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interact."},{"text":"biotic environment","correct":false,"explanation":"The biotic environment consists of living organisms already included in the community. The additional component required to form an ecosystem is the abiotic environment."},{"text":"biotic community","correct":false,"explanation":"A biotic community is the collection of interacting populations, so this would merely repeat the first component. An ecosystem also includes the abiotic environment."},{"text":"trophic level","correct":false,"explanation":"A trophic level groups organisms by feeding position and is not an environmental component. A community plus its abiotic environment forms an ecosystem."}]},{"id":"9b5b3d8d-802f-46e6-ac02-ea20406f65fb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The distribution and abundance of organisms are affected by [ ] and [ ].","back":"The distribution and abundance of organisms are affected by biotic interactions and abiotic conditions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The distribution and abundance of organisms are affected by biotic interactions and abiotic conditions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Biotic interactions include competition, predation and mutualism, while abiotic conditions include temperature, light and water availability. Both determine where organisms live and their population sizes."},{"text":"The distribution and abundance of organisms are affected by abiotic interactions and biotic conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the standard categories: interactions between organisms are biotic, whereas non-living environmental factors are abiotic conditions. Both categories influence distribution and abundance."},{"text":"The distribution and abundance of organisms are affected by biotic interactions and biotic conditions.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly labels non-living factors as biotic conditions and therefore omits abiotic conditions. The two relevant categories are biotic interactions and abiotic conditions."},{"text":"The distribution and abundance of organisms are affected by abiotic conditions and abiotic interactions.","correct":false,"explanation":"This omits interactions among living organisms, such as competition and predation. Distribution and abundance depend on biotic interactions as well as abiotic conditions."}]},{"id":"951fc168-d11d-46cf-996b-f1fd227057ee","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is biomass usually measured as dry mass rather than fresh mass?","back":"Water content varies, making fresh-mass comparisons unreliable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Water content varies, making fresh-mass comparisons unreliable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Organisms can contain markedly different proportions of water. Removing that variable allows dry mass to provide more valid comparisons of biological material."},{"text":"Dry mass always increases, making fresh-mass comparisons unreliable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dry mass does not always increase; it can rise or fall as biomass changes. It is preferred because variable water content makes fresh-mass comparisons unreliable."},{"text":"Water content is constant, making fresh-mass comparisons unreliable.","correct":false,"explanation":"If water content were constant, it would not undermine fresh-mass comparisons. Fresh mass is unreliable precisely because water content varies among samples."},{"text":"Mineral content varies, making dry-mass comparisons unreliable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Variation in mineral content is part of genuine dry-mass variation, not the reason for removing water. Dry mass is used because water content varies."}]},{"id":"4771ac31-251b-464f-9a04-4b4d4aca5061","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a food chain, which trophic level feeds on producers?","back":"Primary consumers.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Primary consumers.","correct":true,"explanation":"Primary consumers occupy the second trophic level and obtain their food directly from producers. Herbivores are the usual examples of primary consumers."},{"text":"Secondary consumers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Secondary consumers feed mainly on primary consumers rather than directly on producers. Organisms that feed on producers are primary consumers."},{"text":"Tertiary consumers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tertiary consumers feed at a higher trophic level, usually consuming secondary consumers. Primary consumers are the trophic level that feeds on producers."},{"text":"Primary producers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Primary producers manufacture organic substances using light or chemical energy; they do not occupy the consumer level that feeds on producers. That level is primary consumers."}]},{"id":"7cc61acc-ba2a-48b6-944a-42ed58579fb1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does biomass decrease between trophic levels?","back":"Not all eaten biomass becomes new biomass in the next level.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Not all eaten biomass becomes new biomass in the next level.","correct":true,"explanation":"Some ingested material is egested, while assimilated material is used in respiration and other processes. Consequently, only part becomes new biomass available to the next level."},{"text":"All eaten biomass becomes new biomass in the next level.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only a fraction of ingested biomass becomes new tissue because material is egested or used in respiration. Therefore, not all eaten biomass becomes new biomass."},{"text":"Biomass is destroyed completely during feeding at the next level.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matter is not destroyed during feeding; it is transferred, egested or converted into waste products. Biomass decreases because only some eaten biomass becomes new biomass."},{"text":"Organisms at the next level contain more water than their food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water content does not explain the decrease in dry biomass between trophic levels. The decrease occurs because not all consumed biomass is converted into new biomass."}]},{"id":"de7690c2-35e8-4ba6-8d48-3e96adb63b0c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Biomass and mineral ions can be recycled, but [ ] is not recycled; it is eventually transferred mainly as [ ].","back":"Biomass and mineral ions can be recycled, but energy is not recycled; it is eventually transferred mainly as heat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Biomass and mineral ions can be recycled, but energy is not recycled; it is eventually transferred mainly as heat.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy flows through an ecosystem rather than cycling within it. Respiration and other metabolic processes ultimately transfer much of this energy to the surroundings as heat."},{"text":"Biomass and mineral ions can be recycled, but matter is not recycled; it is eventually transferred mainly as heat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Matter is recycled through biogeochemical cycles, so it is not the non-recycled component. Energy flows through ecosystems and is eventually transferred mainly as heat."},{"text":"Biomass and mineral ions can be recycled, but energy is not recycled; it is eventually transferred mainly as light.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although some energy may leave as light, respiration transfers most energy lost from trophic levels to the surroundings as heat. Energy is not recycled."},{"text":"Biomass and mineral ions can be recycled, but mineral ions is not recycled; it is eventually transferred mainly as heat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mineral ions are recycled through decomposition and nutrient cycles, so this contradicts the opening clause. Energy is the component not recycled and is mainly transferred as heat."}]},{"id":"54175465-4663-4fa3-91e3-30e1e52d4fd3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the formula for biomass transfer efficiency?","back":"$$\\text{efficiency} = \\frac{\\text{biomass transferred}}{\\text{biomass intake}} \\times 100$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\text{efficiency} = \\frac{\\text{biomass transferred}}{\\text{biomass intake}} \\times 100$","correct":true,"explanation":"Transfer efficiency is the proportion of biomass intake converted into biomass at the next trophic level. Multiplication by 100 expresses this proportion as a percentage."},{"text":"$$\\text{efficiency} = \\frac{\\text{biomass intake}}{\\text{biomass transferred}} \\times 100$","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the fraction, producing values above 100% whenever intake exceeds transferred biomass. Transferred biomass must be divided by biomass intake, then multiplied by 100."},{"text":"$$\\text{efficiency} = \\frac{\\text{biomass transferred}}{\\text{biomass intake}}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Without multiplying by 100, the calculation gives efficiency as a decimal fraction rather than the required percentage. The transferred-to-intake ratio must be multiplied by 100."},{"text":"$$\\text{efficiency} = \\frac{\\text{biomass intake} - \\text{biomass transferred}}{\\text{biomass intake}} \\times 100$","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting transferred biomass calculates the percentage not transferred rather than transfer efficiency. Efficiency uses transferred biomass itself as the numerator over biomass intake."}]},{"id":"ec1df434-e910-44f1-b8b9-1d6dae1f29c5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Herbivores eat 800 kg dry biomass and produce 96 kg new biomass. What is the transfer efficiency?","back":"12%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"12%.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dividing 96 kg of new biomass by the 800 kg intake gives 0.12. Multiplying by 100 converts this proportion to a transfer efficiency of 12%."},{"text":"0.12%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reports the decimal ratio 0.12 as though it were already a percentage. Multiplying 0.12 by 100 gives the correct transfer efficiency of 12%."},{"text":"8.33%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from dividing 800 by 96 and then attaching a percentage sign, reversing the required ratio. The correct calculation is 96 divided by 800, multiplied by 100, giving 12%."},{"text":"88%.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the percentage of biomass not converted into new biomass: 100% minus 12%. Transfer efficiency measures the converted proportion itself, which is 12%."}]},{"id":"946596e5-418d-450a-93e5-e11b2d3b4448","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does keeping livestock warm increase biomass transfer?","back":"Less energy is used maintaining body temperature.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Less energy is used maintaining body temperature.","correct":true,"explanation":"Keeping livestock warm reduces the energy required for thermoregulation, leaving more absorbed energy available for growth and therefore increasing the biomass transferred to the next trophic level."},{"text":"More energy is used producing heat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cold conditions increase heat production and reduce growth because more energy is diverted from biomass formation. The correct explanation is reduced energy use for maintaining body temperature."},{"text":"Less energy is used digesting food.","correct":false,"explanation":"Warming does not significantly remove the energetic cost of digestion. It reduces thermoregulatory expenditure, so the correct answer concerns maintaining body temperature."},{"text":"Less energy is used moving muscles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Movement still requires energy regardless of environmental temperature. Warm conditions mainly reduce energy spent on thermoregulation, leaving more energy for growth and biomass transfer."}]},{"id":"5ba819af-0821-459b-beb2-2279d258517c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do decomposers digest dead organisms and waste?","back":"

Release enzymes onto organic material.
Absorb soluble products.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Release enzymes onto organic material.
Absorb soluble products.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Decomposers digest externally by secreting enzymes onto dead material, which hydrolyse large insoluble molecules. They then absorb the resulting small, soluble products across their cell surfaces."},{"text":"

Release soluble products onto organic material.
Absorb enzymes.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes perform the extracellular digestion and soluble molecules are the products absorbed. Reversing these roles confuses the digestive agents with the substances released by digestion."},{"text":"

Release enzymes onto organic material.
Absorb insoluble products.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The enzymes break material into small soluble molecules that can cross cell membranes. Insoluble products cannot be absorbed in this way, so the correct term is soluble products."},{"text":"

Absorb organic material.
Release soluble products.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Large organic material is digested outside the decomposer before absorption. Enzymes are released first, and the resulting soluble products are then taken up by the decomposer."}]},{"id":"6701d13c-48d3-44b3-a736-1651c6f0376e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which nitrogen-cycle process converts nitrogen gas into ammonium compounds?","back":"Nitrogen fixation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nitrogen fixation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium compounds, usually through nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This makes nitrogen available in a chemically usable form for organisms."},{"text":"Nitrification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrification oxidises ammonium ions first to nitrite ions and then to nitrate ions. Nitrogen fixation is the process that changes atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium compounds."},{"text":"Denitrification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Denitrification reduces nitrate ions to nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions. The conversion in the question is the reverse direction and is carried out by nitrogen fixation."},{"text":"Ammonification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ammonification releases ammonium ions from organic nitrogen in dead material and waste. Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into ammonium compounds by nitrogen fixation instead."}]},{"id":"1592afc4-9733-48b4-8216-da299c4664db","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which nitrogen-cycle process converts organic nitrogen in dead organisms and waste into ammonium ions?","back":"Ammonification.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ammonification.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ammonification converts organic nitrogen in dead organisms and waste into ammonium ions, carried out by decomposer microorganisms during the breakdown of organic material."},{"text":"Nitrogen fixation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium compounds. The breakdown of organic nitrogen from waste and dead material is called ammonification."},{"text":"Nitrification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrification is an oxidation process converting ammonium ions into nitrite ions and then nitrate ions. It does not release ammonium ions from organic nitrogen."},{"text":"Denitrification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Denitrification converts nitrate ions into nitrogen gas, usually in anaerobic conditions. Converting organic nitrogen into ammonium ions is ammonification."}]},{"id":"4186fe1d-ee09-4a76-8684-22a5cf778d80","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In nitrification, [ ] converts ammonium ions to nitrite ions; [ ] converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions.","back":"In nitrification, Nitrosomonas converts ammonium ions to nitrite ions; Nitrobacter converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In nitrification, Nitrosomonas converts ammonium ions to nitrite ions; Nitrobacter converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Nitrosomonas carries out the first oxidation step, converting ammonium ions to nitrite ions. Nitrobacter carries out the second step, converting nitrite ions to nitrate ions."},{"text":"In nitrification, Nitrobacter converts ammonium ions to nitrite ions; Nitrosomonas converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two bacterial names have been reversed. Nitrosomonas oxidises ammonium to nitrite, whereas Nitrobacter oxidises nitrite to nitrate."},{"text":"In nitrification, Nitrosomonas converts ammonium ions to nitrite ions; denitrifying bacteria converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate during denitrification rather than performing the second nitrification step. Nitrobacter converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions."},{"text":"In nitrification, nitrifying bacteria converts ammonium ions to nitrite ions; Nitrobacter converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The first organism must be identified specifically as Nitrosomonas. Although both organisms are nitrifying bacteria, Nitrobacter alone carries out the second oxidation step."}]},{"id":"51543d8b-6f45-40b5-9221-b30f1a457bfd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which nitrogen-cycle process converts nitrate ions back into nitrogen gas?","back":"Denitrification.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Denitrification.","correct":true,"explanation":"Denitrification reduces nitrate ions to nitrogen gas, usually by anaerobic bacteria in waterlogged soils. It returns nitrogen from the soil to the atmosphere."},{"text":"Nitrification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrification converts ammonium ions into nitrite ions and then nitrate ions. The process that removes nitrate from the soil as nitrogen gas is denitrification."},{"text":"Nitrogen fixation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen fixation adds atmospheric nitrogen to the usable nitrogen cycle by producing ammonium compounds. Converting nitrate ions back to nitrogen gas is denitrification."},{"text":"Ammonification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ammonification produces ammonium ions from organic nitrogen in dead material and waste. Nitrate ions are converted into atmospheric nitrogen gas by denitrification."}]},{"id":"a7e16b54-82a5-498e-98b1-ea90251a1aa9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the carbon cycle, [ ] removes carbon dioxide; [ ] releases carbon dioxide from organisms.","back":"In the carbon cycle, photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide; respiration releases carbon dioxide from organisms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the carbon cycle, photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide; respiration releases carbon dioxide from organisms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide to make organic compounds, while respiration breaks down organic molecules and releases carbon dioxide from living organisms."},{"text":"In the carbon cycle, respiration removes carbon dioxide; photosynthesis releases carbon dioxide from organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"These processes have been reversed. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide during carbon fixation, whereas respiration releases it when organic compounds are broken down."},{"text":"In the carbon cycle, combustion removes carbon dioxide; respiration releases carbon dioxide from organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Combustion releases carbon dioxide rather than removing it. Photosynthesis is the process that removes carbon dioxide, while respiration releases carbon dioxide from organisms."},{"text":"In the carbon cycle, photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide; combustion releases carbon dioxide from organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis correctly removes carbon dioxide, but combustion is not the release process occurring within organisms. Respiration releases carbon dioxide from organisms."}]},{"id":"dea6354c-8f61-41cc-a9de-c11036d723a4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Primary succession begins on a surface where [ ] exists.","back":"Primary succession begins on a surface where no soil exists.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"no soil","correct":true,"explanation":"Primary succession starts on a previously uncolonised surface where soil has not formed, such as bare rock. Soil develops gradually as pioneer species add organic matter."},{"text":"existing soil","correct":false,"explanation":"A surface with existing soil undergoes secondary succession because the soil and often a seed bank remain. Primary succession begins where no soil exists."},{"text":"no organic matter","correct":false,"explanation":"The defining feature is the absence of soil, not simply the absence of organic matter. Primary succession begins on a bare surface where no soil has formed."},{"text":"living organisms","correct":false,"explanation":"Primary succession may begin with no organisms present, but the key condition is that no soil exists. Pioneer species later colonise the bare surface and initiate soil formation."}]},{"id":"3589ba5a-c543-404f-abe9-d7243017b0ee","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In primary succession, what do dead pioneer organisms add that helps soil form?","back":"Organic matter, forming humus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Organic matter, forming humus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dead pioneer organisms decompose and add organic matter, which forms humus. Humus improves soil structure and nutrient content, allowing later plants to establish during primary succession."},{"text":"Mineral ions, forming salts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mineral ions are released as rocks weather and decomposers recycle nutrients, not directly supplied as the main material by dead pioneers. The correct answer is organic matter, forming humus."},{"text":"Oxygen, forming air spaces.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen may enter developing soil through air spaces, but dead organisms do not primarily add it. They contribute organic matter, which decomposes to form humus and improve the soil."},{"text":"Water, forming groundwater.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water can accumulate in soil, but it is not the key contribution of dead pioneer organisms. Their remains add organic matter, which decomposes into humus and supports soil formation."}]},{"id":"d234b06b-ee5c-4083-a6bf-b3a42a3ab23a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can grazing maintain grassland instead of woodland?","back":"It removes young woody plants before they establish.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It removes young woody plants before they establish.","correct":true,"explanation":"Grazing animals eat seedlings and young woody plants before they mature. This prevents succession towards woodland and helps maintain an open grassland community."},{"text":"It removes mature trees after they establish.","correct":false,"explanation":"Grazing usually cannot remove established mature trees. It prevents woodland mainly by eating young woody plants before they become established; removing mature trees would require cutting or felling."},{"text":"It adds woody plants before they establish.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding woody plants would promote succession towards scrub or woodland rather than maintain grassland. Grazing has the opposite effect by removing young woody plants before they establish."},{"text":"It removes grass plants before they establish.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although grazing can reduce grass biomass, this is not the main reason it prevents woodland. The key effect is removing young woody plants before they establish and grow into trees."}]},{"id":"d458ee13-b949-45de-995c-3876ed9471b2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How should quadrats be placed to reduce sampling bias?","back":"Use random coordinates on a grid.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use random coordinates on a grid.","correct":true,"explanation":"Random coordinates give every location an equal chance of selection, reducing the risk that the investigator chooses convenient or visually typical sites and therefore limiting sampling bias."},{"text":"Use systematic coordinates at fixed intervals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fixed intervals can produce a biased sample if they coincide with a repeating pattern in the habitat. Random coordinates are preferred because every location has an equal chance of selection."},{"text":"Use convenient locations near the path.","correct":false,"explanation":"Choosing accessible sites near a path over-represents those conditions and excludes less convenient areas. Random coordinates across a grid reduce this selection bias."},{"text":"Use visible organisms to choose sites.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selecting sites where organisms are already visible encourages the investigator to favour dense or obvious patches. Random grid coordinates avoid choosing locations based on expected results."}]},{"id":"66163717-1155-4a2c-aa56-fb01121d5213","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is density calculated from quadrat data?","back":"Divide number of individuals by sampled area.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Divide number of individuals by sampled area.","correct":true,"explanation":"Density is the number of individuals per unit area, so dividing the counted individuals by the total sampled area gives the correct density."},{"text":"Multiply number of individuals by sampled area.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplication gives an amount with the wrong relationship to area and does not produce individuals per unit area. Density is calculated by dividing the number of individuals by sampled area."},{"text":"Divide sampled area by number of individuals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the division gives area per individual rather than individuals per unit area. The correct calculation divides the number of individuals by the sampled area."},{"text":"Divide number of species by sampled area.","correct":false,"explanation":"Density concerns the number of individuals of a species, not the number of different species present. Divide number of individuals by sampled area to obtain individuals per unit area."}]},{"id":"0a580906-141e-48bf-a556-161072d06041","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Ten $1\\ \\text{m}^{2}$ quadrats contain 64 daisies; the field is $250\\ \\text{m}^{2}$. Estimate the population size.","back":"1600 daisies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"1600 daisies.","correct":true,"explanation":"The sample density is 64 daisies ÷ 10 m² = 6.4 daisies per m². Multiplying by 250 m² gives an estimated population of 1600 daisies."},{"text":"256 daisies.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses the field area without first scaling the count from ten quadrats correctly. The density is 6.4 daisies per m², so 250 m² gives 1600 daisies."},{"text":"640 daisies.","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats the 64 daisies as though they came from 25 m² or applies an incomplete area factor. Dividing by 10 m² and multiplying by 250 m² gives 1600 daisies."},{"text":"16,000 daisies.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overestimates the result by a factor of ten, usually from treating 64 daisies as the density per square metre. The ten quadrats cover 10 m², giving 1600 daisies."}]},{"id":"4523f5f6-b445-491d-ba0d-b1b7cd799b70","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When are transects especially useful in fieldwork?","back":"Studying distribution across an environmental gradient.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Studying distribution across an environmental gradient.","correct":true,"explanation":"A transect records organisms at positions along a line, making it suitable for detecting changes in distribution as an environmental factor, such as light or moisture, changes."},{"text":"Estimating population size in a uniform habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"A transect is designed to examine change across space, not primarily to estimate population size in a uniform habitat. Quadrats or mark-release-recapture may be more appropriate."},{"text":"Measuring genetic variation across an isolated population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transects record spatial distribution in relation to environmental change; they do not directly measure genetic variation. Genetic analysis or suitable sampling of individuals would be needed."},{"text":"Determining energy transfer through a food chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy transfer is investigated by measuring biomass or energy content at trophic levels, not by placing a transect. Transects are especially useful across environmental gradients."}]},{"id":"c69623c7-43e8-4ff0-bd8e-2ac4daa08582","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In capture-mark-release-recapture, what feature of the second sample estimates population size?","back":"The proportion marked.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The proportion marked.","correct":true,"explanation":"If marking and mixing are reliable, the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample reflects the proportion marked in the whole population, allowing population size to be estimated."},{"text":"The number marked in the first sample.","correct":false,"explanation":"The initial number marked alone cannot estimate the total population because it gives no information about how many marked individuals appear in the second sample. The relevant feature is the proportion marked."},{"text":"The total number recaptured.","correct":false,"explanation":"The recapture count must be compared with the size of the second sample; alone it is not a proportion and cannot provide the estimate. The proportion marked in sample two is used."},{"text":"The proportion recaptured.","correct":false,"explanation":"The proportion recaptured describes overlap between samples but is not the standard feature used in the Lincoln index. Population size is estimated from the proportion of the second sample that is marked."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Ecosystems","title":"Ecosystems Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/ocr/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"55a27b22-ef7e-5b69-bded-9c066ed92d3c","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]