The diagram illustrates the cellular mechanism of action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on a cell of the collecting duct during osmoregulation.
Under conditions of water deprivation (dehydration), which of the following sequences correctly describes the physiological and cellular pathway that leads to the excretion of highly concentrated urine?
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus shrink due to water loss →\rightarrow→ nerve impulses stimulate the posterior pituitary gland to release more ADH →\rightarrow→ ADH binds to receptors on the basolateral membrane →\rightarrow→ vesicles containing aquaporins fuse with the luminal membrane →\rightarrow→ water moves out of the filtrate by osmosis down a water potential gradient
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus swell due to water uptake →\rightarrow→ nerve impulses stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release more ADH →\rightarrow→ ADH binds to receptors on the luminal membrane →\rightarrow→ vesicles containing aquaporins fuse with the basolateral membrane →\rightarrow→ water is actively transported out of the filtrate
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus shrink due to water loss →\rightarrow→ nerve impulses stimulate the posterior pituitary gland to release less ADH →\rightarrow→ decreased ADH concentration causes aquaporins to be removed from the luminal membrane →\rightarrow→ water moves out of the filtrate by osmosis down a water potential gradient
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus swell due to water uptake →\rightarrow→ endocrine cells in the cortex of the kidney release aldosterone →\rightarrow→ aldosterone binds to receptors on the basolateral membrane →\rightarrow→ vesicles containing aquaporins fuse with the luminal membrane →\rightarrow→ water is actively transported out of the filtrate