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An ERD shows a database’s data model."},{"text":"control flow","correct":false,"explanation":"Control flow shows the order in which program instructions execute, often using a flowchart. An ERD instead represents a database’s data model."}]},{"id":"6007c9e3-c12b-4616-8ce0-f506bd4aab86","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a line between two entity rectangles represent?","back":"A relationship between entities.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A relationship between entities.","correct":true,"explanation":"A connecting line represents a relationship, showing that instances of one entity can be associated with instances of the other entity."},{"text":"A shared attribute between entities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Entities may be linked through matching key values, but the line does not itself represent an attribute. 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A line between entity rectangles represents a relationship between the entities."}]},{"id":"7aca7d15-3c23-4529-87f4-1207b39e5de5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a crow's foot on an ERD relationship line mean?","back":"Many related instances.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Many related instances.","correct":true,"explanation":"A crow’s foot marks the many end of a relationship, indicating that one instance at the opposite end can relate to many instances here."},{"text":"One related instance.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single end without a crow’s foot represents one, so interpreting the crow’s foot as one reverses the notation. It indicates many related instances."},{"text":"Zero related instances.","correct":false,"explanation":"A crow’s foot indicates multiplicity of many, not whether participation can be zero. Simple OCR notation does not use it to show optionality."},{"text":"Optional related instances.","correct":false,"explanation":"Optionality concerns whether an entity instance must participate in a relationship. A crow’s foot does not show optionality; it indicates many related instances."}]},{"id":"97485a8b-22f8-4a84-b85e-01056b67c914","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"STUDENT is an entity; Aisha Khan would be an [ ] of that entity.","back":"STUDENT is an entity; Aisha Khan would be an instance of that entity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"instance","correct":true,"explanation":"An instance is one specific occurrence of an entity. Aisha Khan is an individual example of the general STUDENT entity represented in the database."},{"text":"attribute","correct":false,"explanation":"An attribute is a property such as student name or date of birth, not a particular student. Aisha Khan is an instance of STUDENT."},{"text":"relationship","correct":false,"explanation":"A relationship is an association between entities, such as a student enrolling on a course. Aisha Khan is instead an instance of STUDENT."},{"text":"primary key","correct":false,"explanation":"A primary key is an attribute that uniquely identifies each stored record, such as StudentID. Aisha Khan is a specific instance of STUDENT."}]},{"id":"3e6b5957-0126-463b-b55b-0dda21ef2eb3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What OCR symbol is used for a one-to-one relationship?","back":"A line with no crow's foot at either end.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A line with no crow's foot at either end.","correct":true,"explanation":"In simple OCR notation, a crow’s foot marks many. With no crow’s foot at either end, each entity instance relates to one instance at the other end."},{"text":"A line with a crow's foot at either end.","correct":false,"explanation":"A crow’s foot at either end would introduce a many side, so the relationship would not be one-to-one. One-to-one has no crow’s foot at either end."},{"text":"A line with two crow's feet at either end.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crow’s feet at both ends indicate a many-to-many relationship, not one-to-one. OCR represents one-to-one using a line with no crow’s foot at either end."},{"text":"A line with one crow's foot at one end.","correct":false,"explanation":"One crow’s foot at one end represents a one-to-many relationship. A one-to-one relationship uses a line with no crow’s foot at either end."}]},{"id":"01e0d2be-1f9d-48f7-becb-c1adc3e5cf84","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What relationship detail is not shown by the simple OCR one/many symbols?","back":"Whether the relationship is optional.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Whether the relationship is optional.","correct":true,"explanation":"Simple OCR one/many symbols show relationship cardinality, but they do not indicate whether participation is optional - whether an entity instance may have no related instance."},{"text":"Whether the relationship is one-to-many.","correct":false,"explanation":"The one/many symbols do show whether a relationship is one-to-many, using a crow’s foot at the many end. What they do not show is optionality."},{"text":"Whether the relationship is many-to-many.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crow’s feet at both ends allow the symbols to identify a many-to-many relationship. The missing detail in simple OCR notation is whether participation is optional."},{"text":"Whether the relationship is one-to-one.","correct":false,"explanation":"The absence of a crow’s foot at both ends identifies a one-to-one relationship. Simple OCR symbols do not, however, indicate whether that relationship is optional."}]},{"id":"0df30af5-554b-4245-8f69-da6afa866627","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In OCR one-to-many notation, where is the crow's foot placed?","back":"At the many end.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"At the many end.","correct":true,"explanation":"The crow’s foot is placed beside the entity for which many instances may be associated with one instance of the entity at the opposite end."},{"text":"At the one end.","correct":false,"explanation":"Placing the crow’s foot at the one end reverses the relationship’s cardinality. The crow’s foot must be placed at the many end."},{"text":"At the optional end.","correct":false,"explanation":"A crow’s foot shows many rather than optional participation. In simple OCR one-to-many notation, it is placed at the many end."},{"text":"At the entity end.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both ends of the line connect to entities, so this does not distinguish the relationship’s cardinality. The crow’s foot specifically marks the many end."}]},{"id":"c9f7ed6d-30b5-4e26-950e-e57540b67f95","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What OCR symbol represents a many-to-many relationship?","back":"Crow's feet at both ends.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Crow's feet at both ends.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each crow's foot marks a many side, so placing one at both ends shows that many instances of either entity can relate to many of the other."},{"text":"Crow's foot at one end.","correct":false,"explanation":"A crow's foot at only one end represents a one-to-many relationship. A many-to-many relationship requires crow's feet at both ends."},{"text":"Single lines at both ends.","correct":false,"explanation":"Single relationship markers at both ends indicate a one-to-one relationship. Crow's feet are needed at both ends to represent many-to-many cardinality."},{"text":"Crow's feet with one end barred.","correct":false,"explanation":"A barred end indicates a maximum cardinality of one at that end, so the relationship is not many-to-many. Crow's feet must appear at both ends."}]},{"id":"be8099ad-1fed-4df0-89da-deea4fed4727","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] describes how many instances of one entity can relate to another.","back":"Cardinality describes how many instances of one entity can relate to another.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cardinality","correct":true,"explanation":"Cardinality specifies how many instances of one entity may be associated with an instance of another, such as one-to-one or one-to-many."},{"text":"Degree","correct":false,"explanation":"Degree commonly refers to the number of entity types participating in a relationship. Cardinality describes how many instances of one entity can relate to another."},{"text":"Optionality","correct":false,"explanation":"Optionality indicates whether participation in a relationship is mandatory or optional. Cardinality instead describes the number of instances that may be related."},{"text":"Entity integrity","correct":false,"explanation":"Entity integrity requires each record to have a unique, non-null primary key. Cardinality describes how many instances of one entity can relate to another."}]},{"id":"1d58589f-c7c4-4bb3-b59e-ab6fb7c042e3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A department has many employees; each employee belongs to one department. Where does the crow's foot go?","back":"At the EMPLOYEE end.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"At the EMPLOYEE end.","correct":true,"explanation":"One department can be associated with many employees, so EMPLOYEE is the many side and receives the crow's foot."},{"text":"At the DEPARTMENT end.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship by implying that one employee can belong to many departments. The crow's foot belongs at the EMPLOYEE end."},{"text":"At both ends.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crow's feet at both ends would mean departments have many employees and employees belong to many departments. Each employee belongs to one department, so only EMPLOYEE gets one."},{"text":"At neither end.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using no crow's foot would represent a one-to-one relationship. Because a department has many employees, the crow's foot must be at the EMPLOYEE end."}]},{"id":"03745d74-1d0f-47a7-9707-0cbb0918e37b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A student can study many courses, and a course can have many students. What relationship type is this?","back":"Many-to-many.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Many-to-many.","correct":true,"explanation":"A student may be linked to many courses, while each course may also be linked to many students, making both sides many."},{"text":"One-to-many.","correct":false,"explanation":"One-to-many would require one side to relate to only one instance of the other. Here both students and courses can participate many times, so it is many-to-many."},{"text":"One-to-one.","correct":false,"explanation":"One-to-one would limit each student to one course and each course to one student. Both sides can have many, so the relationship is many-to-many."},{"text":"Many-to-one.","correct":false,"explanation":"Many-to-one would mean many students could study one course but each student could study only one. Since students can study many courses, the relationship is many-to-many."}]},{"id":"0acc15a0-292b-4111-9b35-e0d26f19b974","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"When deciding relationship type for A and B, what test should you apply?","back":"Use the two-direction test: check A to B, then B to A.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use the two-direction test: check A to B, then B to A.","correct":true,"explanation":"Testing the relationship in both directions establishes the maximum cardinality at each end, allowing one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships to be distinguished correctly."},{"text":"Use the one-direction test: check A to B only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Checking only A to B identifies just one end's cardinality and can confuse one-to-many with many-to-many. The two-direction test checks A to B, then B to A."},{"text":"Use the attribute test: compare A's and B's fields.","correct":false,"explanation":"Comparing attributes does not establish how entity instances relate. The two-direction test determines cardinality by checking how many B instances relate to A, then how many A instances relate to B."},{"text":"Use the key test: check A's and B's primary keys.","correct":false,"explanation":"Primary keys identify entity instances but do not by themselves establish relationship cardinality. Use the two-direction test by checking A to B and then B to A."}]},{"id":"482dd221-b45f-4868-a7be-f6f4c3fefd9f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A link entity replaces a many-to-many relationship with [ ].","back":"A link entity replaces a many-to-many relationship with two one-to-many relationships.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"two one-to-many relationships","correct":true,"explanation":"The link entity becomes the many side of separate relationships with each original entity, converting the direct many-to-many relationship into two one-to-many relationships."},{"text":"two one-to-one relationships","correct":false,"explanation":"One-to-one relationships would allow each original entity instance only one link record. A link entity instead forms two one-to-many relationships because each original instance may have many links."},{"text":"two many-to-many relationships","correct":false,"explanation":"This would preserve and duplicate the original implementation problem rather than resolve it. The link entity replaces the many-to-many relationship with two one-to-many relationships."},{"text":"one one-to-many relationship","correct":false,"explanation":"A single relationship would connect the link entity to only one original entity. It must connect to both original entities, producing two one-to-many relationships."}]},{"id":"1ab64412-7c4f-48de-bc80-16849dae7082","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why might STUDENT-COURSE need an ENROLMENT link entity when storing enrolment date?","back":"The date belongs to the relationship.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The date belongs to the relationship.","correct":true,"explanation":"An enrolment date describes when a particular student joined a particular course, so it depends on that student-course pairing and belongs to the relationship."},{"text":"The date belongs to the STUDENT entity.","correct":false,"explanation":"A student may enrol on different courses on different dates, so one date cannot describe the student alone. It belongs to the student-course relationship represented by ENROLMENT."},{"text":"The date belongs to the COURSE entity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different students may enrol on the same course on different dates, so the date cannot describe the course alone. It belongs to the relationship represented by ENROLMENT."},{"text":"The date is a derived attribute.","correct":false,"explanation":"The enrolment date is stored information rather than a value calculated from other attributes. It belongs to the relationship between a particular student and course."}]},{"id":"fe618715-5a3a-42ee-b0ba-27f4d3fa5999","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"After resolving STUDENT-COURSE using ENROLMENT, where do the crow's feet go?","back":"Next to ENROLMENT in both relationships.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Next to ENROLMENT in both relationships.","correct":true,"explanation":"One student can have many enrolment records and one course can have many enrolment records, making ENROLMENT the many side of both one-to-many relationships."},{"text":"Next to STUDENT and COURSE.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses both relationships by suggesting each enrolment can involve many students and many courses. Each enrolment references one of each, so both crow's feet go next to ENROLMENT."},{"text":"At both ends of both relationships.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crow's feet at every end would create two many-to-many relationships and fail to resolve the original problem. ENROLMENT is the many side in both relationships."},{"text":"There are no crow's feet after resolution.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing the crow's feet would incorrectly make both relationships one-to-one. A student or course can have many enrolment records, so the crow's feet go next to ENROLMENT."}]},{"id":"1918f642-a654-4898-94c4-9c77b35aca03","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A primary key is a field that [ ] a record.","back":"A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies a record.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"uniquely identifies","correct":true,"explanation":"Each record must have a distinct primary-key value, allowing the database to identify one specific record without ambiguity."},{"text":"alphabetically sorts","correct":false,"explanation":"Sorting is a way of displaying records and does not define a primary key. A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table."},{"text":"automatically validates","correct":false,"explanation":"Validation checks whether data follows specified rules, but this is not the primary key’s purpose. A primary key uniquely identifies each record."},{"text":"repeatedly labels","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeated values cannot distinguish individual records, so this reverses the uniqueness requirement. A primary key uniquely identifies every record in the table."}]},{"id":"ec95a089-a100-4e67-82fd-38895da43b8a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must a foreign key refer to in another table?","back":"That table's primary key.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"That table's primary key.","correct":true,"explanation":"A foreign key stores values corresponding to the referenced table’s primary key, creating a relationship between records in the two tables."},{"text":"That table's foreign key.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses the referencing and referenced fields. A foreign key in one table refers to the primary key in the related table."},{"text":"That table's table name.","correct":false,"explanation":"A table name identifies the table itself, not individual records within it. A foreign key must refer to the related table’s primary key."},{"text":"That table's record count.","correct":false,"explanation":"A record count changes as rows are added or removed and cannot identify a related record. The foreign key refers to the other table’s primary key."}]},{"id":"cda511a2-f130-42d9-aa4b-ba343c0da481","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In a one-to-many relationship, the foreign key usually goes in the table on the [ ] side.","back":"In a one-to-many relationship, the foreign key usually goes in the table on the many side.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"many","correct":true,"explanation":"Each record on the many side stores the key of its associated record on the one side, so the foreign key belongs in the many-side table."},{"text":"one","correct":false,"explanation":"Placing the foreign key on the one side would not represent several associated records without repeating fields. It normally belongs on the many side."},{"text":"mandatory","correct":false,"explanation":"Mandatory describes whether participation is required, not which table receives the foreign key. In a one-to-many relationship, it usually goes on the many side."},{"text":"optional","correct":false,"explanation":"Optionality determines whether a relationship must exist, not foreign-key placement. The foreign key usually belongs in the table on the many side."}]},{"id":"d58bee07-fa0e-4008-bf33-0c5ed532e05e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A customer can place many orders; each order belongs to one customer. Where should customerID be stored?","back":"In the ORDER table, as a foreign key.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the ORDER table, as a foreign key.","correct":true,"explanation":"ORDER is the many-side table, so each order stores customerID as a foreign key linking it to the single customer who placed it."},{"text":"In the CUSTOMER table, as a foreign key.","correct":false,"explanation":"Putting the foreign key in CUSTOMER would not allow one customer to link cleanly to many orders. customerID belongs in ORDER as a foreign key."},{"text":"In the ORDER table, as a primary key.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using customerID as ORDER’s primary key would prevent a customer from having multiple orders because primary-key values must be unique. It should be a foreign key."},{"text":"In a junction table, as a foreign key.","correct":false,"explanation":"A junction table is normally required for a many-to-many relationship, not this one-to-many relationship. customerID should be a foreign key in ORDER."}]},{"id":"db83c19c-bef8-4ff0-b33e-a399d1115d62","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An ERD line means the data is [ ], not an order of events.","back":"An ERD line means the data is related, not an order of events.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"related","correct":true,"explanation":"A line in an ERD represents a relationship between entities, showing how records in their tables are logically associated rather than chronologically ordered."},{"text":"sequenced","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes an ERD for a flowchart or timeline. Its lines show that entities are related, not the sequence in which events happen."},{"text":"processed","correct":false,"explanation":"Processing steps belong in an algorithm or data-flow representation, not an ERD relationship. An ERD line means that the entities’ data is related."},{"text":"transferred","correct":false,"explanation":"An ERD does not show data moving between entities; that is associated with data-flow diagrams. Its lines indicate that the data is related."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Entity relationship diagrams","title":"Entity relationship diagrams Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/computer-science/ocr/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"c22f9a59-a11e-51aa-b727-c80bde8ce5aa","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]