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be understood, repaired, adapted and enhanced throughout its life, especially after its initial release."},{"text":"portability","correct":false,"explanation":"Portability describes how easily software can be transferred between platforms or environments. The correct term is maintainability because the definition includes understanding, correcting, adapting and improving software."},{"text":"reliability","correct":false,"explanation":"Reliability concerns whether software operates consistently without failure. The correct term is maintainability, which measures how easily developers can understand, repair and modify it."},{"text":"usability","correct":false,"explanation":"Usability concerns how easily users can learn and operate software. The correct term is maintainability because the sentence focuses on developers understanding, correcting and improving it."}]},{"id":"2aff6adf-0095-4a69-9696-50d7161bc9ff","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why should a maintainability judgement start from project evidence?","back":"It supports a reasoned, project-specific judgement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It supports a reasoned, project-specific judgement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Evidence from the actual project links the judgement to observable features such as documentation, modularity and testing, rather than relying on unsupported assumptions or generalisations."},{"text":"It supports a standardised, language-specific judgement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Programming language alone does not determine how maintainable a particular project is. Project evidence supports a reasoned, project-specific judgement based on the software’s actual characteristics."},{"text":"It supports a subjective, developer-specific judgement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal preference can introduce bias and does not provide a defensible assessment. Project evidence instead supports a reasoned, project-specific judgement that can be justified."},{"text":"It supports a generalised, industry-wide judgement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Industry trends cannot establish the maintainability of one particular system. Evidence from that project supports a reasoned, project-specific judgement about its actual design and development."}]},{"id":"484e136d-4d07-4165-86f1-e35f77124d98","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which maintenance type fixes faults found after release?","back":"Corrective maintenance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Corrective maintenance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Corrective maintenance diagnoses and repairs defects discovered after the software has been released, restoring the system to its intended behaviour."},{"text":"Adaptive maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adaptive maintenance responds to changes in the software’s environment, such as a new operating system. Faults discovered after release are fixed through corrective maintenance."},{"text":"Perfective maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Perfective maintenance enhances performance, usability or functionality rather than repairing defects. Faults found after release are addressed by corrective maintenance."},{"text":"Preventative maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preventative maintenance restructures or improves code to reduce the risk of future difficulties. Existing faults found after release require corrective maintenance."}]},{"id":"cc7cdd36-9fed-4054-87cf-5112fa805b5f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which maintenance type changes a system for a new database or operating system?","back":"Adaptive maintenance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Adaptive maintenance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adaptive maintenance modifies software so that it continues to work when its external environment changes, including migrations to new databases or operating systems."},{"text":"Corrective maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Corrective maintenance repairs faults in existing behaviour. Supporting a new database or operating system is adaptive maintenance because the system is being adjusted to a changed environment."},{"text":"Perfective maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Perfective maintenance improves features, usability or performance. A change made for compatibility with a new database or operating system is adaptive maintenance."},{"text":"Preventative maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preventative maintenance reduces the likelihood of future code problems, often through restructuring. Responding to a new database or operating system requires adaptive maintenance."}]},{"id":"0dccbf6b-706b-4017-bed4-79bf3eec5116","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which maintenance type improves usability, performance or features?","back":"Perfective maintenance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Perfective maintenance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Perfective maintenance enhances an existing system by improving qualities such as usability and performance or by adding and refining features for users."},{"text":"Corrective maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Corrective maintenance repairs defects so that software behaves as originally intended. Improving usability, performance or features beyond fault repair is perfective maintenance."},{"text":"Adaptive maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adaptive maintenance keeps software compatible with a changed environment, such as a new platform. Enhancing usability, performance or features is perfective maintenance."},{"text":"Preventative maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preventative maintenance changes internal code to reduce future maintenance risks. User-facing or performance enhancements are classified as perfective maintenance."}]},{"id":"eb689b63-d0ea-4f45-840e-7d970137f60d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which maintenance type restructures code now to reduce future problems?","back":"Preventative maintenance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Preventative maintenance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Preventative maintenance improves the internal structure of software before faults arise, reducing technical debt and making future changes or repairs less difficult."},{"text":"Corrective maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Corrective maintenance addresses faults that already exist. Restructuring sound code now to prevent later difficulties is preventative maintenance."},{"text":"Adaptive maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adaptive maintenance modifies software in response to environmental changes. Proactively restructuring code to reduce future problems is preventative maintenance."},{"text":"Perfective maintenance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Perfective maintenance improves features, usability or performance. Internal restructuring whose purpose is to avoid future problems is preventative maintenance."}]},{"id":"dd697cb7-7f54-4670-b7b7-8425e9c73392","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is a self-contained program part, such as a function, class or separate file.","back":"A module is a self-contained program part, such as a function, class or separate file.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"module","correct":true,"explanation":"A module is a distinct, self-contained part of a program that groups related code, commonly implemented as a function, class or separate source file."},{"text":"parameter","correct":false,"explanation":"A parameter is a named value received by a function or procedure, not a self-contained program part. The correct term for such a part is module."},{"text":"variable","correct":false,"explanation":"A variable is a named storage location for data, not an independently organised program part. A self-contained function, class or file is a module."},{"text":"algorithm","correct":false,"explanation":"An algorithm is a sequence of steps for solving a problem and may be implemented inside program code. The self-contained program part itself is a module."}]},{"id":"86b309b5-339e-41ce-b956-95efb9f501d1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does high cohesion usually make maintenance easier?","back":"Related tasks stay together, making the module easier to understand.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Related tasks stay together, making the module easier to understand.","correct":true,"explanation":"High cohesion means a module’s contents contribute to a closely related purpose. Keeping related tasks together makes its role clearer and simplifies testing, modification and fault-finding."},{"text":"Related tasks stay separate, making the module easier to understand.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separating closely related tasks across modules reduces cohesion and makes behaviour harder to trace. High cohesion keeps related tasks together, making each module easier to understand."},{"text":"Unrelated tasks stay together, making the module easier to understand.","correct":false,"explanation":"Grouping unrelated responsibilities creates low cohesion and obscures the module’s purpose. High cohesion keeps related tasks together, making the module easier to understand and maintain."},{"text":"Related tasks stay duplicated, making the module easier to understand.","correct":false,"explanation":"Duplicating related code increases inconsistency and the number of places requiring changes. High cohesion instead keeps related tasks together within a clearly focused module."}]},{"id":"0b647424-2196-4040-a77b-5f2f4392d492","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does low coupling usually make maintenance easier?","back":"A change is less likely to affect other modules.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A change is less likely to affect other modules.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low coupling limits dependencies between modules, so modifying one module is less likely to cause faults or require corresponding changes elsewhere."},{"text":"A change is more likely to affect every module.","correct":false,"explanation":"Affecting every module describes high coupling, where components depend heavily on one another. With low coupling, a change is less likely to affect other modules."},{"text":"A module must be rewritten completely after each change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Low coupling does not require complete rewrites after modifications. It makes maintenance easier because changes can usually remain confined to the relevant module."},{"text":"Each module can be tested only together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Testing modules only together is associated with strong interdependence. Low coupling isolates modules, making a change less likely to affect other modules."}]},{"id":"0b4a8721-77c2-42cb-b907-74d7608373a9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does clear program structure help a future developer?","back":"They can find the relevant part quickly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They can find the relevant part quickly.","correct":true,"explanation":"A clear structure organises the program into recognisable sections or modules, allowing a future developer to locate the code relevant to a change quickly."},{"text":"They can avoid writing any documentation entirely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clear structure improves navigation but does not make documentation unnecessary. Its maintenance benefit is that developers can find the relevant part quickly."},{"text":"They can change the whole program at once.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing the entire program increases risk and is not a benefit of clear structure. Good organisation helps developers find and modify the relevant part quickly."},{"text":"They can skip testing changed code safely.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clear structure cannot guarantee that a modification is fault-free, so changed code still requires testing. It primarily helps developers locate the relevant part quickly."}]},{"id":"52522427-3082-4658-ac1b-650634cb55ad","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do meaningful identifiers support maintainability?","back":"They make code understandable without guessing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They make code understandable without guessing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Descriptive names reveal the purpose of variables, procedures and other program elements, allowing developers to understand the code without having to infer their meanings."},{"text":"They make code execute without compiling.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identifiers affect readability, not whether source code must be compiled or interpreted. Meaningful identifiers support maintenance by making code understandable without guessing."},{"text":"They make code shorter without refactoring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing descriptive names does not automatically reduce code length or remove duplication. Its benefit is making the code understandable without guessing."},{"text":"They make code secure without testing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meaningful identifiers improve readability but do not prove that software is secure. Security still requires suitable design and testing, while identifiers reduce the need for guessing."}]},{"id":"cc764f1a-736d-4533-a401-4083ea95e2a0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is duplicated validation logic a maintenance risk?","back":"Fixes may become inconsistent or be missed in copies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fixes may become inconsistent or be missed in copies.","correct":true,"explanation":"When validation logic exists in several places, a developer may update some copies but overlook others, producing inconsistent behaviour across the program."},{"text":"Fixes are always applied automatically to every copy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separate copies are not linked automatically, so changing one does not update the others. Consequently, fixes may become inconsistent or be missed in copies."},{"text":"Validation becomes more reliable with every copy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Duplication does not make validation more reliable because each copy must be maintained separately. Updates can therefore become inconsistent or be omitted from some copies."},{"text":"Copies ensure all errors are detected in one place.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scattered copies make errors harder to manage rather than detecting them centrally. A fix may be applied inconsistently or missed in one of the copies."}]},{"id":"81daebda-2624-438e-9fdc-9b1ca35b29ec","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What should useful comments explain to support maintainability?","back":"Non-obvious decisions and developer intent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Non-obvious decisions and developer intent.","correct":true,"explanation":"Useful comments record reasoning that the code alone does not clearly communicate, helping future developers understand non-obvious design choices and the original developer’s intent."},{"text":"Every obvious statement and each variable’s value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comments that repeat obvious statements add clutter and quickly become unhelpful. Useful comments should instead explain non-obvious decisions and developer intent."},{"text":"Only the code syntax and language keywords.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restating syntax and language keywords does not explain why the code was designed that way. Maintainable comments describe non-obvious decisions and developer intent."},{"text":"Personal coding preferences and unrelated history.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal preferences and unrelated history do not help maintainers understand the program. Comments should capture non-obvious decisions and the developer intent behind them."}]},{"id":"aa8637fd-6e8e-440d-9b3a-4d76ef61cae0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do error handling and validation make software less fragile?","back":"Invalid input is trapped and useful messages are shown.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Invalid input is trapped and useful messages are shown.","correct":true,"explanation":"Validation detects unacceptable data before it causes faults, while error handling responds safely and provides useful feedback instead of allowing uncontrolled failure."},{"text":"Invalid input is accepted and processing always continues.","correct":false,"explanation":"Allowing invalid data through can cause incorrect results or runtime failures. Robust software traps invalid input and displays useful messages instead of always continuing."},{"text":"All input is discarded before the program runs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Validation checks input rather than indiscriminately deleting it. Software becomes less fragile when invalid input is trapped and useful messages explain the problem."},{"text":"Runtime errors are hidden and no messages are shown.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hiding errors gives neither the user nor developer useful feedback and does not prevent failure. Error handling traps problems and shows informative messages."}]},{"id":"0e1b0b97-f49f-4b25-93eb-548cbde08261","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means re-running tests after a change to check existing functionality still works.","back":"Regression testing means re-running tests after a change to check existing functionality still works.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Regression testing","correct":true,"explanation":"Regression testing repeats relevant tests after a modification to confirm that previously working features have not been broken by the change."},{"text":"Unit testing","correct":false,"explanation":"Unit testing checks an individual component, usually in isolation, rather than specifically rechecking existing behaviour after a change. That process is regression testing."},{"text":"Integration testing","correct":false,"explanation":"Integration testing checks whether components work correctly together. Re-running tests after a change to detect damage to existing functionality is regression testing."},{"text":"Acceptance testing","correct":false,"explanation":"Acceptance testing determines whether a completed system meets user or customer requirements. Checking that a change has not broken existing functionality is regression testing."}]},{"id":"bbe68c63-d3df-4c12-b0e8-0fc5926df241","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] means realistic changes after the current version, such as adding features, improving quality or removing limitations.","back":"Further development means realistic changes after the current version, such as adding features, improving quality or removing limitations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Further development","correct":true,"explanation":"Further development covers realistic work performed after the current version, including extending functionality, improving software quality and addressing existing limitations."},{"text":"Initial development","correct":false,"explanation":"Initial development creates the first version rather than changing an existing one. Adding features or removing limitations after the current version is further development."},{"text":"Emergency repair","correct":false,"explanation":"An emergency repair is an urgent response to a serious fault, not the broader range of planned enhancements described. Those changes constitute further development."},{"text":"System retirement","correct":false,"explanation":"System retirement withdraws software from use rather than extending or improving it. Realistic enhancements made after the current version are classed as further development."}]},{"id":"1d8be8b9-fada-40de-bcea-cc6af5b314b2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What makes a further development proposal stronger than a random wish list?","back":"It is justified by evidence such as feedback, tests or success criteria.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is justified by evidence such as feedback, tests or success criteria.","correct":true,"explanation":"Evidence connects each proposed development to an identified need or measurable shortcoming. Feedback, test results and success criteria therefore provide a rational basis for deciding what should be developed."},{"text":"It is justified by personal preference such as opinions, guesses or individual tastes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Personal preference produces a subjective wish list rather than a justified proposal. The right answer is evidence, because feedback, tests and success criteria reveal genuine needs or shortcomings."},{"text":"It is justified by feature quantity such as totals, counts or maximum complexity.","correct":false,"explanation":"A larger number of features does not show that any development is useful or necessary. The right answer is evidence, which links proposals to feedback, testing or success criteria."},{"text":"It is justified by technical novelty such as trends, fashions or recent technologies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using fashionable technology does not by itself address a user need or system weakness. The right answer is evidence, because it demonstrates why a proposed development is worthwhile."}]},{"id":"085a0903-e47f-40b5-8605-69bbb544317b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] changes what the system does; a [ ] improves a quality or constraint.","back":"A functional development changes what the system does; a non-functional development improves a quality or constraint.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A functional development changes what the system does; a non-functional development improves a quality or constraint.","correct":true,"explanation":"Functional developments add or alter system behaviour, whereas non-functional developments address qualities and constraints such as performance, security, usability or reliability."},{"text":"A non-functional development changes what the system does; a functional development improves a quality or constraint.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two categories. A functional development changes system behaviour, while a non-functional development improves a quality or constraint such as performance or security."},{"text":"A corrective development changes what the system does; a functional development improves a quality or constraint.","correct":false,"explanation":"Corrective development concerns fixing faults, not the general category for changes in system behaviour. The correct terms are functional development for behaviour and non-functional development for qualities or constraints."},{"text":"A functional development changes what the system does; a corrective development improves a quality or constraint.","correct":false,"explanation":"Corrective development fixes identified faults rather than specifically improving a quality or constraint. The second term should be non-functional development; the first term, functional development, is correct."}]},{"id":"8c8df1f2-9c2b-4ea1-9b19-69187ade1f12","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the priority rule $P = B + F - R$, what happens when risk increases?","back":"The priority score decreases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The priority score decreases.","correct":true,"explanation":"Risk is subtracted in $P = B + F - R$, so increasing $R$ lowers $P$. If risk rises by one while other values remain fixed, priority falls by one."},{"text":"The priority score increases.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats risk as though it were added to the score. Since the formula subtracts $R$, an increase in risk makes the priority score decrease."},{"text":"The priority score stays constant.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the risk term in the formula. With benefit and feasibility fixed, increasing the subtracted value $R$ causes the priority score to decrease."},{"text":"The priority score doubles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nothing in the formula makes priority double when risk rises. Risk is subtracted linearly, so each one-unit increase in $R$ decreases the priority score by one."}]},{"id":"50012860-44e7-4862-9c59-50bde10fab51","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] changes internal code structure without changing what the user sees.","back":"Refactoring changes internal code structure without changing what the user sees.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Refactoring","correct":true,"explanation":"Refactoring restructures existing code to improve qualities such as readability or maintainability while preserving its externally observable behaviour and functionality."},{"text":"Debugging","correct":false,"explanation":"Debugging locates and fixes faults, which may change incorrect user-visible behaviour. The correct term is Refactoring, where internal structure changes but observable behaviour remains the same."},{"text":"Corrective maintenance","correct":false,"explanation":"Corrective maintenance repairs faults discovered after deployment rather than merely restructuring code. The correct term is Refactoring, which improves internal code structure without changing observable behaviour."},{"text":"Regression testing","correct":false,"explanation":"Regression testing checks that code changes have not broken existing functionality; it does not itself restructure code. The internal restructuring process is called Refactoring."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Maintenance and development","title":"Maintenance and development Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/computer-science/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"591e9cb3-0c84-5c49-a0c2-d5f55cae95c5","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]