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Sequence
Selection
Iteration

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Sequence
Selection
Iteration

","correct":true,"explanation":"Sequence, selection and iteration are the three fundamental control structures: instructions run in order, choices select between paths, and loops repeat instructions."},{"text":"

Sequence
Recursion
Selection

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Assignment
Selection
Iteration

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Sequence
Selection
Input/output

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WHILE: checks before the body, may run zero times.
REPEAT ... UNTIL: body runs before checking, at least once.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

WHILE: checks before the body, may run zero times.
REPEAT ... UNTIL: body runs before checking, at least once.

","correct":true,"explanation":"WHILE tests its condition before entering the body, so it can execute zero times. REPEAT ... UNTIL tests after the body, guaranteeing at least one execution."},{"text":"

WHILE: checks after the body, at least once.
REPEAT ... UNTIL: body runs after checking, may run zero times.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the loop-test order. WHILE checks before its body, whereas REPEAT ... UNTIL executes its body first and therefore runs at least once."},{"text":"

WHILE: checks before the body, may run zero times.
REPEAT ... UNTIL: checks before the body, may run zero times.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both loops are described as pre-test loops here, but REPEAT ... UNTIL is post-test. Its body executes before the condition is checked, guaranteeing one run."},{"text":"

WHILE: checks after the body, at least once.
REPEAT ... UNTIL: body runs before checking, at least once.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both loops are described as post-test loops here, but WHILE is pre-test. If its condition is initially false, its body is skipped entirely."}]},{"id":"2eb3a5b7-126f-43b8-ab8f-6fb46d41679d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is an IF statement inside a loop called?","back":"Nested selection inside iteration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nested selection inside iteration.","correct":true,"explanation":"An IF statement placed within a loop is selection nested inside iteration: the loop repeats, while the IF makes a decision during each relevant iteration."},{"text":"Nested iteration inside selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Iteration inside selection would mean a loop placed within an IF statement. The question reverses this arrangement: the IF is inside the loop, so selection is nested inside iteration."},{"text":"Sequential selection inside iteration.","correct":false,"explanation":"A selection statement is not called sequence merely because it appears in a loop. The correct classification identifies the IF as nested selection inside iteration."},{"text":"Recursive selection inside iteration.","correct":false,"explanation":"An IF inside a loop is not recursion, because it does not involve a subroutine or function calling itself. It is nested selection inside iteration."}]},{"id":"5411380e-2fc6-4afa-8375-90483b99b465","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"For 17 divided by 5, what are 17 DIV 5 and 17 MOD 5?","back":"

17 DIV 5 = 3
17 MOD 5 = 2

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17 DIV 5 = 3
17 MOD 5 = 2

","correct":true,"explanation":"Integer division gives the quotient without the remainder: 17 divided by 5 fits three complete times. MOD gives the leftover, and 17 - 15 equals 2."},{"text":"

17 DIV 5 = 2
17 MOD 5 = 3

","correct":false,"explanation":"The quotient is 3, not 2, because five fits into 17 three complete times. The remainder is 2, so this option swaps the quotient and remainder."},{"text":"

17 DIV 5 = 3
17 MOD 5 = 5

","correct":false,"explanation":"The remainder must be less than the divisor, so MOD cannot be 5. Three groups of five make 15, leaving 2; DIV is therefore 3 and MOD is 2."},{"text":"

17 DIV 5 = 4
17 MOD 5 = 1

","correct":false,"explanation":"Rounding the quotient or treating the operation as ordinary division leads to the wrong values. Integer division counts complete groups and MOD reports the leftover: 3 and 2."}]},{"id":"fa0bf5d5-cd83-43b5-97f9-621153158f4c","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Evaluate 17 DIV 5 + (17 MOD 5) * 2^3.","back":"19.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"19.","correct":true,"explanation":"Evaluate DIV and MOD first: 17 DIV 5 is 3 and 17 MOD 5 is 2. Then 2 × 2³ is 16, giving 3 + 16 = 19."},{"text":"27.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from treating 17 MOD 5 as 3, confusing the quotient with the remainder. The correct values are DIV = 3 and MOD = 2, so the expression evaluates to 19."},{"text":"11.","correct":false,"explanation":"This ignores the exponent or effectively uses 2² instead of 2³. Since 17 DIV 5 = 3 and 17 MOD 5 = 2, the correct result is 3 + 16 = 19."},{"text":"21.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses ordinary division rather than integer DIV, or mishandles the remainder. Integer operations give 3 and 2, and 2 × 8 plus 3 equals 19."}]},{"id":"52aac0be-0e4e-4131-b913-784c7da6604b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"For positive 7.9, how do truncation and rounding differ?","back":"

TRUNCATE(7.9) = 7
ROUND(7.9) = 8

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

TRUNCATE(7.9) = 7
ROUND(7.9) = 8

","correct":true,"explanation":"Truncation removes the fractional part without changing the integer portion, producing 7. Rounding sends 7.9 to the nearest integer, which is 8."},{"text":"

TRUNCATE(7.9) = 7
ROUND(7.9) = 7

","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats truncation as rounding down correctly but fails to round 7.9 to its nearest integer. Because the fractional part is 0.9, ROUND(7.9) is 8."},{"text":"

TRUNCATE(7.9) = 7.9
ROUND(7.9) = 7

","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly rounds down to 7 and also leaves the fractional part in the truncation result. Truncation gives 7, while rounding 7.9 gives 8."},{"text":"

TRUNCATE(7.9) = 8
ROUND(7.9) = 7

","correct":false,"explanation":"The two results have been reversed. Truncation removes the decimal part and gives 7; rounding considers the 0.9 fraction and gives the nearest integer, 8."}]},{"id":"a793f1a4-e492-4bbe-9eb3-50fe14472818","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A relational operation compares two values and returns a [ ]; mark >= 40 is true when mark is [ ].","back":"A relational operation compares two values and returns a Boolean; mark >= 40 is true when mark is at least 40.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A relational operation compares two values and returns a Boolean; mark >= 40 is true when mark is at least 40.","correct":true,"explanation":"Relational operators produce Boolean values because comparisons are either true or false. The operator >= includes equality, so 40 and every greater value satisfy the condition."},{"text":"A relational operation compares two values and returns a integer; mark >= 40 is true when mark is at least 40.","correct":false,"explanation":"A comparison does not return an integer representing its outcome; it returns a Boolean value. Because >= includes equality, the condition is true when mark is at least 40."},{"text":"A relational operation compares two values and returns a Boolean; mark >= 40 is true when mark is greater than 40.","correct":false,"explanation":"Interpreting >= as strictly greater than overlooks its equality component. The operation returns a Boolean, and marks equal to 40 also make the condition true."},{"text":"A relational operation compares two values and returns a String; mark >= 40 is true when mark is at most 40.","correct":false,"explanation":"Relational operations return Boolean values rather than strings. The direction is also reversed here: >= 40 accepts 40 or above, not values at or below 40."}]},{"id":"07081320-30b2-4cd8-a9ab-9efd4efb686b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Assignment [ ]; equality comparison [ ].","back":"Assignment stores a value; equality comparison tests a value.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Assignment stores a value; equality comparison tests a value.","correct":true,"explanation":"Assignment places or updates a value in a variable. Equality comparison does not alter the variable; it tests whether two values are equal and produces a Boolean result."},{"text":"Assignment reads a value; equality comparison tests a value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reading retrieves an existing value, whereas assignment stores a new value in a variable. Equality comparison correctly tests values and returns a Boolean result."},{"text":"Assignment stores a value; equality comparison changes a value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equality comparison has no side effect and therefore does not change a value. Assignment stores a value, while equality comparison tests whether two values are equal."},{"text":"Assignment tests a value; equality comparison stores a value.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two operations. Assignment stores or updates a value, whereas equality comparison tests two values and returns true or false without changing either one."}]},{"id":"e91a015d-7631-4532-b588-76baafe9370a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A AND B is true only when [ ]; A XOR B is true when [ ].","back":"A AND B is true only when both are true; A XOR B is true when exactly one is true.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A AND B is true only when both are true; A XOR B is true when exactly one is true.","correct":true,"explanation":"AND requires both operands to be true. XOR means exclusive OR, so it is true when exactly one operand is true, but false when both are alike."},{"text":"A AND B is true only when both are true; A XOR B is true when at least one is true.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating XOR like inclusive OR is the misconception here. XOR is false when both inputs are true, so it requires exactly one true input; AND requires both."},{"text":"A AND B is true only when either one is true; A XOR B is true when exactly one is true.","correct":false,"explanation":"Requiring either input for AND confuses it with OR. AND is true only when both inputs are true, while XOR is true when exactly one is true."},{"text":"A AND B is true only when both are false; A XOR B is true when both are true.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both conditions are reversed misconceptions. AND requires both inputs to be true, while XOR requires unlike inputs, meaning exactly one input is true."}]},{"id":"fcdeac52-0c95-4de7-a909-89ad7ca24d3c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Assuming one-based positions, what is POSITION("=", "score=47")?","back":"6.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"6.","correct":true,"explanation":"With one-based indexing, the characters in score occupy positions 1 to 5, so the equals sign is the sixth character in the string."},{"text":"5.","correct":false,"explanation":"Five is the number of characters before the equals sign, not its one-based position. Counting the equals sign itself places it at position 6."},{"text":"7.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seven is the position of the first digit, 4, immediately after the equals sign. The requested equals sign is at one-based position 6."},{"text":"8.","correct":false,"explanation":"Eight is the position of the final digit, 7, rather than the equals sign. Counting from one places the equals sign at position 6."}]},{"id":"b269419d-8bf4-445d-afa8-bdbbd296fc0b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why convert "47" using STRING_TO_INTEGER before comparing with 40?","back":"So numeric comparisons such as mark >= 40 are valid.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"So numeric comparisons such as mark >= 40 are valid.","correct":true,"explanation":"The quotation marks indicate that "47" is a string. Converting it to an integer makes its type compatible with 40, allowing a meaningful numeric comparison."},{"text":"So lexicographic comparisons such as mark >= 40 are valid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lexicographic comparison orders character sequences and can produce different results from numeric ordering. Conversion is required so mark >= 40 performs a valid numeric comparison."},{"text":"So Boolean comparisons such as mark >= 40 are valid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Boolean comparison concerns truth values, but "47" represents text rather than true or false. Conversion creates an integer so it can be compared numerically with 40."},{"text":"So character comparisons such as mark >= 40 are valid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Character comparison examines textual symbols rather than their numerical magnitude. STRING_TO_INTEGER converts the text to an integer so the comparison with 40 is numeric."}]},{"id":"3432a6c4-2701-46ae-9ac0-bc9e88a9fa05","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are random numbers in real programs usually called pseudo-random?","back":"They are algorithm-generated values that appear random, often from a seed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are algorithm-generated values that appear random, often from a seed.","correct":true,"explanation":"A pseudo-random number generator uses a deterministic algorithm and an initial seed to produce a sequence that looks random. Reusing the same seed can reproduce the sequence."},{"text":"They are hardware-generated values that appear random, often from physical noise.","correct":false,"explanation":"Values produced from unpredictable physical phenomena are genuinely random rather than pseudo-random. Pseudo-random values come from a deterministic algorithm, typically initialised with a seed."},{"text":"They are encryption-generated values that appear random, often from a password.","correct":false,"explanation":"Encrypting data does not define pseudo-random generation, and a password is not inherently the generator's seed. Pseudo-random values are produced algorithmically from an initial seed."},{"text":"They are manually selected values that appear random, often without a seed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pseudo-random values are not manually selected, because human choices tend to contain recognisable biases. A program generates them with an algorithm, often starting from a seed."}]},{"id":"156531e8-acce-4d7d-8f69-d12d6982f7bb","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Given random real r where 0 ≤ r < 1, what expression gives a dice roll from 1 to 6?","back":"TRUNCATE(6 * r) + 1.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"TRUNCATE(6 * r) + 1.","correct":true,"explanation":"Multiplying by 6 gives a value from 0 up to but excluding 6. Truncation produces integers 0 to 5, and adding 1 shifts these to 1 to 6."},{"text":"TRUNCATE(6 * r).","correct":false,"explanation":"Omitting the final addition leaves possible results from 0 to 5. A dice roll must instead span 1 to 6, so 1 must be added after truncation."},{"text":"TRUNCATE(5 * r) + 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying by 5 and truncating produces only 0 to 4, which becomes 1 to 5 after adding 1. The multiplier must be 6."},{"text":"ROUND(6 * r) + 1.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rounding does not divide the interval into six equally sized outcomes and can produce 6 before adding 1, allowing an invalid result of 7. Truncation is required."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Data types, programming concepts and operations","title":"Data types, programming concepts and operations Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/computer-science/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"ebd00cf4-ff93-552b-9be0-4bd2883fe36c","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]