Maize plants ($Zeamays$) are frequently attacked by the herbivorous larvae of the beet armyworm ($Spodopteraexigua$), which feed on the leaves and severely stunt plant growth.

In response to leaf damage and chemical signals present in the saliva of $S.exigua$, maize plants synthesize and release volatile organic compounds, such as the terpene $(E)$-$\beta$-farnesene.

These volatiles are detected by the parasitoid wasp $Cotesiamarginiventris$, which locates the infested maize plants and lays its eggs inside the larvae of $S.exigua$. The developing wasp larvae eventually kill the host caterpillars.

Which of the following statements explain(s) the adaptive benefit to $Zeamays$ of releasing $(E)$-$\beta$-farnesene?

1. Release of $(E)$-$\beta$-farnesene acts as an indirect defence that minimises subsequent loss of leaf area in $Zeamays$.
2. Release of $(E)$-$\beta$-farnesene increases the rate of parasitism of $S.exigua$ larvae by $C.marginiventris$.
3. Release of $(E)$-$\beta$-farnesene increases the reproductive success of $S.exigua$.