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An individual’s inherited genotype does not change in response to natural selection during its lifetime."},{"text":"individuals","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection affects individuals’ survival and reproduction, but individual organisms do not evolve. The resulting changes in allele frequencies occur in populations over successive generations."},{"text":"species","correct":false,"explanation":"A species may contain several populations with different allele frequencies. Evolution acts directly on populations because they are the groups whose gene pools change across generations."},{"text":"communities","correct":false,"explanation":"A community contains populations of several different species and therefore has no single shared gene pool. Evolutionary change is measured within populations, not entire communities."}]},{"id":"9516cbf3-385d-48a7-b873-8ec0673d8420","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Evolution changes what in a population over generations?","back":"Allele frequencies.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Allele frequencies.","correct":true,"explanation":"Evolution is defined as a change in the frequencies of alleles in a population’s gene pool over successive generations."},{"text":"Phenotype frequencies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection acts on phenotypes, but evolution is measured by changes in allele frequencies. Phenotypic proportions can also change temporarily through environmental effects without evolution."},{"text":"Individual genotypes.","correct":false,"explanation":"An individual’s genotype is fixed at fertilisation and does not change through natural selection. Evolution instead changes allele frequencies across generations within the population."},{"text":"Population sizes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population size may rise or fall without altering the gene pool’s composition. Evolution specifically involves a generational change in allele frequencies, not merely numbers of organisms."}]},{"id":"d89d681b-7e3c-482b-b0ef-1fcb1035d846","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What process creates new alleles by changing DNA?","back":"Mutation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mutation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mutation changes the DNA base sequence and can produce a new version of a gene. It is therefore the ultimate source of new alleles."},{"text":"Meiosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis reshuffles existing alleles through crossing over and independent assortment, but it does not normally create new ones. New alleles arise through mutation of DNA."},{"text":"Fertilisation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisation combines existing alleles from two gametes into a new genotype. It increases variation in combinations, whereas mutation creates genuinely new alleles."},{"text":"Crossing over.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crossing over exchanges corresponding DNA sections between homologous chromosomes, producing new combinations of existing alleles. A DNA mutation is required to create a new allele."}]},{"id":"694d09a1-c2cb-4449-ba6f-782694d19e5c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does random fertilisation increase genetic variation?","back":"Any male gamete can fuse with any female gamete.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Any male gamete can fuse with any female gamete.","correct":true,"explanation":"The unrestricted, chance pairing of genetically different male and female gametes produces many possible allele combinations in zygotes, increasing variation among offspring."},{"text":"Any male gamete can fuse only with a genetically similar female gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random fertilisation does not match gametes by genetic similarity. Any male gamete can fuse with any female gamete, generating varied combinations of parental alleles."},{"text":"Only a male gamete with dominant alleles can fuse with a female gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dominance affects how alleles are expressed after fertilisation, not whether gametes can fuse. Any male gamete can fuse with any female gamete by chance."},{"text":"Each male gamete must preserve the allele combination of the chosen female gamete.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random fertilisation does not preserve parental allele combinations. Any male gamete can fuse with any female gamete, creating new combinations in the resulting zygote."}]},{"id":"72c7f0fb-fc35-40f0-9e04-141f12621873","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Continuous variation usually has many intermediates because it is often [ ].","back":"Continuous variation usually has many intermediates because it is often polygenic.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"polygenic","correct":true,"explanation":"Polygenic characteristics are controlled by many genes, whose alleles have combined effects. Numerous possible allele combinations produce a broad range of intermediate phenotypes."},{"text":"monogenic","correct":false,"explanation":"A monogenic characteristic is controlled by one gene and commonly produces a limited number of distinct phenotypes. Continuous variation with many intermediates is usually polygenic."},{"text":"sex-linked","correct":false,"explanation":"A sex-linked characteristic is determined by a gene on a sex chromosome, but this does not itself create many intermediate phenotypes. Continuous variation is usually polygenic."},{"text":"recessive","correct":false,"explanation":"Recessive describes an allele expressed only when no dominant allele is present; it does not explain a continuous range. Many intermediates usually result from polygenic inheritance."}]},{"id":"bbc0ce28-e1c7-4b66-9444-b7f419df3932","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which type of variation gives distinct categories with no intermediates?","back":"Discontinuous variation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Discontinuous variation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Discontinuous variation places individuals into distinct groups, such as ABO blood groups, with no intermediate values between the categories."},{"text":"Continuous variation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Continuous variation produces a measurable range with many intermediate values, such as human height. Distinct categories without intermediates are characteristic of discontinuous variation."},{"text":"Intraspecific variation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Intraspecific variation means differences among members of one species and can be either continuous or discontinuous. Distinct categories specifically describe discontinuous variation."},{"text":"Environmental variation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Environmental variation describes differences caused by environmental conditions and is not defined by having separate categories. Categories with no intermediates indicate discontinuous variation."}]},{"id":"c2c68763-a803-4995-bd33-0f00d5622e99","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If every individual is genetically identical for a trait, what can natural selection do to that trait?","back":"Nothing - selection cannot change it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Nothing - selection cannot change it.","correct":true,"explanation":"Natural selection requires heritable genetic differences that cause differential reproductive success. If all individuals are genetically identical for the trait, selection cannot alter it."},{"text":"Increase it - selection favours advantageous alleles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selection cannot increase a trait when there are no heritable allelic differences on which it can act. With genetic identity for the trait, selection changes nothing."},{"text":"Reduce it - selection removes unfavourable alleles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selection can remove disadvantageous alleles only when alternative alleles exist. If every individual is genetically identical for the trait, selection cannot reduce or otherwise change it."},{"text":"Randomise it - selection creates new allele combinations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection sorts existing heritable variation rather than generating new allele combinations. If the individuals are genetically identical for the trait, selection cannot change it."}]},{"id":"bc74febe-aa7a-4a44-adbf-47ae3cc5e03d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Heritable variation must be passed through [ ] to affect evolution.","back":"Heritable variation must be passed through gametes to affect evolution.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"gametes","correct":true,"explanation":"Gametes transmit alleles from parents to offspring during sexual reproduction. Only variation carried in this germ line can contribute directly to evolutionary change."},{"text":"somatic cells","correct":false,"explanation":"Somatic cells form the body and are not normally transmitted to offspring. Heritable variation must enter gametes so its alleles can pass to the next generation."},{"text":"blood cells","correct":false,"explanation":"Blood cells belong to the body rather than the germ line and are not used to form offspring. Evolutionarily relevant variation must be transmitted through gametes."},{"text":"acquired characteristics","correct":false,"explanation":"Acquired characteristics arise during an organism’s lifetime and generally do not alter the DNA inherited by offspring. Heritable variation must instead be passed through gametes."}]},{"id":"dd4fdf89-88fb-48f1-900d-2f3c8c226177","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can scars not be passed on by genetic inheritance?","back":"They are acquired during life, not inherited alleles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are acquired during life, not inherited alleles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Scars develop after birth through environmental injury and do not alter the DNA or alleles in gametes, so they cannot be transmitted genetically to offspring."},{"text":"They are recessive characteristics, not dominant alleles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Recessiveness does not prevent genetic inheritance; recessive alleles can pass between generations. Scars are not allele-controlled traits but acquired changes that develop during an individual’s life."},{"text":"They are caused by mutations, not inherited alleles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Scars result from tissue repair after injury, not normally from mutations. They cannot be inherited because acquired bodily changes do not alter alleles in gametes."},{"text":"They are lost during meiosis, not inherited alleles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis separates alleles rather than removing acquired characteristics. Scars cannot be inherited because they develop during life and do not change the genetic information in gametes."}]},{"id":"992128b1-8db7-446c-9071-25b6b71787a3","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which graph should display continuous grouped data?","back":"A histogram, with bars touching.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A histogram, with bars touching.","correct":true,"explanation":"A histogram represents continuous data grouped into class intervals. Its bars touch because the measurement scale is continuous, with no gaps between adjacent intervals."},{"text":"A bar chart, with bars touching.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bar chart displays discrete or categorical data, and its bars should be separated. Continuous grouped data require a histogram, whose adjacent class intervals are shown by touching bars."},{"text":"A scatter graph, with bars touching.","correct":false,"explanation":"A scatter graph plots paired values to investigate correlation and does not use bars. Continuous data grouped into class intervals should be displayed using a histogram with touching bars."},{"text":"A line graph, with bars touching.","correct":false,"explanation":"A line graph shows changes across a continuous independent variable but does not contain bars. Grouped continuous frequency data should be presented in a histogram with touching bars."}]},{"id":"b610b1ee-a3cb-4e17-88eb-aa50ed6ab3f7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is Student's t test appropriate in this topic?","back":"Comparing two independent sample means of continuous data.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Comparing two independent sample means of continuous data.","correct":true,"explanation":"Student’s t test assesses whether the means of two independent samples of continuous data differ significantly, accounting for variation within each sample."},{"text":"Comparing two independent sample medians of continuous data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Student’s t test compares sample means, not medians. Comparing medians generally requires a suitable non-parametric method, whereas two independent continuous-data means can be tested using Student’s t test."},{"text":"Comparing two paired sample means of continuous data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Paired observations require a paired t test because each value is matched to another. In this context, Student’s t test is used for two independent sample means."},{"text":"Comparing two independent sample means of categorical data.","correct":false,"explanation":"Means are not appropriate summaries for categorical data, which are usually analysed using frequency-based tests. Student’s t test compares two independent sample means from continuous data."}]},{"id":"5c019fe1-70c8-454d-9ab6-6bb4667de5c8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If calculated t is greater than the critical value, what conclusion is made?","back":"Reject H₀ - the difference is statistically significant.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reject H₀ - the difference is statistically significant.","correct":true,"explanation":"A calculated t value above the critical value lies in the rejection region, so the null hypothesis is rejected and the observed difference is statistically significant."},{"text":"Accept H₀ - the difference is statistically significant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Statistical significance provides evidence against, not support for accepting, the null hypothesis. When calculated t exceeds the critical value, H₀ is rejected."},{"text":"Reject H₀ - the difference is not statistically significant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rejecting the null hypothesis means the result has crossed the significance threshold. If calculated t exceeds the critical value, the difference is statistically significant."},{"text":"Retain H₀ - the difference is not statistically significant.","correct":false,"explanation":"Retaining H₀ applies when calculated t does not exceed the critical value. Here it does, so H₀ is rejected and the difference is statistically significant."}]},{"id":"73d9d4a7-31d5-4fae-82d4-f2208eba5fa6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A selection pressure affects survival and [ ].","back":"A selection pressure affects survival and reproductive success.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"reproductive success","correct":true,"explanation":"Selection pressures affect whether organisms survive and how successfully they reproduce. Individuals that produce more surviving offspring contribute more of their alleles to the next generation."},{"text":"genetic variation","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic variation supplies differences on which selection acts, but it is not the direct second outcome named here. Selection pressure affects survival and reproductive success."},{"text":"somatic mutation","correct":false,"explanation":"Somatic mutations occur in body cells and are not a general measure of evolutionary fitness. Selection pressures affect an organism’s survival and reproductive success."},{"text":"allele dominance","correct":false,"explanation":"Dominance describes how an allele is expressed in a heterozygote, not how selection pressure affects fitness. The relevant outcome alongside survival is reproductive success."}]},{"id":"5fe58652-b2a1-4e95-a3d8-236f781755f4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do advantageous heritable alleles become more common over generations?","back":"Carriers have greater reproductive success.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carriers have greater reproductive success.","correct":true,"explanation":"Carriers survive or reproduce more successfully and therefore pass the advantageous allele to more offspring. Across generations, this increases the allele’s frequency in the population."},{"text":"Carriers have greater mutation rates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Advantageous alleles do not generally increase the mutation rate. They become more common because carriers have greater reproductive success and pass the alleles to more offspring."},{"text":"Carriers have greater genetic variation.","correct":false,"explanation":"An individual carrier does not necessarily possess more genetic variation. The allele increases in frequency because carriers reproduce more successfully and contribute more copies to later generations."},{"text":"Carriers have greater allele dominance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dominance affects phenotype expression, not how rapidly an allele is inherited across generations. Advantageous alleles spread because their carriers have greater reproductive success."}]},{"id":"75cabbe6-b2f9-43fe-ae2e-eed677edf8c0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can genetic drift alter an allele even if it is not useful?","back":"Allele frequency changes by chance, not selection.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Allele frequency changes by chance, not selection.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequency caused by chance differences in survival and reproduction, so it can affect neutral or even disadvantageous alleles."},{"text":"Allele frequency changes by mutation, not selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutation creates new alleles but is not the random sampling process called genetic drift. Drift changes existing allele frequencies by chance rather than according to usefulness."},{"text":"Allele frequency changes by dominance, not selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dominance determines phenotype expression in heterozygotes but does not itself randomly alter allele frequency. Genetic drift changes allele frequency through chance events rather than selection."},{"text":"Allele frequency changes by migration, not selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Migration changes allele frequencies through gene flow between populations, which is distinct from genetic drift. Drift occurs when frequencies change by chance, independently of usefulness."}]},{"id":"0f967a1f-d6dd-4859-9813-bc584194bfb7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is genetic drift strongest?","back":"In small populations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In small populations.","correct":true,"explanation":"Random survival or reproduction affects a larger proportion of the gene pool in a small population, so chance can cause substantial changes in allele frequency."},{"text":"In large populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chance sampling effects tend to average out in large populations. Genetic drift is strongest in small populations, where each individual represents a larger fraction of the gene pool."},{"text":"In stable populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population stability does not determine the strength of random allele-frequency change. Genetic drift has its greatest effect in small populations because chance events affect a larger proportion."},{"text":"In diverse populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"High genetic diversity does not necessarily make drift stronger. Population size is the key factor: drift is strongest in small populations, where random losses have proportionally larger effects."}]},{"id":"bfb6910e-b64a-4cda-9e5f-56acafc032d2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a bottleneck effect change a population's gene pool?","back":"Survivors may not represent the original gene pool.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Survivors may not represent the original gene pool.","correct":true,"explanation":"A bottleneck leaves a small, random sample of the population alive. The survivors’ allele frequencies may differ from the original population, changing the gene pool by chance."},{"text":"Survivors may represent every allele equally.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bottleneck does not preserve every allele equally; some may be lost by chance. The correct explanation is that survivors may not represent the original gene pool."},{"text":"Survivors may have identical genotypes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bottlenecks reduce population size but do not necessarily make all survivors genetically identical. The key effect is that survivors may not represent the original gene pool."},{"text":"Survivors may inherit advantageous alleles only.","correct":false,"explanation":"Survival during a bottleneck is often random rather than based only on advantageous alleles. Survivors may not represent the original gene pool, altering allele frequencies."}]},{"id":"b401036f-bb87-4646-b7ab-e34a2094e1b2","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Hardy-Weinberg principle predicts frequencies in a population that is not [ ].","back":"The Hardy-Weinberg principle predicts frequencies in a population that is not evolving.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"evolving","correct":true,"explanation":"The Hardy-Weinberg principle applies when allele frequencies remain constant, so the population is not evolving. This requires conditions such as random mating, no selection and no migration."},{"text":"reproducing","correct":false,"explanation":"A Hardy-Weinberg population must reproduce for genotype frequencies to continue across generations. The required term is not evolving, meaning its allele frequencies remain unchanged."},{"text":"mutating","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutation is only one factor that can cause evolution, but reproduction, selection or migration can also alter allele frequencies. The principle predicts frequencies in a population that is not evolving."},{"text":"adapting","correct":false,"explanation":"Adaptation describes a population becoming better suited to its environment, usually through evolutionary change. Hardy-Weinberg instead assumes the population is not evolving."}]},{"id":"43696c12-214c-4a73-8ae8-d877f138ed2e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In Hardy-Weinberg, heterozygous genotype frequency is [ ].","back":"In Hardy-Weinberg, heterozygous genotype frequency is 2pq.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$2pq$","correct":true,"explanation":"Heterozygotes can form as either a p allele from one parent and q from the other, or the reverse. These two arrangements give the frequency $2pq$."},{"text":"$$p^2$","correct":false,"explanation":"$$p^2$ represents the frequency of homozygous individuals carrying two copies of one allele. Heterozygous genotype frequency is $2pq$, accounting for both allele orders."},{"text":"$$q^2$","correct":false,"explanation":"$$q^2$ is the frequency of homozygous individuals carrying two copies of the recessive allele. The heterozygous frequency is $2pq$."},{"text":"$$p + q$","correct":false,"explanation":"$$p + q = 1$ gives the total frequency of the two alleles, not a genotype frequency. Heterozygotes occur in two arrangements, giving the frequency $2pq$."}]},{"id":"8ff98b63-329b-452e-bcf4-edeb3f407251","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For a recessive condition, if affected frequency is q², what must be done before calculating carriers?","back":"Take the square root to find q.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Take the square root to find q.","correct":true,"explanation":"Affected individuals have genotype frequency $q^2$. Taking the square root of this frequency gives q, allowing the carrier frequency $2pq$ to be calculated."},{"text":"Take the square to find q.","correct":false,"explanation":"Squaring the affected frequency would move further from q rather than undoing $q^2$. The correct step is to take the square root to find q."},{"text":"Take the reciprocal to find q.","correct":false,"explanation":"A reciprocal changes a value to $1/q^2$ and does not recover q. Since affected frequency is $q^2$, its square root must be taken."},{"text":"Take the cube root to find q.","correct":false,"explanation":"A cube root is used for a cubed quantity, not $q^2$. The affected frequency is squared, so taking its square root gives q."}]},{"id":"aee9225c-44c0-4af2-9820-df4d9b2ea960","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does isolation reduce or prevent between populations?","back":"Gene flow.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gene flow.","correct":true,"explanation":"Isolation prevents individuals or their gametes moving between populations and therefore reduces gene flow. With less gene flow, the populations can accumulate genetic differences."},{"text":"Genetic drift.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic drift is random change in allele frequencies, and isolation can make its effects stronger. The process isolation directly reduces or prevents is gene flow."},{"text":"Natural selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection changes allele frequencies when some phenotypes have higher reproductive success. Isolation does not directly prevent selection; it reduces gene flow between populations."},{"text":"Mutation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutation creates new alleles within populations and is not the movement of alleles between populations. Isolation reduces or prevents gene flow instead."}]},{"id":"2e1b7785-bc15-4809-ba63-f06cfbbddbfb","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can isolation eventually produce a new species?","back":"

Different pressures/drift change allele frequencies.
Genetic differences accumulate over generations.
Reproductive isolation prevents fertile offspring.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Different pressures/drift change allele frequencies.
Genetic differences accumulate over generations.
Reproductive isolation prevents fertile offspring.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Isolation stops gene flow, allowing different selection pressures and genetic drift to alter allele frequencies. Differences accumulate until reproductive isolation prevents production of fertile offspring."},{"text":"

Identical pressures maintain allele frequencies.
Genetic differences disappear over generations.
Reproductive isolation prevents fertile offspring.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical pressures and disappearing genetic differences would not drive speciation. Isolation allows different pressures or drift to change allele frequencies and genetic differences to accumulate."},{"text":"

Different pressures/drift change allele frequencies.
Genetic differences accumulate over generations.
Gene flow produces fertile offspring.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Gene flow mixes populations rather than creating reproductive isolation, and it does not define whether offspring are fertile. The final stage requires reproductive isolation to prevent fertile offspring."},{"text":"

Different pressures/drift maintain allele frequencies.
Genetic differences accumulate over generations.
Reproductive isolation increases gene flow.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing allele frequencies, not maintaining them, produces divergence. Reproductive isolation reduces gene flow; it does not increase it, allowing separate species to form."}]},{"id":"17742a39-efdc-418d-8e07-7c81753bfc37","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which isolation mechanism involves physical barriers such as rivers or mountains?","back":"Geographical isolation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Geographical isolation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Geographical isolation occurs when physical barriers such as rivers, mountains or seas separate populations. The barrier prevents interbreeding and reduces gene flow between them."},{"text":"Reproductive isolation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reproductive isolation prevents successful interbreeding, for example through infertility or different mating behaviour. Physical barriers specifically produce geographical isolation."},{"text":"Temporal isolation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temporal isolation occurs when populations reproduce at different times, such as different seasons or times of day. Rivers and mountains cause geographical isolation."},{"text":"Behavioural isolation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Behavioural isolation results from different courtship or mating behaviours. Physical barriers such as rivers or mountains are examples of geographical isolation."}]},{"id":"e30622f9-9f78-4d8c-bea6-b5483e55c756","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Antibiotic use selects for [ ].","back":"Antibiotic use selects for resistant bacteria.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"resistant bacteria","correct":true,"explanation":"Antibiotics kill susceptible bacteria, while resistant bacteria survive and reproduce. Their resistance alleles therefore become more common in the population through natural selection."},{"text":"susceptible bacteria","correct":false,"explanation":"Susceptible bacteria are more likely to be killed by the antibiotic and leave fewer offspring. Antibiotic use selects for resistant bacteria, which survive and reproduce."},{"text":"unmutated bacteria","correct":false,"explanation":"Resistance can result from mutations, but antibiotics do not select specifically for bacteria without mutations. They select for resistant bacteria because those survive treatment."},{"text":"slow-growing bacteria","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth rate alone does not determine resistance, and slow-growing bacteria may still be killed. Antibiotics select for resistant bacteria with traits that allow survival."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Variation and evolution","title":"Variation and evolution Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"6cd898fe-ff4f-5a71-aa80-3ed375c0ccb0","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]