Maize plants, Zea mays, are frequently attacked by the herbivorous caterpillar Spodoptera exigua. In response to tissue damage and chemicals in the caterpillar's saliva, Z. mays releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as volatile terpenes.

These VOCs act as chemical signals that attract the parasitoid wasp Cotesia marginiventris, which lays its eggs inside the caterpillars, eventually killing them. These VOCs also deter other adult female moths of the same species from laying eggs on the plant.

Which of the following explain(s) why Z. mays releases these volatile organic compounds?

1. Volatile release increases the parasitism rate of S. exigua by C. marginiventris.
2. Volatile release reduces future herbivore damage by deterring oviposition.
3. Volatile release provides a direct, nutrient-rich metabolic substrate that accelerates the development of S. exigua.

Choose the correct option: