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general style of programming that shapes how problems, data and control flow are represented and organised."},{"text":"translator","correct":false,"explanation":"A translator converts source code into another form; it does not define the overall problem-solving style. The correct term is paradigm, which describes how programs are structured."},{"text":"algorithm","correct":false,"explanation":"An algorithm is a sequence of steps for solving a particular problem. The correct term is paradigm, meaning a broader approach to organising data and control."},{"text":"syntax","correct":false,"explanation":"Syntax consists of the grammatical rules for writing valid code. The correct term is paradigm, which determines the general style used to structure a solution."}]},{"id":"3f0f1c46-f2a2-43a5-b7de-c71b46fa5d14","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which type of language hides many hardware details from the programmer?","back":"A high-level language.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A high-level language.","correct":true,"explanation":"A high-level language provides abstractions such as variables and structured statements, hiding processor instructions, registers and memory management from the programmer."},{"text":"A low-level language.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low-level languages expose hardware-specific details such as processor instructions and registers. A high-level language hides many of these details through greater abstraction."},{"text":"An assembly language.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly language closely represents the processor’s machine instructions, so it exposes rather than hides hardware details. A high-level language provides the required abstraction."},{"text":"A machine-code language.","correct":false,"explanation":"Machine code consists of binary instructions executed directly by the processor and is hardware-specific. A high-level language hides these underlying implementation details."}]},{"id":"b091b528-8dc4-4ea4-b9b0-0f089f63e868","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might assembly language suit a small device with limited memory?","back":"It gives precise control over processor instructions and memory.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It gives precise control over processor instructions and memory.","correct":true,"explanation":"Assembly language maps closely to machine instructions, allowing efficient use of processor operations and memory - valuable when a small device has severely limited resources."},{"text":"It provides automatic control over processor instructions and memory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly does not automatically manage processor instructions or memory; the programmer handles them explicitly. Its advantage is precise control, allowing careful optimisation for limited hardware."},{"text":"It gives portable control over processor instructions and memory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Assembly is generally processor-specific rather than portable between devices. It suits limited hardware because it gives precise control over instructions and memory usage."},{"text":"It provides abstract control over processor instructions and memory.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abstraction is a feature associated more strongly with high-level languages. Assembly suits constrained devices because it provides precise, direct control over processor instructions and memory."}]},{"id":"c70319ff-9a3f-43b0-85c6-59dad9de3c6a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which paradigm fits a marks-to-grades program with input, calculate, decide, output steps?","back":"A procedural approach.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A procedural approach.","correct":true,"explanation":"A procedural approach organises a solution as an ordered sequence of instructions, using input, calculation, selection and output to process marks into grades."},{"text":"An object-oriented approach.","correct":false,"explanation":"Object-oriented programming centres on interacting objects that encapsulate data and methods. A simple sequence of input, calculation, decision and output is more naturally procedural."},{"text":"A declarative approach.","correct":false,"explanation":"A declarative approach specifies the desired result without emphasising the step-by-step process. This program explicitly follows ordered processing stages, so procedural is the better fit."},{"text":"A functional approach.","correct":false,"explanation":"Functional programming emphasises function evaluation and often avoids changing state. The stated input, calculate, decide and output sequence describes a procedural approach."}]},{"id":"f4de7620-68c2-424f-bfae-dd27aed6ef56","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In procedural programming, [ ] handles decisions, while [ ] handles repetition.","back":"In procedural programming, selection handles decisions, while iteration handles repetition.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In procedural programming, selection handles decisions, while iteration handles repetition.","correct":true,"explanation":"Selection chooses between alternative paths according to a condition, while iteration repeatedly executes instructions while a condition holds or for a fixed number of times."},{"text":"In procedural programming, iteration handles decisions, while selection handles repetition.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two control structures. Selection handles decisions by choosing a path, while iteration handles repetition by executing code multiple times."},{"text":"In procedural programming, sequence handles decisions, while iteration handles repetition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sequence means executing instructions in their written order; it does not choose between alternatives. Selection handles decisions, while iteration correctly handles repetition."},{"text":"In procedural programming, selection handles decisions, while recursion handles repetition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recursion can produce repeated behaviour through self-calling routines, but the standard procedural control structure for repetition is iteration. Selection correctly handles decisions."}]},{"id":"e52f03ab-bb78-431b-94a8-2acc0605fb66","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a function do that a procedure may not?","back":"A function returns a value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A function returns a value.","correct":true,"explanation":"A function produces and returns a result to the calling statement, allowing that result to be assigned, displayed or used within another expression."},{"text":"A function declares a variable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both functions and procedures may declare local variables, so this is not the distinguishing feature. A function returns a value to the code that called it."},{"text":"A function accepts a parameter.","correct":false,"explanation":"Procedures can accept parameters as well as functions, so parameters do not distinguish them. A function specifically returns a value to its caller."},{"text":"A function executes instructions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both functions and procedures execute instructions when called. The key distinction is that a function returns a value, whereas a procedure may not."}]},{"id":"0f817466-d124-471f-a1a8-0204f6a3faf7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is top-down decomposition used for?","back":"Breaking a large problem into smaller sub-problems.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Breaking a large problem into smaller sub-problems.","correct":true,"explanation":"Top-down decomposition starts with the complete problem and divides it into smaller, more manageable sub-problems that can be designed, implemented and tested separately."},{"text":"Combining small problems into a larger final problem.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a bottom-up direction rather than top-down decomposition. Top-down decomposition begins with a large problem and breaks it into smaller sub-problems."},{"text":"Converting a large program into lower-level machine code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation into machine code is performed by a compiler, interpreter or assembler. Top-down decomposition instead breaks a large problem into manageable sub-problems."},{"text":"Testing a completed solution using smaller test cases.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using test cases is part of software testing, not decomposition. Top-down decomposition divides a large problem into smaller sub-problems before or during development."}]},{"id":"37b53e00-cdcd-4ef1-8b15-402356556960","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the totalMarks example, what value is returned for marks 12, 18, and 15?","back":"45.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"45.","correct":true,"explanation":"The function totals the three marks, so $12 + 18 + 15 = 45$. Therefore, the returned value is 45."},{"text":"33.","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from adding only 18 and 15, omitting the first mark of 12. Adding all three values gives $12 + 18 + 15 = 45$."},{"text":"30.","correct":false,"explanation":"This likely results from adding 12 and 18 but omitting the final mark of 15. The complete total is $12 + 18 + 15 = 45$."},{"text":"216.","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from multiplying 12 by 18 and ignoring 15, rather than adding all three marks. The function returns $12 + 18 + 15 = 45$."}]},{"id":"82d8aef3-7b3d-41a3-b753-7d4e4a61a697","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Assembly language uses [ ]; an assembler translates it into [ ].","back":"Assembly language uses mnemonics; an assembler translates it into machine code.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Assembly language uses mnemonics; an assembler translates it into machine code.","correct":true,"explanation":"Assembly instructions are represented by memorable mnemonics such as LDA and ADD. An assembler converts these instructions into the binary machine code executed by the processor."},{"text":"Assembly language uses mnemonics; an assembler translates it into bytecode.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bytecode is normally associated with virtual machines, not assembly translation. Assembly language uses mnemonics, which an assembler converts into processor-specific machine code."},{"text":"Assembly language uses binary instructions; an assembler translates it into machine code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Binary instructions are already machine code rather than the symbolic form programmers write. Assembly language uses mnemonics, and the assembler translates them into machine code."},{"text":"Assembly language uses keywords; an assembler translates it into high-level code.","correct":false,"explanation":"Keywords and high-level code belong to high-level programming languages and compilers. Assembly language instead uses mnemonics that an assembler translates into machine code."}]},{"id":"d0f47d09-ab1b-4fc8-a23b-f29f0108ceca","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In LMC, which part is used for calculations?","back":"The accumulator.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The accumulator.","correct":true,"explanation":"The accumulator is the LMC register in which arithmetic calculations are performed. Instructions such as ADD and SUB update the value held there."},{"text":"The program counter.","correct":false,"explanation":"The program counter tracks the address of the next instruction rather than performing arithmetic. In LMC, calculations use the accumulator."},{"text":"The instruction register.","correct":false,"explanation":"The instruction register holds the current instruction while it is decoded and executed; it is not used for arithmetic. LMC calculations take place in the accumulator."},{"text":"The memory address register.","correct":false,"explanation":"The memory address register identifies a memory location being accessed rather than storing calculation results. In LMC, the accumulator is used for calculations."}]},{"id":"5b911bcc-c2bc-45a0-b427-464604a8e479","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In LMC, what does STA FIRST do?","back":"Stores the accumulator value in FIRST.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stores the accumulator value in FIRST.","correct":true,"explanation":"The STA instruction copies the current accumulator value into the named memory location. Therefore, STA FIRST stores that value at FIRST."},{"text":"Loads the FIRST value into the accumulator.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of data transfer and describes LDA FIRST. The STA FIRST instruction instead stores the accumulator value in FIRST."},{"text":"Adds the FIRST value to the accumulator.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the value at FIRST would require ADD FIRST. The STA mnemonic stores the current accumulator value in the location labelled FIRST."},{"text":"Stores the input value in the accumulator.","correct":false,"explanation":"Input is obtained using INP, not STA. The instruction STA FIRST copies the accumulator’s current value into the memory location labelled FIRST."}]},{"id":"57d56fbc-6f86-4764-891b-12d188797b9a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the LMC addition program, after inputs 7 then 5, what does OUT output?","back":"12.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"12.","correct":true,"explanation":"The program adds the two inputs in the accumulator, so $7 + 5 = 12$. The OUT instruction outputs the accumulator’s resulting value."},{"text":"2.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting the second input from the first gives $7 - 5 = 2$, but this is an addition program. It outputs $7 + 5 = 12$."},{"text":"35.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the operation as multiplication rather than addition. The program adds the inputs in the accumulator, producing $7 + 5 = 12$."},{"text":"5.","correct":false,"explanation":"This outputs only the second input and ignores the addition. After the program adds both inputs, the accumulator contains $12$, which OUT outputs."}]},{"id":"17ef3604-c158-491e-a095-a9a3175ce49f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In LMC, BRZ branches if the accumulator is [ ]; BRP branches if it is [ ].","back":"In LMC, BRZ branches if the accumulator is zero; BRP branches if it is zero or positive.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In LMC, BRZ branches if the accumulator is zero; BRP branches if it is zero or positive.","correct":true,"explanation":"BRZ tests specifically for an accumulator value of zero. BRP branches when the value is non-negative, meaning either zero or positive."},{"text":"In LMC, BRZ branches if the accumulator is zero; BRP branches if it is positive.","correct":false,"explanation":"The common mistake is to interpret BRP as strictly positive. It branches for any non-negative value, including zero, while BRZ branches only for zero."},{"text":"In LMC, BRZ branches if the accumulator is negative; BRP branches if it is zero or positive.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the zero test with a negative-value test. BRZ branches only when the accumulator is zero, while BRP branches when it is zero or positive."},{"text":"In LMC, BRZ branches if the accumulator is negative; BRP branches if it is negative or zero.","correct":false,"explanation":"The branch conditions have been confused with negative tests. BRZ requires exactly zero, whereas BRP accepts zero or any positive accumulator value."}]},{"id":"7e1110e0-aa76-4538-ae3c-e99d8f6ad27e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which LMC mnemonic reserves a memory location for data?","back":"DAT.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"DAT.","correct":true,"explanation":"DAT marks a mailbox as a data location, optionally giving it an initial value. Labels can then refer to that reserved memory location."},{"text":"LDA.","correct":false,"explanation":"LDA loads a value from memory into the accumulator; it does not reserve storage. The DAT mnemonic reserves a memory location for data."},{"text":"STA.","correct":false,"explanation":"STA stores the accumulator’s value in an existing memory location rather than reserving one. A data location is declared using DAT."},{"text":"INP.","correct":false,"explanation":"INP accepts user input and places it in the accumulator; it is not a data declaration. The mnemonic used to reserve memory is DAT."}]},{"id":"cf695ac7-e6eb-4c02-903a-f58eb8c09ecf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Immediate addressing treats the operand as the [ ]; direct addressing treats it as the [ ].","back":"Immediate addressing treats the operand as the value itself; direct addressing treats it as the address of the value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Immediate addressing treats the operand as the value itself; direct addressing treats it as the address of the value.","correct":true,"explanation":"Immediate addressing embeds the actual data value in the instruction. Direct addressing instead supplies the memory address at which the required value is stored."},{"text":"Immediate addressing treats the operand as the address of the value; direct addressing treats it as the value itself.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two addressing modes. Immediate addressing uses the operand itself as the value, while direct addressing interprets the operand as the value’s memory address."},{"text":"Immediate addressing treats the operand as the value itself; direct addressing treats it as the address containing the address of the value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Following an address to obtain another address describes indirect addressing, not direct addressing. Immediate addressing uses the value itself, while direct addressing gives its address."},{"text":"Immediate addressing treats the operand as the address of the value; direct addressing treats it as the address of the instruction.","correct":false,"explanation":"The operand does not normally identify the instruction’s address in either mode. Immediate addressing uses it as data, whereas direct addressing uses it as the data’s memory address."}]},{"id":"48348b15-7b02-4723-a7ab-2c68e5c6d44b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"With indirect addressing, operand 20, memory[20] = 45, memory[45] = 9: what value is used?","back":"9.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"9.","correct":true,"explanation":"Indirect addressing first reads address 45 from location 20, then follows that address. Location 45 contains 9, so 9 is the value used."},{"text":"45.","correct":false,"explanation":"This stops after the first memory lookup, which would correspond to direct addressing. Indirect addressing follows 45 as another address, reaching the value 9."},{"text":"20.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the operand as an immediate value and performs no memory lookup. Indirect addressing follows location 20 to location 45, where the value 9 is stored."},{"text":"54.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly adds the intermediate address and final data value. Indirect addressing performs lookups rather than arithmetic, ultimately obtaining 9 from memory location 45."}]},{"id":"f7cc3e43-9e7c-481d-9593-8e37589693d3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"With indexed addressing, base 20 and index register 3 give which effective address?","back":"23.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"23.","correct":true,"explanation":"Indexed addressing calculates the effective address by adding the base address to the index register: 20 + 3 = 23."},{"text":"17.","correct":false,"explanation":"This subtracts the index from the base, but indexed addressing adds them. The effective address is 20 + 3 = 23."},{"text":"60.","correct":false,"explanation":"This multiplies the base and index values instead of adding them. Indexed addressing uses 20 + 3, giving an effective address of 23."},{"text":"6.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses only the difference between the two values, ignoring the addressing rule. The base and index are added, so the correct address is 23."}]},{"id":"bb29522c-4c57-4824-a470-be264076f383","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is indexed addressing useful for arrays?","back":"The index selects an item by offsetting the base address.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The index selects an item by offsetting the base address.","correct":true,"explanation":"An array starts at a base address, and the index provides an offset to locate a particular element within that array."},{"text":"The base selects an item by replacing the index address.","correct":false,"explanation":"The base identifies the starting address, while the index selects an element by supplying an offset. Therefore, the index offsets the base address."},{"text":"The index stores every item by duplicating the base address.","correct":false,"explanation":"An index does not duplicate or store array items. It identifies an element through an offset from the array’s base address."},{"text":"The index selects an item by multiplying the base address.","correct":false,"explanation":"The index normally provides an offset, rather than multiplying the base address. The selected item is found by applying that offset to the base address."}]},{"id":"26f1edb1-a2a6-4174-9c58-9f1f0ce3c6cc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is a blueprint; an [ ] is an instance created from it.","back":"A class is a blueprint; an object is an instance created from it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A class is a blueprint; an object is an instance created from it.","correct":true,"explanation":"A class defines the attributes and methods that objects should have. An object is a particular instance created from that class."},{"text":"A method is a blueprint; an object is an instance created from it.","correct":false,"explanation":"A method is an operation defined within a class, not a blueprint for objects. The blueprint is a class, which can create object instances."},{"text":"A class is a blueprint; an method is an instance created from it.","correct":false,"explanation":"A method is behaviour belonging to a class, not an instance of that class. A class is the blueprint and an object is its created instance."},{"text":"A object is a blueprint; an class is an instance created from it.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship between the two terms. A class provides the blueprint, while an object is an instance created from the class."}]},{"id":"4472e06b-3047-40b8-b65b-cba3caf03707","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the OOP pseudocode, what feature is shown by Car inherits Vehicle?","back":"Inheritance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Inheritance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Inheritance allows a subclass such as Car to acquire attributes and methods from a parent or superclass such as Vehicle."},{"text":"Encapsulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encapsulation controls access to data and methods, often using private members. Car inheriting from Vehicle demonstrates inheritance instead."},{"text":"Polymorphism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Polymorphism allows the same method call to produce different behaviour in different classes. The statement shows Car receiving features from Vehicle, which is inheritance."},{"text":"Abstraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Abstraction hides unnecessary implementation details behind a simpler interface. A subclass gaining features from a superclass is an example of inheritance."}]},{"id":"90065a94-3499-4833-bd57-fc02fc2bc258","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does private speed demonstrate encapsulation?","back":"It keeps data bundled with methods and access controlled.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It keeps data bundled with methods and access controlled.","correct":true,"explanation":"Encapsulation combines related data and methods while restricting direct access to the data. Declaring speed private prevents unrestricted access from outside the class."},{"text":"It keeps data separated from methods and access controlled.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separating data from its methods does not describe encapsulation. Encapsulation bundles related data and methods together while controlling access to the data."},{"text":"It keeps data bundled with methods and freely accessible.","correct":false,"explanation":"Private data is not freely accessible from outside the class. Encapsulation bundles data with methods and restricts access through controlled methods."},{"text":"It keeps data duplicated with methods and access controlled.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encapsulation does not duplicate data. It groups data with related methods and controls access, which is why declaring speed private demonstrates encapsulation."}]},{"id":"525b2504-89c8-496a-a86d-4c2c23c0fd01","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When Vehicle.description() and Car.description() return different strings, which OOP feature is shown?","back":"Polymorphism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Polymorphism.","correct":true,"explanation":"Polymorphism allows the same method name, description(), to behave differently depending on the object or class using it."},{"text":"Inheritance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Inheritance describes Car receiving features from Vehicle. Different implementations of the same description() method demonstrate polymorphism instead."},{"text":"Encapsulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encapsulation restricts access to internal data and methods. Returning different strings from matching methods is variation in behaviour, which demonstrates polymorphism."},{"text":"Instantiation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Instantiation is the process of creating an object from a class. Different description() results for Vehicle and Car show polymorphism, not instantiation."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Types of Programming Language","title":"Types of Programming Language Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/computer-science/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"d49133dd-abe3-5bf3-a4f7-e9d6f6a2d6ab","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]