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cylinder gives only moderately accurate readings and is unsuitable for a highly accurate fixed volume. The correct apparatus is a volumetric pipette because it is calibrated for precise transfer."},{"text":"Beaker.","correct":false,"explanation":"A beaker has approximate graduations and is intended mainly for holding or mixing solutions, not accurate transfer. The correct apparatus is a volumetric pipette."},{"text":"Volumetric flask.","correct":false,"explanation":"A volumetric flask is designed to contain one exact volume when preparing solutions, rather than deliver that volume accurately. The correct apparatus is a volumetric pipette."}]},{"id":"81335189-d9c5-484e-9759-938df4beab52","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which apparatus should deliver variable, precise volumes in a titration?","back":"Burette.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Burette.","correct":true,"explanation":"A burette delivers measured, variable volumes through a tap, allowing precise control during titration and accurate reading of the volume delivered."},{"text":"Volumetric pipette.","correct":false,"explanation":"A volumetric pipette delivers one fixed calibrated volume, so it cannot conveniently provide variable volumes during a titration. The correct apparatus is a burette."},{"text":"Measuring cylinder.","correct":false,"explanation":"A measuring cylinder can measure variable volumes but lacks the precision needed for titration. The correct apparatus is a burette, which provides precise readings while dispensing."},{"text":"Volumetric flask.","correct":false,"explanation":"A volumetric flask prepares a solution to one fixed volume and is not designed to dispense controlled amounts. The correct apparatus is a burette."}]},{"id":"230a45e6-e653-4fcc-bed3-d29da9530800","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which apparatus should prepare a standard solution of exact concentration?","back":"Volumetric flask.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Volumetric flask.","correct":true,"explanation":"A volumetric flask has a calibration mark defining one exact volume, allowing a solution to be made up to a precise concentration."},{"text":"Measuring cylinder.","correct":false,"explanation":"A measuring cylinder is not accurate enough to prepare a standard solution of exact concentration. The correct apparatus is a volumetric flask, calibrated for one precise volume."},{"text":"Burette.","correct":false,"explanation":"A burette accurately delivers variable volumes but is not designed to contain and make up a solution to one exact volume. The correct apparatus is a volumetric flask."},{"text":"Volumetric pipette.","correct":false,"explanation":"A volumetric pipette transfers one fixed volume accurately but cannot normally be used to prepare the total volume of a standard solution. The correct apparatus is a volumetric flask."}]},{"id":"6ab21c8a-5250-4daf-90a4-2f67afc990fd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is a measuring cylinder appropriate for volume measurement?","back":"Approximate volumes, especially reagents in excess.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Approximate volumes, especially reagents in excess.","correct":true,"explanation":"A measuring cylinder is suitable when high precision is unnecessary, such as adding an excess reagent where the exact volume does not determine the result."},{"text":"Exact volumes, especially standard solutions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Measuring cylinders are not sufficiently accurate for exact standard-solution preparation. The correct use is for approximate volumes, particularly when a reagent is added in excess."},{"text":"Fixed volumes, especially titrant solutions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fixed, precise titrant volumes require calibrated apparatus rather than a measuring cylinder. The correct use is measuring approximate volumes, especially excess reagents."},{"text":"Variable precise volumes, especially during titrations.","correct":false,"explanation":"A measuring cylinder does not provide the precision needed for variable titration volumes. The correct use is approximate measurement, especially when adding reagents in excess."}]},{"id":"ead6e5e2-aeb9-4458-9f1a-b64904cfdc89","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The resolution of an instrument is the [ ].","back":"The resolution of an instrument is the smallest measured change that changes the reading.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"smallest measured change that changes the reading","correct":true,"explanation":"Resolution is the smallest change in the measured quantity that produces a different displayed or recorded reading from the instrument."},{"text":"largest measured change that changes the reading","correct":false,"explanation":"Resolution concerns the smallest detectable increment, not the largest change before the reading changes. The correct definition identifies the minimum change producing a new reading."},{"text":"smallest measured value that reaches the full scale","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes a range or scale-limit idea rather than resolution. Resolution is the minimum change in the quantity that causes the instrument reading to change."},{"text":"average measured change between repeated readings","correct":false,"explanation":"The average spread between repeated readings relates to repeatability or random uncertainty, not resolution. Resolution is the smallest change that produces a different reading."}]},{"id":"a4e7ea59-ca70-4ea8-9db2-47a09043723e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A burette has typical uncertainty [ ].","back":"A burette has typical uncertainty ±0.05 cm³ per reading.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"±0.05 cm³ per reading","correct":true,"explanation":"A typical burette reading has an uncertainty of ±0.05 cm³ because the scale is usually read to the nearest 0.1 cm³, giving half a division as the uncertainty."},{"text":"±0.10 cm³ per reading","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses one whole scale division rather than half a division as the reading uncertainty. The typical burette uncertainty is ±0.05 cm³ per reading."},{"text":"±0.05 cm³ per titration","correct":false,"explanation":"A titration volume is calculated from two burette readings, so their uncertainties combine; the stated typical uncertainty applies to each individual reading, ±0.05 cm³."},{"text":"±0.01 cm³ per reading","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes precision finer than the burette scale normally supports. The typical uncertainty is half the 0.1 cm³ division, giving ±0.05 cm³ per reading."}]},{"id":"1fdf7640-e829-43b1-993a-f7beb550a287","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is a burette meniscus read?","back":"At the bottom of the curved liquid surface.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"At the bottom of the curved liquid surface.","correct":true,"explanation":"For a colourless aqueous solution, the bottom of the meniscus is read because it gives the most consistent position of the liquid surface against the burette scale."},{"text":"At the top of the curved liquid surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reading the top of the meniscus introduces a consistent scale error for ordinary colourless solutions. The correct position is the bottom of the curved surface."},{"text":"At the centre of the curved liquid surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"The centre is not the convention used for reading a concave meniscus and gives inconsistent volumes. The correct position is the bottom of the curved liquid surface."},{"text":"At the side of the curved liquid surface.","correct":false,"explanation":"The side of the meniscus is affected by the vessel wall and does not provide the standard reference point. The correct reading is taken at the bottom."}]},{"id":"bd6f8e35-3d63-416e-a9cc-f05b01cd4a11","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why keep your eye level with a burette meniscus?","back":"To avoid parallax error.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To avoid parallax error.","correct":true,"explanation":"Keeping the eye level with the meniscus ensures the scale is viewed perpendicularly, preventing the apparent position from shifting because of the viewing angle."},{"text":"To avoid zero error.","correct":false,"explanation":"Zero error comes from an instrument not starting at its true zero and is not corrected by eye position. Eye level prevents parallax error when reading the scale."},{"text":"To avoid random error.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random error causes unpredictable variation between measurements and cannot be removed simply by changing eye position. Eye level specifically prevents parallax error."},{"text":"To avoid calibration error.","correct":false,"explanation":"Calibration error results from inaccurate scale markings or instrument calibration, not from viewing angle. Aligning the eye with the meniscus avoids parallax error."}]},{"id":"aa9af6bf-867b-4208-bf30-80d0b79eca83","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Burette readings are recorded to the nearest [ ].","back":"Burette readings are recorded to the nearest 0.05 cm³.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"0.05 cm³","correct":true,"explanation":"A burette scale has 0.1 cm³ divisions, and readings are estimated halfway between them. Therefore, readings are recorded to the nearest 0.05 cm³."},{"text":"0.1 cm³","correct":false,"explanation":"This records only to the smallest marked division and omits the estimated digit. Burette readings are estimated between divisions and recorded to the nearest 0.05 cm³."},{"text":"0.01 cm³","correct":false,"explanation":"This claims greater precision than a standard burette can provide. Its 0.1 cm³ divisions permit estimation to the nearest 0.05 cm³, not 0.01 cm³."},{"text":"0.5 cm³","correct":false,"explanation":"This is much less precise than the burette scale and likely comes from misreading the divisions. Standard burette readings are recorded to the nearest 0.05 cm³."}]},{"id":"b8412667-3a09-40e4-8945-4e9c8344491d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A burette meniscus is exactly at 22 cm³. How should it be recorded?","back":"22.00 cm³.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"22.00 cm³.","correct":true,"explanation":"Burette readings are written to two decimal places, with the final digit normally 0 or 5. An exact position at 22 cm³ is therefore recorded as 22.00 cm³."},{"text":"22.0 cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using only one decimal place omits the burette’s estimated digit. The reading must show the appropriate precision, so an exact 22 cm³ is recorded as 22.00 cm³."},{"text":"22.000 cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"Three decimal places imply precision beyond that of a standard burette. Burette readings are recorded to two decimal places, making the correct entry 22.00 cm³."},{"text":"22.05 cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"This adds 0.05 cm³ even though the meniscus is exactly on the 22 cm³ mark. The correct reading, including both decimal places, is 22.00 cm³."}]},{"id":"25764282-3515-40ca-a1a8-65b3369ea5a0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"To convert a volume from cm³ to dm³, [ ].","back":"To convert a volume from cm³ to dm³, divide by 1000.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"divide by 1000","correct":true,"explanation":"One cubic decimetre contains 1000 cubic centimetres. A numerical volume in cm³ must therefore be divided by 1000 to express it in dm³."},{"text":"multiply by 1000","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying reverses the required conversion and would make the numerical value larger. Since 1000 cm³ equals 1 dm³, convert from cm³ by dividing by 1000."},{"text":"divide by 100","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by 100 treats the conversion as though only two powers of ten were involved. Because 1 dm³ equals 1000 cm³, divide by 1000."},{"text":"multiply by 100","correct":false,"explanation":"This both uses the wrong factor and changes the value in the wrong direction. Converting from smaller cm³ units to dm³ requires division by 1000."}]},{"id":"ca1415fb-61ce-43d0-a4ca-bd5c435fa267","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Convert 24.5 cm³ to m³ for $pV = nRT$.","back":"2.45 × 10⁻⁵ m³.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"2.45 × 10⁻⁵ m³.","correct":true,"explanation":"Since 1 cm³ equals 10⁻⁶ m³, multiplying 24.5 by 10⁻⁶ gives 2.45 × 10⁻⁵ m³, the SI volume required."},{"text":"2.45 × 10⁻² m³.","correct":false,"explanation":"This effectively divides by only 1000, confusing the conversion with cm³ to dm³. For m³, multiply by 10⁻⁶, giving 2.45 × 10⁻⁵ m³."},{"text":"2.45 × 10⁻⁴ m³.","correct":false,"explanation":"The exponent is one power of ten too large, usually from shifting the decimal incorrectly. Applying 1 cm³ = 10⁻⁶ m³ gives 2.45 × 10⁻⁵ m³."},{"text":"2.45 × 10⁻⁶ m³.","correct":false,"explanation":"This applies the 10⁻⁶ conversion factor but loses a factor of ten when rewriting 24.5 in standard form. The correct result is 2.45 × 10⁻⁵ m³."}]},{"id":"b2eab162-98b7-453b-ba33-736fe36d6219","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How do you convert a Celsius temperature to Kelvin?","back":"Add 273.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Add 273.","correct":true,"explanation":"The Kelvin scale begins approximately 273 degrees below zero Celsius. Therefore, a Celsius temperature is converted to Kelvin by adding 273."},{"text":"Subtract 273.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting 273 is used when converting from Kelvin to Celsius, not the reverse. To convert a Celsius temperature to Kelvin, add 273."},{"text":"Add 32.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number 32 belongs to the Celsius-Fahrenheit relationship and does not convert Celsius to Kelvin. Kelvin temperature is found by adding 273."},{"text":"Multiply by 273.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Celsius and Kelvin scales have equal-sized units, so no multiplication is needed. Their zero points differ, meaning 273 must be added."}]},{"id":"6d9bb335-0712-47d7-b1b3-39e7acefe26c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A reaction warms by 15 °C. What is ΔT in K?","back":"15 K.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"15 K.","correct":true,"explanation":"Celsius and Kelvin intervals are the same size, so a temperature increase of 15 °C is also an increase of 15 K. Only absolute temperatures require adding 273."},{"text":"288 K.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding 273 converts an absolute Celsius temperature to Kelvin, but it is not used for a temperature change. A rise of 15 °C corresponds to 15 K."},{"text":"-15 K.","correct":false,"explanation":"A negative change would describe cooling when ΔT is calculated as final minus initial temperature. Because the reaction warms by 15 °C, ΔT is positive 15 K."},{"text":"258 K.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting 273 wrongly treats the temperature change as an absolute Celsius temperature. Celsius and Kelvin changes have equal numerical values, so ΔT is 15 K."}]},{"id":"4af44af9-4b3b-47a0-96c8-44911e764834","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In $pV = nRT$, which pressure unit must be used?","back":"Pa.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Pa.","correct":true,"explanation":"The standard gas constant 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ uses SI units. Since a joule equals a pascal cubic metre, pressure must be measured in Pa."},{"text":"kPa.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using kPa with the standard SI gas constant introduces a factor-of-1000 error unless the constant is changed. With 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, pressure must be in Pa."},{"text":"atm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Atmospheres require a differently valued gas constant and are incompatible with 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ when volume is in m³. The required SI pressure unit is Pa."},{"text":"bar.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bar is not the SI pressure unit used with volume in m³ and the standard gas constant. Pressure must be converted to Pa before applying the equation."}]},{"id":"a3a9b6fe-f1b6-47d6-a8f1-ca704e67991a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In $pV = nRT$ with $R = 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹$, volume must be in [ ].","back":"In $pV = nRT$ with $R = 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹$, volume must be in m³.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"m³","correct":true,"explanation":"The gas constant 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ is expressed in SI units, and 1 J equals 1 Pa m³. Volume must therefore be in m³."},{"text":"dm³","correct":false,"explanation":"Using dm³ makes the volume numerically 1000 times too large for the SI gas constant. Convert the volume to m³ before substituting it into the equation."},{"text":"cm³","correct":false,"explanation":"Cubic centimetres are not compatible with the SI units of the standard gas constant and would create a factor-of-one-million error. Volume must be converted to m³."},{"text":"L","correct":false,"explanation":"Litres are equivalent to dm³ and are not the required SI volume unit for this value of the gas constant. Convert litres to m³ first."}]},{"id":"312328d9-421c-44e3-b3fe-fc11943d888e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How should a table header for volume in cubic centimetres be written?","back":"Volume / cm³.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Volume / cm³.","correct":true,"explanation":"A table header should state the measured quantity followed by a slash and its unit. Therefore, volume measured in cubic centimetres is headed Volume / cm³."},{"text":"Volume (cm³).","correct":false,"explanation":"Brackets around the unit are a common but unsuitable table-heading convention. The required format separates the quantity and unit with a slash: Volume / cm³."},{"text":"Volume / cm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Centimetres measure length rather than volume. Cubic centimetres are required, so the correct table header is Volume / cm³."},{"text":"cm³ / Volume.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the required order of quantity and unit. The measured quantity comes first, followed by a slash and the unit: Volume / cm³."}]},{"id":"f521e3e9-13c0-4234-8bd0-18d93dae5c71","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Raw numerical data in one column should match the apparatus [ ] in decimal places or significant figures.","back":"Raw numerical data in one column should match the apparatus resolution in decimal places or significant figures.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"resolution","correct":true,"explanation":"Resolution is the smallest change an instrument can display or measure. Raw readings should be recorded consistently with that resolution in decimal places or significant figures."},{"text":"precision","correct":false,"explanation":"Precision describes how closely repeated measurements agree, not the scale interval or display detail. The recorded decimal places should match the apparatus resolution."},{"text":"accuracy","correct":false,"explanation":"Accuracy describes closeness to the true value and does not determine how many digits are recorded. Raw data should match the apparatus resolution."},{"text":"uncertainty","correct":false,"explanation":"Uncertainty expresses the range around a measurement rather than directly naming the instrument’s smallest readable increment. The expected term here is resolution."}]},{"id":"e60adc9b-ce77-485e-a7a6-d343c81b0c6c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where do units belong in a data table?","back":"In the column header, not individual cells.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the column header, not individual cells.","correct":true,"explanation":"A unit applies to every value in its column, so placing it once in the column header is clear and avoids unnecessary repetition."},{"text":"In each individual cell, not the column header.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeating a unit in every cell makes the table cluttered and is not standard presentation. Units belong in the column header because they apply to the whole column."},{"text":"In the table title, not the column header.","correct":false,"explanation":"A title identifies the investigation or dataset but does not assign units to particular variables. Each unit should appear in its relevant column header."},{"text":"In the first data row, not individual cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first data row must contain measurements, not labels applying to the entire column. Units should be placed in the appropriate column header."}]},{"id":"f721ff27-0606-45a9-ae43-75fae68b6760","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is “clear” a poor substitute for “colourless”?","back":"Clear means not cloudy, but may be coloured.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Clear means not cloudy, but may be coloured.","correct":true,"explanation":"Clear describes the absence of cloudiness or suspended particles, whereas colourless describes the absence of colour. A transparent coloured solution can therefore be clear."},{"text":"Clear means colourless, but may be cloudy.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses colour with cloudiness. Clear means not cloudy and does not rule out colour, so a clear solution may still be coloured."},{"text":"Clear means dilute, but may contain a solid.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clear does not describe concentration, and suspended solid would normally make a mixture cloudy. It means not cloudy, although the substance may still be coloured."},{"text":"Clear means pure, but may contain impurities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clear does not establish chemical purity; a homogeneous solution containing impurities can appear clear. The term specifically means not cloudy and allows the solution to be coloured."}]},{"id":"e162678a-ee11-4b97-a422-cd742069d973","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What term should be used when a solid forms on mixing solutions?","back":"Precipitate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Precipitate.","correct":true,"explanation":"A precipitate is an insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution. Its appearance is recorded when two solutions are mixed and a solid forms."},{"text":"Residue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Residue is material left behind after processes such as filtration or evaporation. A solid newly formed by mixing reacting solutions is called a precipitate."},{"text":"Sediment.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sediment is solid material that settles from a suspension and need not have formed chemically. A reaction producing an insoluble solid creates a precipitate."},{"text":"Filtrate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Filtrate is the liquid that passes through filter paper during filtration. The insoluble solid formed when solutions react is called a precipitate."}]},{"id":"9ec7cab8-9a17-405b-a11a-f0a05cb92c90","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What observation should you record when gas bubbles are produced?","back":"Effervescence or fizzing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Effervescence or fizzing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Effervescence is the visible production of gas bubbles in a liquid. Fizzing is also an acceptable observational description of the same change."},{"text":"Evaporation or steaming.","correct":false,"explanation":"Evaporation is liquid changing into vapour and does not specifically describe bubbles caused by gas production. The appropriate observation is effervescence or fizzing."},{"text":"Condensation or misting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation is the change of a gas or vapour into a liquid, often producing droplets. Gas bubbles forming in a liquid should be recorded as effervescence or fizzing."},{"text":"Precipitation or clouding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Precipitation describes the formation of an insoluble solid, which may make a mixture cloudy. Visible gas bubbles should instead be recorded as effervescence or fizzing."}]},{"id":"67b27e1f-137e-4ea7-876d-e9932a996508","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Concordant titres agree within [ ] of each other.","back":"Concordant titres agree within 0.10 cm³ of each other.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"0.10 cm³","correct":true,"explanation":"At A Level, titres are treated as concordant when their values differ by no more than 0.10 cm³. Only concordant accurate titres are used to calculate the mean."},{"text":"0.20 cm³","correct":false,"explanation":"This tolerance is too wide and may group readings that are not sufficiently repeatable. Concordant titres must agree within 0.10 cm³ of each other."},{"text":"0.05 cm³","correct":false,"explanation":"This is an unnecessarily strict half-division tolerance, often confused with burette reading uncertainty. Concordant titres are defined as agreeing within 0.10 cm³."},{"text":"1.00 cm³","correct":false,"explanation":"This difference is far too large and would indicate poor repeatability rather than concordance. Concordant titres must agree within 0.10 cm³ of each other."}]},{"id":"5e84e0f5-8f62-4ddf-8d1e-6e6cf24727e7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why exclude a rough titre from the mean titre?","back":"It is only a guide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is only a guide.","correct":true,"explanation":"A rough titration is used to locate the approximate end point and plan later dropwise addition. It is not an accurate titre for calculating the mean."},{"text":"It is always an anomaly.","correct":false,"explanation":"A rough titre is not necessarily anomalous; it may be close to the later readings. It is excluded because it is only a guide to the approximate end point."},{"text":"It has too many decimal places.","correct":false,"explanation":"The number of recorded decimal places is not the reason for exclusion. A rough titre is omitted because it only guides the accurate titrations."},{"text":"It uses no indicator.","correct":false,"explanation":"A rough titration normally uses the same indicator as the accurate titrations. It is excluded because it is only a guide to the approximate end point."}]},{"id":"9e4b5c05-bff6-4361-b89b-2d309adaea1f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Which titres are concordant: 23.40, 23.55 and 23.35 cm³?","back":"23.40 cm³ and 23.35 cm³.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"23.40 cm³ and 23.35 cm³.","correct":true,"explanation":"These titres differ by only 0.05 cm³, which is within the usual 0.10 cm³ criterion for concordant titres. The more widely separated 23.55 cm³ reading is excluded."},{"text":"23.40 cm³ and 23.55 cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"These readings differ by 0.15 cm³, exceeding the usual 0.10 cm³ limit for concordance. The concordant pair is 23.40 cm³ and 23.35 cm³, which differ by 0.05 cm³."},{"text":"23.55 cm³ and 23.35 cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"These titres differ by 0.20 cm³, so they are not concordant. The correct pair is 23.40 cm³ and 23.35 cm³, whose difference is only 0.05 cm³."},{"text":"23.40 cm³, 23.55 cm³ and 23.35 cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"All three readings cannot be concordant because 23.55 cm³ differs from 23.35 cm³ by 0.20 cm³. Only 23.40 cm³ and 23.35 cm³ lie within 0.10 cm³."}]},{"id":"34964826-a4a9-49c7-85b4-aea9432ad571","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Mean of 23.40 and 23.35 cm³ to burette precision?","back":"23.38 cm³.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"23.38 cm³.","correct":true,"explanation":"The mean is $(23.40 + 23.35) / 2 = 23.375$ cm³. Rounded to the burette precision of two decimal places, this gives 23.38 cm³."},{"text":"23.37 cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"The unrounded mean is 23.375 cm³, which rounds up to 23.38 cm³ at two decimal places. Giving 23.37 cm³ results from truncating rather than rounding."},{"text":"23.40 cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"This simply selects the larger titre instead of calculating the mean. Adding the two titres and dividing by two gives 23.375 cm³, which rounds to 23.38 cm³."},{"text":"46.75 cm³.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the sum of the two titres, not their mean. Dividing 46.75 cm³ by two gives 23.375 cm³, which rounds to 23.38 cm³."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-28","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Implementing","title":"Implementing Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/chemistry/ocr/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"4389879e-4bdf-5ef1-93b6-6b28ea693379","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]