income, but higher public borrowing is not the dividend. The key gains are greater productive output and tax revenue."},{"text":"If employed, a large working-age population raises dependency and welfare spending.","correct":false,"explanation":"A larger employed working-age share lowers the dependency burden rather than raising it. Its demographic dividend comes through higher output and tax revenue."}]},{"id":"ed32a867-72e1-4562-941c-5327b334c568","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does investment in education and healthcare promote growth?","back":"Better skills and health raise worker productivity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Better skills and health raise worker productivity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Education builds knowledge and skills, while healthcare reduces illness and improves workers’ capabilities. Both strengthen human capital and increase output per worker."},{"text":"Better skills and health raise worker dependency.","correct":false,"explanation":"Improved skills and health make workers more economically capable rather than more dependent. They promote growth by raising human capital and worker productivity."},{"text":"Better skills and health raise worker unemployment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Education can cause temporary structural mismatches, but its central growth effect is not higher unemployment. Better human capital raises workers’ productivity."},{"text":"Better skills and health raise worker consumption.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher earnings may eventually increase consumption, but that is not the direct supply-side channel. Education and healthcare promote growth by increasing worker productivity."}]},{"id":"80b38996-0aaa-4285-a99a-24a1c25131c9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] rely on freer markets, while interventionist strategies rely on state action.","back":"Market-oriented strategies rely on freer markets, while interventionist strategies rely on state action.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Market-oriented strategies","correct":true,"explanation":"Market-oriented strategies promote growth and development through mechanisms such as liberalisation, privatisation and deregulation, giving market forces a greater role in resource allocation."},{"text":"Interventionist strategies","correct":false,"explanation":"Interventionist strategies involve greater state action, such as industrial policy or public investment, rather than reliance on freer markets. Market-oriented strategies fit the blank."},{"text":"Protectionist strategies","correct":false,"explanation":"Protectionist strategies restrict international competition through tariffs or quotas, so they do not generally rely on freer markets. Market-oriented strategies do."},{"text":"Redistributive strategies","correct":false,"explanation":"Redistributive strategies alter the distribution of income or wealth, usually through state taxation and spending. Strategies relying on freer markets are market-oriented."}]},{"id":"68b1804f-e128-4cb3-a957-18eee61cd0e5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Market-oriented strategies rely on freer markets, while [ ] rely on state action.","back":"Market-oriented strategies rely on freer markets, while interventionist strategies rely on state action.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"interventionist strategies","correct":true,"explanation":"Interventionist strategies depend on government action, such as regulation, public investment or state-owned enterprises, rather than relying mainly on freer markets to allocate resources."},{"text":"protectionist strategies","correct":false,"explanation":"Protectionist strategies restrict international trade using tariffs, quotas or other barriers, but the intended contrast is interventionist strategies, which rely on state action more broadly."},{"text":"privatisation strategies","correct":false,"explanation":"Privatisation strategies transfer state-owned assets to private ownership, usually increasing reliance on markets. The correct term is interventionist strategies, which rely on state action."},{"text":"export-led strategies","correct":false,"explanation":"Export-led strategies focus on expanding exports and may use either market or government measures. The term describing reliance on state action is interventionist strategies."}]},{"id":"6a8034e8-9213-40b5-bef5-29d83af01344","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can trade liberalisation promote development?","back":"It enables comparative advantage and access to larger markets.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It enables comparative advantage and access to larger markets.","correct":true,"explanation":"Trade liberalisation removes barriers to trade, allowing countries to specialise according to comparative advantage and sell output in larger international markets."},{"text":"It eliminates comparative advantage and access to larger markets.","correct":false,"explanation":"Liberalisation does not eliminate comparative advantage; it allows countries to exploit it. The correct answer is that trade enables comparative advantage and access to larger markets."},{"text":"It protects inefficient industries and reduces market competition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protecting inefficient industries describes protectionism, which restricts trade rather than liberalising it. Trade liberalisation promotes development through comparative advantage and access to larger markets."},{"text":"It reduces specialisation and limits export opportunities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower trade barriers generally encourage specialisation and expand export opportunities. The correct answer is that liberalisation enables comparative advantage and access to larger markets."}]},{"id":"6f4ed345-96ee-486a-b15a-d71da45b9b12","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can foreign direct investment promote development?","back":"It brings capital and technology, increasing productive capacity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It brings capital and technology, increasing productive capacity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Foreign direct investment provides finance for factories, infrastructure or businesses and can transfer technology and skills, increasing the economy’s productive capacity."},{"text":"It brings consumer goods and imports, reducing productive capacity.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses foreign direct investment with consumption or imports. FDI promotes development by bringing capital and technology, which increase productive capacity."},{"text":"It brings short-term loans and debt, increasing repayment costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Short-term borrowing creates debt obligations and is not the main development mechanism of FDI. The correct answer is that FDI brings capital and technology, increasing productive capacity."},{"text":"It brings higher taxes and regulation, reducing private investment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher taxes and regulation may affect investment but do not define FDI’s development role. FDI promotes development by bringing capital and technology that raise productive capacity."}]},{"id":"93b24a85-d6f7-4ec9-9c6b-21d0351c8bfb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can foreign aid relax a country's savings gap?","back":"It finances investment when domestic savings are insufficient.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It finances investment when domestic savings are insufficient.","correct":true,"explanation":"A savings gap exists when domestic savings cannot fund the investment needed for growth. Foreign aid can provide finance to fill that shortfall."},{"text":"It finances consumption when domestic savings are excessive.","correct":false,"explanation":"A savings gap concerns insufficient funds for investment, not excessive savings or primarily consumption. The correct answer is that aid finances investment when domestic savings are insufficient."},{"text":"It finances investment when domestic exports are insufficient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Insufficient exports describe a possible foreign-exchange constraint, not the savings gap specifically. Aid relaxes the savings gap by funding investment when domestic savings are insufficient."},{"text":"It reduces investment when domestic savings are insufficient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Aid can increase available investment finance rather than reduce investment. The correct answer is that it finances investment when domestic savings are insufficient."}]},{"id":"107280a7-cd5e-4aa6-bc57-30bdca577db2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can debt relief promote development?","back":"It frees income from repayments for health, education and investment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It frees income from repayments for health, education and investment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Debt relief reduces debt-servicing payments, allowing governments to redirect scarce income towards development priorities such as health, education and productive investment."},{"text":"It frees income from repayments for military spending and imports.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debt relief may create fiscal space, but its development benefit is funding health, education and investment rather than specifically military spending and imports."},{"text":"It increases income from repayments for health, education and investment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debt relief lowers repayment obligations; it does not increase income from repayments. It frees existing income for health, education and investment."},{"text":"It frees income from repayments for lower taxes and debt accumulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Debt relief is intended to support development spending and does not require using the released funds for further debt accumulation. The correct priorities are health, education and investment."}]},{"id":"fad3b9d9-7961-4d3f-8ae2-0d6143539cab","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may trade promote development more durably than aid?","back":"Trade generates self-sustaining export income rather than donor reliance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Trade generates self-sustaining export income rather than donor reliance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Successful trade can create continuing export earnings, allowing a country to finance imports and development through its own economic activity rather than depending permanently on donors."},{"text":"Trade generates permanent aid income rather than export reliance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trade does not generate aid income; it generates export earnings. The correct answer is self-sustaining export income rather than reliance on donors."},{"text":"Trade generates self-sustaining import costs rather than donor reliance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Imports are expenditure, not income, so this reverses the financial effect. Trade may generate self-sustaining export income, reducing dependence on donors."},{"text":"Trade generates short-term borrowing rather than donor reliance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Borrowing creates a liability and is not the durable income stream associated with trade. The correct answer is self-sustaining export income rather than donor reliance."}]},{"id":"e6d52b41-af14-4c09-ba82-3b0c11f37c1b","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do the development roles of the IMF and World Bank differ?","back":"

IMF - short-term balance of payments support
World Bank - long-term development project finance

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

IMF - short-term balance of payments support
World Bank - long-term development project finance

","correct":true,"explanation":"The IMF mainly provides short-term support for balance of payments difficulties, whereas the World Bank finances longer-term development projects and investment."},{"text":"

IMF - long-term development project finance
World Bank - short-term balance of payments support

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the institutions’ main roles. The IMF provides short-term balance of payments support, while the World Bank provides long-term development project finance."},{"text":"

IMF - emergency military investment
World Bank - short-term balance of payments support

","correct":false,"explanation":"The IMF is not primarily a military investment agency, and short-term balance of payments support is mainly the IMF’s role. The World Bank focuses on long-term development project finance."},{"text":"

IMF - long-term poverty-relief grants
World Bank - currency stabilisation loans

","correct":false,"explanation":"This assigns broad grant-making to the IMF and currency stabilisation to the World Bank. The correct distinction is IMF short-term balance of payments support and World Bank long-term project finance."}]},{"id":"d3123c27-2ba2-4bcf-aee9-863afaf17289","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may governance reform need to precede aid or market opening?","back":"Resources may be diverted, so aid and market reforms have little effect.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Resources may be diverted, so aid and market reforms have little effect.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weak governance can allow officials or powerful groups to divert resources for private benefit. In that case, aid and market-opening reforms may fail to produce broad development."},{"text":"Resources may be multiplied, so aid and market reforms have little effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying resources would generally increase the potential impact of aid and reforms. The relevant governance risk is that resources may be diverted, reducing their effectiveness."},{"text":"Resources may be diverted, so aid and market reforms have maximum effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diversion prevents resources reaching their intended uses, so it reduces rather than maximises the impact of aid and reforms. Governance reform may therefore need to come first."},{"text":"Resources may be taxed, so aid and market reforms have little effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taxation is not the central governance problem described here and can sometimes fund public services. The key risk is diversion of resources, which makes aid and reforms ineffective."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"2.6.5 Economic growth and development","title":"2.6.5 Economic growth and development Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/economics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"38da68c6-f240-584d-a955-a551fd04c5e8","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]