32:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/2uatx6a88wntm.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/10rmxw_yiwj40.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1g1suj21ijg7y.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3122yxib73nqj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0oqf4rh3z9c50.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1razvqd6te0n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3hk191jki_10r.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0s9ts5-5oevo0.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3rgu7kqb5jfh5.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1xcu6jc442bl4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062"],"Gingerbread"] 34:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/2uatx6a88wntm.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/10rmxw_yiwj40.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1g1suj21ijg7y.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3122yxib73nqj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0oqf4rh3z9c50.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1razvqd6te0n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3hk191jki_10r.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0s9ts5-5oevo0.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3rgu7kqb5jfh5.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1xcu6jc442bl4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062"],"RecordResourceResume"] 35:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/2uatx6a88wntm.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/10rmxw_yiwj40.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1g1suj21ijg7y.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3122yxib73nqj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0oqf4rh3z9c50.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1razvqd6te0n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3hk191jki_10r.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0s9ts5-5oevo0.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3rgu7kqb5jfh5.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1xcu6jc442bl4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 36:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/2uatx6a88wntm.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2_6olli-sutu3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1qp4g--o6-1vf.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0psy-n5us57a4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3mz725-y91ph6.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2x_dbpl3b_l2r.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0nojijad0occ8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/19ua1o9n5v3ho.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3yfg2hrj9oxbd.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/35s1d7gs3nyqk.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/38w1x0vrld4-w.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3kzt2piec6aoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2lsi6eli88uwt.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/10rmxw_yiwj40.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/40lyu17d590zu.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2g-t2n9ahs3tn.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1g1suj21ijg7y.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3122yxib73nqj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2mv9l1xl_aa4j.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0oqf4rh3z9c50.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2eanemqjnv2vr.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2f3ohq_f1uov2.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1razvqd6te0n4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1coblm1-go81_.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3hk191jki_10r.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0s9ts5-5oevo0.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3it1o0ex-l5qz.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3rgu7kqb5jfh5.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3q5gc8lbwr4b4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/075i0tnxt4not.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1eyu-5752jh17.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1986062z5zb0v.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/13gj59kzq50t_.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/2yss1g0cimuwe.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/3ybwgs28on6c8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0uitbylhcd4am.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1xcu6jc442bl4.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/06b61oz__qen3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0a4x2f2g83l7b.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1of_-ow2iz1cj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0dspbdeiizrn3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/36nndwkz7iik3.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0e7v08pdxbxe2.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1hnuhh5t7cfaj.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/41hx021qkamew.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0a57o9qvnv-nb.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/24srd-xd1m5z8.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/0wv8cpdr6cvhr.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1791774062"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 23:[["$","$L32",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L33",["$","$L34",null,{"href":"/a-level/business/edexcel/ethics/flashcards","label":"Ethics","subjectCode":"a_level_business","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L35",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L36",null,{"decks":[{"id":"90058fd5-c8a0-48bc-b7c1-95a32c17c6af","title":"Ethics Flashcards","topicId":"4448e7d3-8f7f-52b9-ae6a-d3462f7a26e1","topicSlug":"ethics","cards":[{"id":"f9a58f89-e845-4eb3-83a0-7fd68516a947","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A business operating in more than one country is a [ ].","back":"A business operating in more than one country is a multinational corporation (MNC).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"multinational corporation (MNC)","correct":true,"explanation":"A multinational corporation operates in more than one country, often coordinating production, sales or other activities across several national markets."},{"text":"public limited company (PLC)","correct":false,"explanation":"A PLC is defined by its ownership structure and ability to sell shares publicly, not by international operations. The correct term is multinational corporation (MNC)."},{"text":"small and medium-sized enterprise (SME)","correct":false,"explanation":"An SME is classified by measures such as employee numbers or turnover, not the number of countries in which it operates. The correct term is multinational corporation (MNC)."},{"text":"non-governmental organisation (NGO)","correct":false,"explanation":"An NGO is an organisation independent of government and is usually established for social or charitable purposes. A business operating across countries is a multinational corporation (MNC)."}]},{"id":"e7ff46ae-d204-4033-a2b6-67e1514c9020","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a legal business decision still be unethical?","back":"The law may allow choices that conflict with moral principles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The law may allow choices that conflict with moral principles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Law establishes minimum compulsory standards, whereas ethics considers broader ideas of right and wrong. A legally permitted choice may therefore still conflict with moral principles."},{"text":"The law always requires choices that conflict with moral principles.","correct":false,"explanation":"The misconception is that legal requirements are necessarily immoral. The real issue is that the law may permit choices that remain unacceptable according to moral principles."},{"text":"The law may prohibit choices that support every stakeholder equally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethical difficulty does not depend on the law preventing equal stakeholder benefits. A legal decision can be unethical because permitted choices may still conflict with moral principles."},{"text":"The law always reflects choices that satisfy accepted moral principles.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly treats law and ethics as identical. Laws set enforceable standards, but they may allow business choices that conflict with wider moral principles."}]},{"id":"111e77b3-e3c5-46e3-8328-55098877516b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Business ethics applies moral principles about [ ] to business decisions, even when [ ].","back":"Business ethics applies moral principles about right and wrong to business decisions, even when the law allows more than one option.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Business ethics applies moral principles about right and wrong to business decisions, even when the law allows more than one option.","correct":true,"explanation":"Business ethics judges decisions using moral ideas of right and wrong. It is especially relevant when several choices are legal but have different consequences for stakeholders."},{"text":"Business ethics applies moral principles about profit and loss to business decisions, even when the law allows more than one option.","correct":false,"explanation":"Profit and loss are financial measures rather than moral principles. Business ethics concerns right and wrong, including situations where the law permits more than one option."},{"text":"Business ethics applies moral principles about right and wrong to business decisions, even when the law prohibits every available option.","correct":false,"explanation":"The second completion confuses ethical choice with universal illegality. Ethics applies even when the law allows several options and managers must judge which is morally preferable."},{"text":"Business ethics applies moral principles about cost and revenue to business decisions, even when all stakeholders demand the same outcome.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cost and revenue are commercial measures, not definitions of morality, and stakeholders often disagree. Ethics applies right-and-wrong principles when the law allows more than one option."}]},{"id":"acabeb90-0d9b-47fc-baff-20bc525d8201","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do MNCs face especially difficult ethical questions?","back":"They operate across countries with different laws, cultures, income levels and enforcement standards.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They operate across countries with different laws, cultures, income levels and enforcement standards.","correct":true,"explanation":"Differences between countries create conflicting expectations and standards. An MNC must decide whether merely to follow each local law or apply consistent ethical standards worldwide."},{"text":"They operate across countries with identical laws, cultures, income levels and enforcement standards.","correct":false,"explanation":"This removes the source of the ethical difficulty by wrongly assuming countries are identical. MNCs actually face different laws, cultures, income levels and enforcement standards."},{"text":"They operate within one country with different products, brands, prices and advertising campaigns.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes marketing complexity within a domestic market, not the distinctive ethical challenge facing MNCs. They operate across countries with differing laws, cultures, incomes and enforcement."},{"text":"They operate across markets with similar customers, competitors, suppliers and distribution methods.","correct":false,"explanation":"Commercial similarities do not explain why MNC ethics is especially difficult. The challenge comes from national differences in laws, cultures, income levels and enforcement standards."}]},{"id":"06b029d7-0646-4463-8718-5948b1521282","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What creates stakeholder conflict in an ethical decision?","back":"Stakeholders want different outcomes from the same business decision.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stakeholders want different outcomes from the same business decision.","correct":true,"explanation":"Stakeholder conflict arises because groups such as employees, shareholders and customers have different interests, so one decision may benefit one group while disadvantaging another."},{"text":"Stakeholders want identical outcomes from the same business decision.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical desired outcomes would create agreement rather than conflict. Conflict occurs when stakeholders want different outcomes from the same business decision."},{"text":"Stakeholders receive equal benefits from the same business decision.","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal benefits would not normally create stakeholder conflict. Conflict arises when groups have different interests and therefore want different outcomes from the decision."},{"text":"Stakeholders follow the same priorities for every business decision.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shared priorities would reduce conflict rather than create it. Stakeholder conflict develops because different groups seek different outcomes from the same decision."}]},{"id":"f70b9217-f904-4b8b-853d-8c81200c6d7c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ethical decisions often involve [ ]: helping one stakeholder may increase costs, reduce profit or disadvantage another.","back":"Ethical decisions often involve trade-offs: helping one stakeholder may increase costs, reduce profit or disadvantage another.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"trade-offs","correct":true,"explanation":"A trade-off occurs when gaining one benefit requires accepting a cost elsewhere. Improving outcomes for one stakeholder may reduce profit or disadvantage another stakeholder."},{"text":"economies of scale","correct":false,"explanation":"Economies of scale are reductions in average cost as output increases, not choices between competing stakeholder interests. Such ethical choices involve trade-offs."},{"text":"win-win outcomes","correct":false,"explanation":"A win-win outcome benefits all relevant parties, whereas the sentence describes one group gaining at another’s expense. The appropriate term is trade-offs."},{"text":"unlimited resources","correct":false,"explanation":"Unlimited resources would reduce the need to choose between stakeholder interests. Ethical decisions often involve trade-offs because resources are limited and stakeholder objectives conflict."}]},{"id":"c9b103ba-aa3a-4f8d-9f9a-96e0603b0f2f","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How might shareholders and employees conflict over working conditions?","back":"

Shareholders: lower costs and higher returns.
Employees: fair pay and safer working conditions.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Shareholders: lower costs and higher returns.
Employees: fair pay and safer working conditions.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Shareholders may prefer lower labour costs to increase profit and returns, while employees seek pay and safety improvements that can raise business costs."},{"text":"

Shareholders: fair pay and safer working conditions.
Employees: lower costs and higher returns.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the groups’ usual interests. Employees generally seek fair pay and safety, while shareholders may favour lower costs and higher returns."},{"text":"

Shareholders: lower prices and better customer service.
Employees: higher dividends and capital growth.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses shareholder and employee objectives with customer and investor concerns. Shareholders typically seek returns, while employees seek fair pay and safer conditions."},{"text":"

Shareholders: higher wages and shorter working hours.
Employees: lower labour costs and larger profits.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the likely priorities in a working-conditions dispute. Employees favour improved pay and conditions, whereas shareholders may prioritise lower costs and higher returns."}]},{"id":"0af237a1-ac96-47c5-9aff-83bba0071137","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] covers basic living costs and may be above the [ ].","back":"A living wage covers basic living costs and may be above the legal minimum wage.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A living wage covers basic living costs and may be above the legal minimum wage.","correct":true,"explanation":"A living wage is calculated from the income needed for basic living costs. It may exceed the legally required minimum wage, which is set by government."},{"text":"A minimum wage covers basic living costs and may be above the living wage.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the concepts. A living wage reflects basic living costs and may be higher than the legal minimum wage set by government."},{"text":"A market wage covers basic living costs and may be above the legal minimum wage.","correct":false,"explanation":"A market wage is determined by labour supply and demand, so it does not necessarily cover basic costs. That purpose defines a living wage."},{"text":"A living wage covers basic living costs and may be above the average national salary.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant comparison is with the legal minimum wage, not the average national salary. A living wage may exceed the statutory minimum because it reflects basic costs."}]},{"id":"45342350-05c8-4d05-b15e-177f3022708c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are pay and working conditions a major issue in outsourced production?","back":"Outsourcing may use countries with lower wages and weaker labour protections.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Outsourcing may use countries with lower wages and weaker labour protections.","correct":true,"explanation":"Production is often outsourced to reduce expenditure, but host countries may permit low pay and provide limited legal protection against unsafe or exploitative employment practices."},{"text":"Outsourcing may use countries with higher wages and stronger labour protections.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher wages and stronger legal protections would generally reduce the ethical concern. The issue arises because outsourcing may involve lower wages and weaker labour protections."},{"text":"Outsourcing may use countries with lower transport costs and fewer trade barriers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower transport costs and fewer trade barriers concern logistics and market access, not employees’ treatment. The ethical issue is the use of lower wages and weaker labour protections."},{"text":"Outsourcing may use countries with better safety standards and stronger trade unions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Better safety standards and stronger unions would normally improve workers’ position rather than create the concern. Outsourcing is controversial where wages and labour protections are weaker."}]},{"id":"43679e93-7756-49b7-915c-801ae15f80f2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What staffing benefit can better pay and working conditions create?","back":"They can reduce labour turnover.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They can reduce labour turnover.","correct":true,"explanation":"Competitive pay and acceptable conditions increase employee satisfaction and loyalty, making workers less likely to leave and reducing recruitment and training requirements."},{"text":"They can increase labour turnover.","correct":false,"explanation":"Better treatment should not make employees leave more frequently. It can reduce labour turnover because satisfied workers are more likely to remain with the business."},{"text":"They can increase employee absenteeism.","correct":false,"explanation":"Poor pay or unsafe conditions are more likely to increase absence. Better pay and conditions can instead reduce labour turnover by improving employee retention."},{"text":"They can reduce workforce productivity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Improved pay and conditions commonly strengthen motivation rather than lowering output. Their key staffing benefit is reduced labour turnover as fewer employees choose to leave."}]},{"id":"c2c3699d-6eb4-49ab-b31f-80942c115d99","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What short-term financial drawback can ethical labour standards create?","back":"They can raise costs, reducing short-term profit margins.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They can raise costs, reducing short-term profit margins.","correct":true,"explanation":"Higher wages, safer facilities and improved employee benefits increase operating expenditure immediately, so profit margins may fall before longer-term motivational or reputational gains emerge."},{"text":"They can lower costs, increasing short-term profit margins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethical standards commonly require additional spending rather than immediate savings. They can raise costs through higher wages and safer conditions, reducing short-term profit margins."},{"text":"They can raise revenue, increasing short-term profit margins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Improved standards may support revenue over time through a stronger reputation, but that is not the immediate drawback. The short-term problem is higher costs and narrower margins."},{"text":"They can lower prices, reducing short-term sales revenue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethical labour standards do not inherently reduce selling prices. Their short-term financial drawback is that compliance raises costs, which can reduce profit margins."}]},{"id":"4b4580f0-58cb-4fc4-8ecd-da5bfdfba842","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An [ ] is a cost or benefit experienced by a third party; pollution is a [ ].","back":"An externality is a cost or benefit experienced by a third party; pollution is a negative externality.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An externality is a cost or benefit experienced by a third party; pollution is a negative externality.","correct":true,"explanation":"An externality affects someone who is not directly involved in the transaction. Pollution imposes uncompensated health or environmental costs on third parties, making it negative."},{"text":"An internality is a cost or benefit experienced by a third party; pollution is a negative externality.","correct":false,"explanation":"An internality affects the decision-maker rather than an unrelated third party. The general third-party effect is an externality, and pollution is specifically a negative externality."},{"text":"An externality is a cost or benefit experienced by a third party; pollution is a positive externality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollution imposes costs such as illness and environmental degradation rather than third-party benefits. It is therefore a negative externality, while externality is the general term."},{"text":"An opportunity cost is a cost or benefit experienced by a third party; pollution is a positive externality.","correct":false,"explanation":"Opportunity cost means the next-best alternative forgone, not an effect on a third party. Pollution creates harm, so it is a negative externality rather than a positive one."}]},{"id":"c3f44446-90c9-4ee0-89d2-cd07cd625d87","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is pollution a negative externality for an MNC?","back":"Local communities suffer health or environmental damage while the business keeps revenue.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Local communities suffer health or environmental damage while the business keeps revenue.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pollution imposes uncompensated costs such as illness, contaminated water or ecosystem damage on local people, while the MNC continues receiving income from its activities."},{"text":"Local communities receive employment and higher incomes while the business keeps revenue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Employment and higher incomes are benefits to the community, not the harmful third-party effects that make pollution negative. The relevant costs are health or environmental damage."},{"text":"Local communities suffer health or environmental damage while the business loses revenue.","correct":false,"explanation":"A loss of the business’s own revenue would be a private cost rather than an externality. Pollution is negative because communities bear health or environmental damage."},{"text":"Local communities suffer higher prices or reduced choice while the business keeps revenue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher customer prices affect participants in the market transaction and are not the defining external cost of pollution. Local communities instead suffer health or environmental damage."}]},{"id":"6441849a-ca6c-497d-88e9-fe586c07af27","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What long-term cost benefit can cleaner production technology create?","back":"It may reduce energy bills after high upfront costs.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may reduce energy bills after high upfront costs.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy-efficient machinery can consume less electricity or fuel over its working life. These recurring savings may eventually compensate for the technology’s substantial initial investment."},{"text":"It may increase energy bills after high upfront costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cleaner, more efficient equipment is intended to lower rather than raise energy consumption. Although installation can be expensive, the long-term benefit may be reduced energy bills."},{"text":"It may reduce corporation tax after high upfront costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cleaner production technology does not directly determine the corporation tax rate, which depends on tax rules and taxable profit. Its long-term saving may come from lower energy bills."},{"text":"It may reduce interest rates after high upfront costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Installing cleaner technology does not directly reduce the interest rate charged by lenders. Its efficiency can instead lower energy bills after the initial expenditure."}]},{"id":"7591975e-9924-424f-b6a9-4289bb576437","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How can exporting waste become unethical?","back":"Waste may be sent to countries with weaker regulation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Waste may be sent to countries with weaker regulation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sending waste to jurisdictions with less stringent environmental controls can shift pollution and health risks onto vulnerable communities instead of ensuring safe disposal."},{"text":"Waste may be sent to countries with stricter regulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stricter regulation should require safer handling and does not explain the ethical concern. Exporting becomes problematic when firms exploit countries with weaker environmental regulation."},{"text":"Waste may be sent to countries with higher disposal costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Higher disposal costs do not themselves make waste exports unethical and may reflect responsible treatment. The concern is transferring waste to countries with weaker regulation."},{"text":"Waste may be sent to countries with modern treatment facilities.","correct":false,"explanation":"Modern treatment facilities make safe disposal more likely, so their existence is not the source of the ethical problem. Exploiting weaker regulation is the central concern."}]},{"id":"a9c22306-37ec-4a40-bf2a-d17384e75336","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Written rules that suppliers must follow are a supplier [ ].","back":"Written rules that suppliers must follow are a supplier code of conduct.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"code of conduct","correct":true,"explanation":"A code of conduct formally sets the ethical, labour and environmental standards that suppliers are expected to meet as a condition of the commercial relationship."},{"text":"performance appraisal","correct":false,"explanation":"A performance appraisal evaluates how well a supplier has performed; it does not primarily state the rules suppliers must follow. Those rules form a code of conduct."},{"text":"purchase invoice","correct":false,"explanation":"A purchase invoice records goods supplied and the amount owed rather than prescribing acceptable behaviour. Written supplier rules are contained in a code of conduct."},{"text":"quality audit","correct":false,"explanation":"A quality audit checks whether products or processes meet required standards, rather than serving as the written rules themselves. Those rules are a code of conduct."}]},{"id":"d8aba7a4-552e-457b-aa8e-ef88475409c2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can long supply chains make ethical control harder?","back":"More suppliers and locations reduce visibility and control.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More suppliers and locations reduce visibility and control.","correct":true,"explanation":"A longer supply chain makes practices harder to monitor consistently across numerous suppliers and countries, reducing the business’s visibility of unethical behaviour and its control over standards."},{"text":"More suppliers and locations increase visibility and control.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship. More suppliers and locations make monitoring more complex, so long supply chains reduce visibility and control over working practices."},{"text":"More suppliers and locations reduce customer demand and sales.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lower demand and sales are not the direct ethical-control problem. Long supply chains make oversight harder because more suppliers and locations reduce visibility and control."},{"text":"More suppliers and locations reduce production capacity and output.","correct":false,"explanation":"A long supply chain does not necessarily reduce production capacity. Its ethical risk comes from reduced visibility and control across numerous suppliers and operating locations."}]},{"id":"07701a43-8264-4523-8d90-d6fdc691d43d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can supplier audits be unreliable?","back":"Suppliers may hide problems or subcontract work without permission.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Suppliers may hide problems or subcontract work without permission.","correct":true,"explanation":"Suppliers can conceal poor conditions during scheduled inspections or secretly transfer production elsewhere, meaning an audit may not reveal the practices actually used throughout the supply chain."},{"text":"Suppliers may report every problem or complete all work on site.","correct":false,"explanation":"Full disclosure and authorised on-site production would make audits more reliable. Audits become unreliable when suppliers hide problems or subcontract work without permission."},{"text":"Suppliers may charge higher prices or deliver stock ahead of schedule.","correct":false,"explanation":"Prices and early deliveries do not undermine the accuracy of an ethical audit. The reliability problem is that suppliers may hide problems or use unauthorised subcontractors."},{"text":"Suppliers may change ownership or renegotiate contracts without permission.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ownership and contract changes are commercial issues rather than the main audit weakness. Audits can be misleading when suppliers conceal problems or secretly subcontract production."}]},{"id":"9b7c55f1-750f-4a2a-8934-0776cb8ee0df","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is remediation often better than immediately cancelling a child-labour supplier?","back":"It protects children without removing family income.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It protects children without removing family income.","correct":true,"explanation":"Remediation can remove children from harmful work while supporting education and replacing lost earnings, protecting their welfare without suddenly depriving the household of essential income."},{"text":"It guarantees children receive higher future wages.","correct":false,"explanation":"Remediation cannot guarantee a child’s future earnings. Its immediate advantage is protecting the child while avoiding the sudden removal of income on which the family depends."},{"text":"It punishes suppliers without disrupting production output.","correct":false,"explanation":"Remediation aims to improve conditions rather than punish suppliers, and production may still be disrupted. Its key benefit is protecting children without removing vital family income."},{"text":"It protects shareholders without reducing dividend income.","correct":false,"explanation":"Shareholder dividends are not the primary ethical reason for remediation. The approach is preferred because it protects affected children while preserving essential income for their families."}]},{"id":"2466d61f-08f3-4716-8ee5-0374c9635bfe","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Making a business or product appear more environmentally friendly than it really is is [ ].","back":"Making a business or product appear more environmentally friendly than it really is is greenwashing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"greenwashing","correct":true,"explanation":"Greenwashing means using misleading claims, images or communications to make a business, product or activity seem more environmentally responsible than it actually is."},{"text":"green marketing","correct":false,"explanation":"Green marketing can legitimately promote products with genuine environmental benefits. Misleadingly exaggerating environmental responsibility is specifically known as greenwashing."},{"text":"ethical branding","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethical branding presents a business as socially responsible and may be based on genuine practices. A falsely enhanced environmental image is specifically called greenwashing."},{"text":"cause-related marketing","correct":false,"explanation":"Cause-related marketing connects sales or promotion with support for a social cause. Making misleading environmental claims about a business or product is greenwashing."}]},{"id":"a58cbb9e-fadd-4a26-93af-8a54bccc3c05","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What trust-related risk can misleading product labelling create?","back":"Customers may feel deceived, causing loss of trust.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Customers may feel deceived, causing loss of trust.","correct":true,"explanation":"When labels misrepresent a product, customers may believe the business has deliberately misled them. This damages confidence in the brand and creates a loss of trust."},{"text":"Regulators may impose fines, causing higher legal costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fines and legal costs are regulatory and financial risks rather than trust-related risks. Misleading labels can make customers feel deceived, causing loss of trust."},{"text":"Customers may seek refunds, causing higher operating costs.","correct":false,"explanation":"Refunds may create an operational or financial cost, but they do not identify the trust-related risk. Deceived customers may lose trust in the business."},{"text":"Competitors may gain sales, causing loss of market share.","correct":false,"explanation":"Loss of market share is a competitive consequence rather than the direct trust-related risk. Misleading labelling makes customers feel deceived and can cause loss of trust."}]},{"id":"7f416bfc-0841-4cdf-a0b4-8af5d8778688","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What makes promotion unethical when aimed at vulnerable consumers?","back":"It targets them unfairly to persuade purchase.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It targets them unfairly to persuade purchase.","correct":true,"explanation":"Vulnerable consumers may have limited ability to assess claims or resist pressure. Deliberately exploiting that vulnerability to persuade them to buy makes the promotion unethical."},{"text":"It provides clear information to support choice.","correct":false,"explanation":"Clear and accurate information supports informed consumer choice and is generally ethical. Promotion becomes unethical when it unfairly targets vulnerable people to persuade them to purchase."},{"text":"It offers them discounts to reduce prices.","correct":false,"explanation":"Offering a discount is not inherently exploitative or unethical. The ethical problem arises when promotion targets vulnerable consumers unfairly to influence their purchasing decisions."},{"text":"It uses broad advertising to reach everyone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Advertising to a broad audience does not specifically exploit vulnerable consumers. The promotion is unethical when it unfairly targets their vulnerability to persuade them to purchase."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-05-13","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Ethics","title":"Ethics Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/business/edexcel/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"4448e7d3-8f7f-52b9-ae6a-d3462f7a26e1","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]