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Choice architecture shapes how options are presented while leaving the alternatives available."},{"text":"It changes the price of every option.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing prices is a financial incentive rather than the defining feature of choice architecture. Choice architecture influences decisions through how options are presented."},{"text":"It requires consumers to make an active decision.","correct":false,"explanation":"Requiring an active decision describes mandated choice. Choice architecture more broadly shapes decisions through the presentation and organisation of available options."}]},{"id":"7002f022-f393-4afa-a1b2-dcc627ed6d7c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can the order or default of options steer consumer choices?","back":"They make some choices more likely by setting the decision structure.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They make some choices more likely by setting the decision structure.","correct":true,"explanation":"Order and defaults influence which option is noticed or selected first, creating a decision structure that makes some choices more likely without directly forcing consumers."},{"text":"They make all choices equally likely by removing the decision structure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Options are never presented without some structure: order and defaults can make particular choices more likely. The correct idea is that they set the decision structure."},{"text":"They prevent consumers from changing the market price.","correct":false,"explanation":"The order or default does not primarily control market prices. It steers consumer behaviour by setting the decision structure around the available choices."},{"text":"They force consumers to accept the most expensive option.","correct":false,"explanation":"A default can influence behaviour, but consumers usually retain alternatives and can change their selection. It does not automatically force the most expensive option."}]},{"id":"3d99af49-4cb9-4e6b-8487-796c9eab2626","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does framing change a decision?","back":"It changes decisions through the wording or context used to present an option.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It changes decisions through the wording or context used to present an option.","correct":true,"explanation":"Framing changes how people interpret information by altering its wording or context, even when the underlying choice and facts remain the same."},{"text":"It changes decisions by altering the legal status of an option.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing legal status involves regulation or legislation, not framing. Framing affects responses by changing the wording or context in which an option is presented."},{"text":"It changes decisions by removing the least popular option.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing an option is restricted choice rather than framing. Framing leaves the option available but presents it using different wording or context."},{"text":"It changes decisions only by increasing the financial reward.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing a financial reward is an incentive and does not define framing. Framing influences decisions through presentation, wording or context rather than payment."}]},{"id":"78926347-474e-400b-847c-5aca4d7d1e02","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How does a nudge differ from a ban or mandate?","back":"A nudge preserves freedom of choice; a ban or mandate removes or restricts it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A nudge preserves freedom of choice; a ban or mandate removes or restricts it.","correct":true,"explanation":"A nudge changes the environment or presentation to influence behaviour while keeping alternatives available. A ban removes an option, while a mandate requires a particular action."},{"text":"A nudge removes freedom of choice; a ban or mandate preserves it.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the distinction. Nudges preserve alternatives, whereas bans and mandates remove an option or require a specified choice."},{"text":"A nudge raises the price of choice; a ban or mandate lowers it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Price changes are not the defining distinction between nudges and bans or mandates. The key difference is whether freedom of choice is preserved or restricted."},{"text":"A nudge requires legal enforcement; a ban or mandate is voluntary.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bans and mandates are generally backed by rules or enforcement, while nudges do not require people to comply. The nudge preserves freedom of choice."}]},{"id":"95604a48-0a39-4f54-b393-b4f3c628bce6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What makes healthy food placement an example of a nudge?","back":"Placing it at eye level makes healthier eating easier without removing alternatives.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Placing it at eye level makes healthier eating easier without removing alternatives.","correct":true,"explanation":"Eye-level placement increases the visibility and convenience of healthy food, encouraging its selection while leaving less healthy alternatives available."},{"text":"Placing it at eye level makes unhealthy eating illegal without removing alternatives.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eye-level placement cannot make unhealthy eating illegal; it only changes prominence and convenience. The nudge encourages healthier choices while alternatives remain available."},{"text":"Placing it at floor level makes healthier eating easier without removing alternatives.","correct":false,"explanation":"Floor-level placement usually makes food less visible and convenient, so it would not encourage selection as effectively as eye-level placement."},{"text":"Placing it at eye level makes healthier eating compulsory by removing alternatives.","correct":false,"explanation":"A nudge does not make the behaviour compulsory or remove alternatives. Eye-level placement encourages healthier eating by making that option easier to notice and choose."}]},{"id":"b8308db6-bf55-4173-ad16-162079b101f3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do governments and firms use nudges?","back":"

Low cost compared with other tools
Choice remains open

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Low cost compared with other tools
Choice remains open

","correct":true,"explanation":"Governments and firms may prefer nudges because changing defaults or presentation can be relatively inexpensive, while consumers remain free to reject the suggested behaviour."},{"text":"

High cost compared with other tools
Choice remains open

","correct":false,"explanation":"Nudges are attractive partly because they can be low-cost compared with taxation, regulation or major spending programmes. Keeping choice open is correctly identified here."},{"text":"

Low cost compared with other tools
Choice is removed

","correct":false,"explanation":"Nudges may be low-cost, but they do not remove choice. Removing alternatives is a feature of restricted choice, bans or other compulsory policies."},{"text":"

High cost compared with other tools
Choice is removed

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both claims conflict with why nudges are used. They can be relatively low-cost and preserve consumers’ freedom to choose differently."}]},{"id":"2f4c2a3a-c88d-4d6e-949f-723ed9dd30b3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What policy outcome did automatic pension enrolment produce in the UK?","back":"It sharply raised participation in pension saving.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It sharply raised participation in pension saving.","correct":true,"explanation":"Automatic enrolment makes pension saving the default, so many workers remain enrolled unless they opt out. This substantially increased participation in UK workplace pensions."},{"text":"It sharply reduced participation in pension saving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Automatic enrolment generally increased participation because inertia leads many people to remain in the default scheme. A reduction would contradict the observed policy outcome."},{"text":"It made pension saving compulsory for all workers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Automatic enrolment is not the same as compulsion: eligible workers can usually opt out. Its effect was to sharply raise participation by using a default."},{"text":"It eliminated employer contributions to pension saving.","correct":false,"explanation":"Automatic enrolment concerns participation and pension scheme membership, not eliminating employer contributions. The key outcome was a sharp rise in pension saving participation."}]},{"id":"bf0623b3-fecc-47c7-ad3c-688081e601af","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might nudges not fully replace other economic policies?","back":"Their effects can be small or short-lived.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their effects can be small or short-lived.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nudges may have limited or temporary effects because people can ignore them, adapt to them or return to previous habits. Larger problems may need stronger policies."},{"text":"Their effects are always large and permanent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nudges do not guarantee lasting, substantial changes. Their effects can fade as people adapt or disregard the intervention, which limits their ability to replace other policies."},{"text":"Their effects are legally impossible to measure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nudge effects can be measured using outcomes such as participation or consumption. The concern is that effects may be small or short-lived, not impossible to measure."},{"text":"Their effects require higher taxes in every case.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nudges do not inherently require higher taxes; their attraction is often that they are relatively low-cost. Their limitation is the possible size or duration of their effects."}]},{"id":"e3711580-838d-496e-b16c-2fae145810aa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What ethical concern can arise from framing and nudges?","back":"Steering decisions can feel manipulative.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Steering decisions can feel manipulative.","correct":true,"explanation":"People may object that nudges and framing influence behaviour without fully transparent persuasion, creating an ethical concern that decision-makers are manipulating rather than respecting autonomy."},{"text":"Steering decisions is always legally compulsory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nudges usually leave people free to choose, so they are not automatically legally compulsory. The ethical concern is that subtle influence can feel manipulative."},{"text":"Steering decisions always makes consumers perfectly informed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Framing and nudges can affect presentation, but they do not guarantee complete or accurate information. The ethical concern concerns manipulation and autonomy."},{"text":"Steering decisions removes all consumer preferences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nudges influence preferences or behaviour but do not erase consumers’ preferences. The ethical issue is whether steering choices undermines autonomy by feeling manipulative."}]},{"id":"7a2c175a-cea2-47b9-871e-f2d74ed5107c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens under a default choice?","back":"The option applies automatically if the consumer does nothing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The option applies automatically if the consumer does nothing.","correct":true,"explanation":"A default is the outcome that occurs automatically when no active choice is made. Consumers may often change it, but inaction leaves the default in place."},{"text":"The option applies only if the consumer actively rejects it.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the meaning of a default. The default applies when the consumer does nothing, whereas actively rejecting it would normally prevent it from applying."},{"text":"The option applies automatically if the consumer pays a higher price.","correct":false,"explanation":"A default depends on inaction, not on paying a higher price. Price changes are separate from the automatic application of a preset option."},{"text":"The option applies only after the consumer compares every alternative.","correct":false,"explanation":"A default is specifically designed to operate without an active comparison of every alternative. It applies automatically when the consumer takes no action."}]},{"id":"51ec4508-5252-47d9-86b8-29b65fbb3094","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is a default choice not compulsory?","back":"The consumer can usually reverse it or opt out.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The consumer can usually reverse it or opt out.","correct":true,"explanation":"A default is not compulsory because consumers normally retain the ability to change the selection or opt out. This continuing freedom distinguishes a default from a mandate."},{"text":"The consumer must accept it permanently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permanent acceptance would make the choice compulsory, not a normal default. Consumers can usually reverse a default or opt out of it."},{"text":"The consumer can only change it by breaking the law.","correct":false,"explanation":"Defaults generally do not impose legal restrictions on changing choices. Consumers can usually opt out through an allowed process without breaking the law."},{"text":"The consumer has no need to know the alternative.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lack of awareness may affect behaviour, but it does not explain why a default is non-compulsory. The defining point is the ability to reverse it or opt out."}]},{"id":"9dc6cc7b-7f99-4372-a1da-590951365abd","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does restricted choice address decision overload?","back":"It reduces the number of options available.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reduces the number of options available.","correct":true,"explanation":"Restricted choice tackles decision overload by limiting the number of alternatives that consumers must compare, making the decision less demanding."},{"text":"It increases the number of options available.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding options can worsen decision overload by increasing the comparisons consumers must make. Restricted choice reduces, rather than increases, the number available."},{"text":"It removes all information available.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restricted choice limits alternatives, not all information. Removing every piece of information would prevent informed decision-making rather than simply reducing overload."},{"text":"It raises the price of options available.","correct":false,"explanation":"Price increases may reduce demand but do not directly address decision overload. Restricted choice works by reducing the number of alternatives consumers must process."}]},{"id":"a5b6f32e-7947-4e0b-84ec-9e4394cac23b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does mandated choice require consumers to do?","back":"It requires them to make an active decision.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It requires them to make an active decision.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mandated choice prevents an automatic outcome by requiring consumers to select an option actively. Doing nothing is not sufficient to complete the decision."},{"text":"It allows them to avoid an active decision.","correct":false,"explanation":"Avoiding an active decision is possible under some default systems, but mandated choice specifically requires an active selection before proceeding."},{"text":"It requires them to accept the default option.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mandated choice requires a selection but does not necessarily require acceptance of a default. A default applies when consumers do nothing, which mandated choice prevents."},{"text":"It requires them to pay the lowest price.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mandated choice concerns the need to select actively, not the price of the option chosen. Consumers may actively choose among options with different prices."}]},{"id":"83b3c9f4-983c-4c2a-85c4-1da013e4891a","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How does mandated choice differ from a default?","back":"Mandated choice makes people choose actively, whereas a default applies when they do nothing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mandated choice makes people choose actively, whereas a default applies when they do nothing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mandated choice requires an explicit selection, while a default supplies an automatic outcome when no selection is made. This is the central difference between the policies."},{"text":"Mandated choice lets people do nothing, whereas a default requires active selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the definitions. A default applies when people do nothing, whereas mandated choice requires them to choose actively."},{"text":"Mandated choice removes every option, whereas a default removes only the price.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mandated choice does not remove every option; it requires an active selection among available alternatives. A default concerns what happens when no choice is made."},{"text":"Mandated choice makes people pay more, whereas a default makes choices illegal.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither policy is defined by price increases or illegality. Mandated choice requires active selection, while a default applies automatically after inaction."}]},{"id":"a3089a52-ea15-4cb9-8e01-0a920ece941b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a shorter menu reduce decision overload?","back":"Fewer options make the decision easier to process.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fewer options make the decision easier to process.","correct":true,"explanation":"A shorter menu reduces the mental effort needed to compare alternatives, helping consumers process the available information and reach a decision more easily."},{"text":"Fewer options make the decision harder to process.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing alternatives normally lowers the number of comparisons required. It is the large number of options that can make information harder to process."},{"text":"Fewer options make the decision more expensive to process.","correct":false,"explanation":"The main effect concerns cognitive effort, not a direct monetary processing cost. Fewer options usually make the decision easier to process."},{"text":"Fewer options make the decision legally compulsory.","correct":false,"explanation":"A shorter menu restricts alternatives but does not necessarily compel a particular choice. Its benefit is reducing the cognitive burden of processing many options."}]},{"id":"23a61281-836c-4cab-b608-35dc416338e0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What disadvantage can restricted choice create?","back":"It may remove options that people value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may remove options that people value.","correct":true,"explanation":"Restricting choice can reduce overload, but it may also prevent consumers from selecting alternatives that suit their preferences, creating a welfare or autonomy cost."},{"text":"It may add options that people value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding valued options is not the typical disadvantage of restricted choice. The concern is that restricting the menu may remove alternatives people would have preferred."},{"text":"It may remove all decision-making costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"A shorter menu can reduce decision costs but cannot remove every cost or difficulty. It may also eliminate options that some consumers value."},{"text":"It may make every option compulsory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restricted choice limits the available alternatives but does not make every option compulsory. Its disadvantage is the possible loss of valued choices."}]},{"id":"7cd9a4d6-bb9b-48cb-ab2d-51a0fc4f1366","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What disadvantage can mandated choice create?","back":"People may resent being forced to decide, especially when the decision is hard.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"People may resent being forced to decide, especially when the decision is hard.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mandated choice removes the option of avoiding or postponing a difficult decision. This pressure can cause resentment, particularly when people feel uncertain or lack the information needed to choose."},{"text":"People may appreciate being forced to decide, especially when the decision is hard.","correct":false,"explanation":"Appreciation would be a possible benefit, not the disadvantage identified here. Mandated choice can create resentment because people are forced to confront a difficult decision rather than defer it."},{"text":"People may benefit from being forced to decide, especially when the decision is hard.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a potential benefit rather than a disadvantage. The concern is that people may resent being compelled to decide, especially when the choice is complex or uncomfortable."},{"text":"People may relax when forced to decide, especially when the decision is hard.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being compelled to make a difficult choice is more likely to create pressure than relaxation. The disadvantage is that people may resent having to make an active decision."}]},{"id":"991988ce-48bb-4f90-923e-a1e8c01e4678","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How do choice-architecture levers compare with taxes or bans?","back":"They are often cheaper but weaker than a tax or ban.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are often cheaper but weaker than a tax or ban.","correct":true,"explanation":"Choice-architecture levers generally require less enforcement and administration than taxes or bans, making them cheaper. However, preserving freedom of choice often means their behavioural effects are weaker."},{"text":"They are often costlier but stronger than a tax or ban.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual comparison. Choice-architecture levers are often cheaper to implement but weaker because they influence decisions without the strong financial or legal force of taxes or bans."},{"text":"They are often cheaper and stronger than a tax or ban.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assuming nudges are stronger overstates their influence. They are often cheaper than taxes or bans, but their effects are typically weaker because individuals remain free to ignore them."},{"text":"They are often costlier and weaker than a tax or ban.","correct":false,"explanation":"The weakness is plausible, but the cost comparison is reversed. Choice-architecture levers are generally cheaper to administer while also exerting less pressure on behaviour than taxes or bans."}]},{"id":"f1c89603-6106-4499-b94d-dd85f0d61870","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can default pension enrolment shift behaviour at low cost?","back":"Few people opted out after being enrolled automatically.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Few people opted out after being enrolled automatically.","correct":true,"explanation":"Automatic enrolment exploits inertia and status quo bias: most employees remain with the preselected option. Because few actively opt out, participation rises without expensive enforcement or large incentives."},{"text":"Most people opted out after being enrolled automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"If most people opted out, automatic enrolment would produce little lasting change. Participation shifts at low cost because inertia keeps most people enrolled and only a few choose to leave."},{"text":"Few people opted in after being excluded automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes an opt-in system, which tends to produce lower participation because inertia discourages active enrolment. The policy works because people are enrolled automatically and few opt out."},{"text":"Most people switched funds after being enrolled automatically.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequent switching would suggest active comparison rather than the low-cost effect of defaults. Automatic enrolment raises saving because few people opt out once enrolment becomes the status quo."}]},{"id":"0e75266f-2359-456c-86c5-585c4f896ed5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should nudges and choice-architecture levers often be combined with other policies?","back":"Their effects vary, so they work best alongside taxes, subsidies or regulation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their effects vary, so they work best alongside taxes, subsidies or regulation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Responses to behavioural policies differ across people and contexts, so nudges may not create sufficient change alone. Taxes, subsidies or regulation can provide stronger incentives or enforce minimum standards."},{"text":"Their effects are uniform, so they work best instead of taxes, subsidies or regulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Behavioural responses are not uniform, and nudges may be weak or ineffective for some groups. Their variable effects mean they often work best alongside taxes, subsidies or regulation."},{"text":"Their effects are permanent, so they can fully replace taxes, subsidies or regulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nudge effects are not necessarily permanent or strong enough to replace conventional policies. Because their impact varies, they are often combined with taxes, subsidies or regulation."},{"text":"Their effects are guaranteed, so they remove the need for taxes, subsidies or regulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"No behavioural intervention guarantees a response, since individuals and contexts differ. This uncertainty is precisely why nudges often complement taxes, subsidies or regulation rather than removing their need."}]},{"id":"9c1c969d-a82c-46bd-a669-7709de79921a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A nudge alters behaviour predictably without [ ] or significantly changing economic incentives.","back":"A nudge alters behaviour predictably without forbidding any options or significantly changing economic incentives.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"forbidding any options","correct":true,"explanation":"A nudge changes the choice environment while preserving freedom of choice. It must not forbid any options or significantly alter economic incentives, distinguishing it from bans, taxes and subsidies."},{"text":"removing most options","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing most options substantially restricts freedom of choice and resembles regulation rather than a nudge. A genuine nudge alters behaviour predictably without forbidding any options or significantly changing incentives."},{"text":"requiring a particular choice","correct":false,"explanation":"Requiring one choice is a mandate, not a nudge, because individuals cannot freely select alternatives. A nudge must influence behaviour without forbidding any options or significantly changing economic incentives."},{"text":"imposing legal penalties","correct":false,"explanation":"Legal penalties change the consequences of choosing and therefore operate through coercion or incentives. A nudge instead influences behaviour without forbidding any options or significantly changing economic incentives."}]},{"id":"c260798c-076f-4463-891f-363d95a6e9eb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Framing presents the [ ] in different lights.","back":"Framing presents the same option in different lights.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"same option","correct":true,"explanation":"Framing changes how an unchanged option is described or presented. Different wording can emphasise gains, losses or risks and alter decisions even though the underlying option remains the same."},{"text":"different options","correct":false,"explanation":"Presenting genuinely different options changes the available choices rather than merely framing them. Framing presents the same option in different lights, allowing presentation alone to influence perception and behaviour."},{"text":"cheapest option","correct":false,"explanation":"Framing is not defined by selecting or promoting the least expensive alternative. It presents the same option in different lights, such as emphasising either its potential gains or losses."},{"text":"default option","correct":false,"explanation":"A default is the outcome selected when no active choice is made, which is a separate choice-architecture lever. Framing presents the same option in different lights through altered presentation."}]},{"id":"50c7e14c-c31e-44ac-9a7d-b9d800e41989","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Automatic pension enrolment makes saving the [ ].","back":"Automatic pension enrolment makes saving the default.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"default","correct":true,"explanation":"Under automatic enrolment, employees begin saving unless they actively opt out. Saving therefore becomes the default, using inertia and status quo bias to increase pension participation."},{"text":"only option","correct":false,"explanation":"Automatic enrolment still permits employees to opt out, so saving is not the only option. It makes saving the default while preserving the freedom to choose otherwise."},{"text":"financial penalty","correct":false,"explanation":"Automatic enrolment does not make saving a punishment or impose a fine for another choice. It makes saving the default, relying primarily on inertia rather than penalties."},{"text":"active decision","correct":false,"explanation":"An active decision would require employees to choose saving themselves. Automatic enrolment does the opposite: it makes saving the default, so no action is needed to remain enrolled."}]},{"id":"4c04cb08-269f-436c-97b3-fda2bf0179ba","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Restricted choice limits the number of options to reduce [ ].","back":"Restricted choice limits the number of options to reduce decision overload.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"decision overload","correct":true,"explanation":"Too many alternatives can exceed people’s ability or willingness to compare them, leading to delay or poor choices. Restricted choice reduces this decision overload by presenting fewer options."},{"text":"loss aversion","correct":false,"explanation":"Loss aversion is the tendency to weigh losses more heavily than equivalent gains; it is not caused simply by option quantity. Restricted choice specifically reduces decision overload."},{"text":"status quo bias","correct":false,"explanation":"Status quo bias is the tendency to retain an existing or default position. Restricted choice instead limits the number of alternatives so that decision overload is reduced."},{"text":"present bias","correct":false,"explanation":"Present bias involves placing excessive weight on immediate outcomes relative to future ones. Restricting the number of options is designed to reduce decision overload, not time preference bias."}]},{"id":"d42bf6d3-7991-45ec-a1f2-ed6aeea9f104","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Mandated choice requires people to make an [ ].","back":"Mandated choice requires people to make an active decision.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"active decision","correct":true,"explanation":"Mandated choice prevents people from simply accepting a default or avoiding the issue. Individuals must actively state their preference, making an active decision between the available alternatives."},{"text":"passive acceptance","correct":false,"explanation":"Passive acceptance occurs when someone remains with a default without choosing. Mandated choice removes that possibility by requiring the individual to make an active decision."},{"text":"default selection","correct":false,"explanation":"A default selection applies automatically when an individual takes no action, whereas mandated choice requires action. People must make an active decision rather than inherit a preselected outcome."},{"text":"random selection","correct":false,"explanation":"Mandated choice requires individuals to express a preference, not have an outcome allocated randomly. Its defining feature is the requirement to make an active decision."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-10","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"1.2.4 Behavioural economics and economic policy","title":"1.2.4 Behavioural economics and economic policy Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/economics/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"73209f7c-042d-5575-b11b-18cd6e06dce5","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]