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during respiration in its phosphate bonds, allowing energy to be transferred to cellular processes in small, usable amounts."},{"text":"ADP.","correct":false,"explanation":"ADP is the lower-energy molecule that is phosphorylated during respiration. The released chemical energy is transferred to ATP when ADP combines with inorganic phosphate."},{"text":"NAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"NAD temporarily carries hydrogen and high-energy electrons during respiration, but ATP is the molecule that receives and transfers energy for energy-requiring cellular processes."},{"text":"FAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"FAD acts as a hydrogen and electron carrier in respiration rather than the cell’s immediate energy-transfer molecule. Chemical energy is transferred to ATP."}]},{"id":"d9641a51-4584-41aa-922b-f41bf9694884","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Hydrolysis of ATP produces [ ] and [ ], releasing energy in small, manageable amounts.","back":"Hydrolysis of ATP produces ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy in small, manageable amounts.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hydrolysis of ATP produces ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy in small, manageable amounts.","correct":true,"explanation":"Breaking ATP’s terminal phosphate bond by hydrolysis forms ADP and inorganic phosphate. This releases a small, usable quantity of energy for cellular processes."},{"text":"Hydrolysis of ATP produces ATP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy in small, manageable amounts.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is the reactant being hydrolysed, so it cannot also be the nucleotide product. Hydrolysis removes a phosphate group, producing ADP and inorganic phosphate."},{"text":"Hydrolysis of ATP produces ADP and glucose, releasing energy in small, manageable amounts.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is not a component released by ATP hydrolysis. Water breaks the terminal phosphate bond, producing ADP and inorganic phosphate while releasing usable energy."},{"text":"Hydrolysis of ATP produces NAD and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy in small, manageable amounts.","correct":false,"explanation":"NAD is a separate coenzyme involved in hydrogen transfer, not a product of ATP hydrolysis. ATP hydrolysis produces ADP and inorganic phosphate."}]},{"id":"bd5c9934-8245-42e8-bd64-befce1a212cf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Aerobic respiration of glucose uses [ ] and produces [ ].","back":"Aerobic respiration of glucose uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Aerobic respiration of glucose uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water.","correct":true,"explanation":"Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. Complete oxidation of glucose consequently forms carbon dioxide and water while releasing energy."},{"text":"Aerobic respiration of glucose uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the gas exchange associated with respiration and resembles photosynthesis. Aerobic respiration consumes oxygen and completely oxidises glucose to carbon dioxide and water."},{"text":"Aerobic respiration of glucose uses oxygen and produces lactic acid and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lactate is associated with anaerobic respiration in animals, not complete aerobic oxidation. With oxygen available, glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water."},{"text":"Aerobic respiration of glucose uses nitrogen and produces carbon dioxide and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen is not the final electron acceptor in ordinary aerobic respiration. Oxygen accepts electrons at the electron transport chain, producing carbon dioxide and water overall."}]},{"id":"a7096585-42d3-42d9-9049-d96d21e918ca","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In redox, oxidation is [ ] of electrons/hydrogen; reduction is [ ] of electrons/hydrogen.","back":"In redox, oxidation is loss of electrons/hydrogen; reduction is gain of electrons/hydrogen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In redox, oxidation is loss of electrons/hydrogen; reduction is gain of electrons/hydrogen.","correct":true,"explanation":"Oxidation involves losing electrons or hydrogen, whereas reduction involves gaining them. The mnemonic OIL RIG summarises this: oxidation is loss, reduction is gain."},{"text":"In redox, oxidation is gain of electrons/hydrogen; reduction is loss of electrons/hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the definitions of the two redox processes. Oxidation is loss of electrons or hydrogen, while reduction is their gain."},{"text":"In redox, oxidation is gain of electrons/hydrogen; reduction is gain of electrons/hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxidation and reduction cannot both involve gaining electrons or hydrogen. Oxidation is loss, while reduction is gain, so the processes occur as a coupled pair."},{"text":"In redox, oxidation is loss of electrons/hydrogen; reduction is loss of electrons/hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduction does not involve losing electrons or hydrogen. Oxidation is loss of these particles, whereas reduction is gain, allowing electron or hydrogen transfer."}]},{"id":"9343c11a-d29c-46a3-a050-954c490ae5e3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"NAD and FAD become [ ] when they accept [ ].","back":"NAD and FAD become reduced when they accept hydrogen atoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"NAD and FAD become reduced when they accept hydrogen atoms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Accepting hydrogen atoms means gaining electrons as well as protons, so NAD and FAD are reduced to form reduced NAD and reduced FAD."},{"text":"NAD and FAD become oxidised when they accept hydrogen atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Accepting hydrogen is reduction, not oxidation. NAD and FAD become reduced when they gain hydrogen atoms and become oxidised when they subsequently release them."},{"text":"NAD and FAD become reduced when they accept oxygen atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"NAD and FAD are reduced by accepting hydrogen atoms, which carry electrons. They do not act as oxygen carriers during the reactions of respiration."},{"text":"NAD and FAD become phosphorylated when they accept hydrogen atoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphorylation means adding a phosphate group, not accepting hydrogen. When NAD and FAD accept hydrogen atoms and electrons, they become reduced."}]},{"id":"29b09dc1-ed99-45b0-b528-d47b09e19925","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where does glycolysis occur?","back":"In the cytoplasm.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the cytoplasm.","correct":true,"explanation":"Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm because its enzymes are located there. It does not require oxygen or any reactions inside a mitochondrion."},{"text":"In the mitochondria.","correct":false,"explanation":"Later stages of aerobic respiration occur within mitochondria, but glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm before pyruvate enters a mitochondrion."},{"text":"In the matrix.","correct":false,"explanation":"The mitochondrial matrix contains the enzymes for the link reaction and Krebs cycle. Glycolysis instead occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell."},{"text":"In the inner membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"The inner mitochondrial membrane contains electron carriers and ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, using soluble enzymes."}]},{"id":"c48828d0-387e-43b6-9793-3b75266dfc06","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does one glucose become by the end of glycolysis?","back":"Two pyruvate molecules.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Two pyruvate molecules.","correct":true,"explanation":"The six-carbon glucose molecule is split and processed into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules during glycolysis, alongside a net gain of ATP and reduced NAD."},{"text":"Two lactate molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lactate forms after glycolysis during anaerobic respiration in animal cells. Glycolysis itself ends with two three-carbon pyruvate molecules per glucose."},{"text":"One pyruvate molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the splitting of the six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon compounds. Each glucose therefore produces two pyruvate molecules by the end of glycolysis."},{"text":"Two acetyl coenzyme A molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acetyl coenzyme A is produced from pyruvate during the link reaction, which follows glycolysis. Glycolysis ends with two pyruvate molecules."}]},{"id":"339df55c-2623-4529-ae53-5f4bcd11336a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis per glucose?","back":"A net gain of two ATP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A net gain of two ATP.","correct":true,"explanation":"Glycolysis produces four ATP but uses two ATP during its energy-investment stage. Subtracting the investment gives a net gain of two ATP per glucose."},{"text":"A net gain of four ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"Four ATP are produced in glycolysis, but this is the gross yield. Two ATP were invested earlier, leaving a net gain of two ATP."},{"text":"A net gain of zero ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly cancels all four ATP produced against the energy investment. Only two ATP are used initially, so glycolysis has a net gain of two ATP."},{"text":"A net gain of eight ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"This may result from incorrectly converting reduced NAD directly into the glycolysis ATP total. Glycolysis itself uses two ATP and produces four, giving a net gain of two."}]},{"id":"80228f6a-41bc-478d-8796-11ed54d68cb3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"If oxygen is available, pyruvate enters the [ ] for the link reaction; one glucose gives [ ].","back":"If oxygen is available, pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix for the link reaction; one glucose gives two pyruvate molecules.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"If oxygen is available, pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix for the link reaction; one glucose gives two pyruvate molecules.","correct":true,"explanation":"In aerobic respiration, both pyruvate molecules produced from one glucose enter the mitochondrial matrix, where each undergoes the link reaction before entering the Krebs cycle."},{"text":"If oxygen is available, pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix for the link reaction; one glucose gives one pyruvate molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The link reaction does occur in the mitochondrial matrix, but glycolysis splits one glucose into two pyruvate molecules, not one."},{"text":"If oxygen is available, pyruvate enters the cytoplasm for the link reaction; one glucose gives two pyruvate molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces two pyruvate molecules, but pyruvate must enter the mitochondrial matrix for the link reaction."},{"text":"If oxygen is available, pyruvate enters the mitochondrial intermembrane space for the link reaction; one glucose gives four pyruvate molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"The intermembrane space is involved in forming the proton gradient, not the link reaction. One glucose forms two pyruvate molecules, not four."}]},{"id":"1a4458d6-dc04-4702-8bb3-8b89150e0e66","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"For each pyruvate, what does the link reaction produce?","back":"

Carbon dioxide released.
Reduced NAD produced.
Acetyl coenzyme A formed.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Carbon dioxide released.
Reduced NAD produced.
Acetyl coenzyme A formed.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Each pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated, releasing carbon dioxide and reducing NAD. The remaining two-carbon acetyl group then combines with coenzyme A."},{"text":"

Carbon dioxide released.
Reduced FAD produced.
Lactate formed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The link reaction reduces NAD rather than FAD and forms acetyl coenzyme A rather than lactate. Carbon dioxide, reduced NAD and acetyl coenzyme A are produced."},{"text":"

Oxygen released.
Oxidised NAD produced.
Glucose formed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is not released during the link reaction, NAD is reduced rather than oxidised, and pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A rather than glucose."},{"text":"

Water released.
ATP produced.
Ethanol formed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Water and ATP are not direct products of the link reaction, and ethanol is associated with anaerobic fermentation. The products are carbon dioxide, reduced NAD and acetyl coenzyme A."}]},{"id":"aef1649e-718e-474d-b986-1e733a11bca8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where does the Krebs cycle occur?","back":"In the mitochondrial matrix.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the mitochondrial matrix.","correct":true,"explanation":"The enzymes required for the Krebs cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix, where acetyl coenzyme A is oxidised through a sequence of reactions."},{"text":"In the cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cytoplasm is the site of glycolysis, not the Krebs cycle. In eukaryotic cells, the Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix."},{"text":"In the mitochondrial intermembrane space.","correct":false,"explanation":"The intermembrane space accumulates protons during oxidative phosphorylation, but it does not contain the Krebs cycle pathway. The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix."},{"text":"In the mitochondrial cristae.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cristae contain the electron transport chains and ATP synthase, which can make them tempting. The Krebs cycle itself occurs in the mitochondrial matrix."}]},{"id":"2589ea10-715b-423d-8e46-ecf268c01027","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Per glucose, how many ATP are made directly in the Krebs cycle?","back":"Two ATP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Two ATP.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each turn of the Krebs cycle directly produces one ATP, and one glucose supplies two acetyl coenzyme A molecules, so the cycle turns twice and produces two ATP."},{"text":"One ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"One ATP is produced per turn of the Krebs cycle, but one glucose causes two turns because it forms two acetyl coenzyme A molecules. The total is two ATP."},{"text":"Four ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"Four ATP overcounts substrate-level phosphorylation in the Krebs cycle, commonly by doubling the two-turn total again. Only two ATP are made directly per glucose."},{"text":"Six ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"Six is the number of reduced NAD molecules produced by the Krebs cycle per glucose, not its direct ATP yield. Only two ATP are made directly."}]},{"id":"b9a9f242-8287-457f-a4c7-a8cb46114c5b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces [ ] and [ ].","back":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces six reduced NAD and two reduced FAD.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces six reduced NAD and two reduced FAD.","correct":true,"explanation":"One glucose supplies two acetyl coenzyme A molecules, causing two turns of the Krebs cycle. Together these produce six reduced NAD and two reduced FAD."},{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces two reduced NAD and six reduced FAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the yields of the two hydrogen carriers. Across two turns, the Krebs cycle reduces six NAD molecules but only two FAD molecules."},{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces four reduced NAD and two reduced FAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"Four reduced NAD omits one NAD-producing step from each turn of the cycle. Per glucose, two turns produce six reduced NAD and two reduced FAD."},{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces six reduced NAD and four reduced FAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"Six reduced NAD is correct, but four reduced FAD doubles the true FAD yield. Each of the two turns produces one reduced FAD, giving two overall."}]},{"id":"3e0eaed8-3fb0-46b6-8b24-619cc0eee478","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is the electron transport system in eukaryotic cells?","back":"On the inner mitochondrial membrane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"On the inner mitochondrial membrane.","correct":true,"explanation":"Electron carriers and ATP synthase are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, allowing electron transfer to drive proton pumping and chemiosmotic ATP production."},{"text":"On the outer mitochondrial membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"The outer mitochondrial membrane encloses the organelle but does not contain the aerobic electron transport system. That system is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane."},{"text":"On the cell-surface membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell-surface membrane is not the site of aerobic electron transport in eukaryotic cells. The relevant carrier proteins are on the inner mitochondrial membrane."},{"text":"On the mitochondrial matrix.","correct":false,"explanation":"The mitochondrial matrix contains the enzymes for the link reaction and Krebs cycle, but the electron transport proteins are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane."}]},{"id":"a30e708f-dcc9-4b48-9d76-fb0466494ffa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does electron transport create a proton gradient?","back":"Energy from electron transfer pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Energy from electron transfer pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.","correct":true,"explanation":"As electrons pass along carriers, released energy drives proton pumps that move protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient."},{"text":"Energy from electron transfer pumps electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons pass between carriers within the membrane rather than being pumped across it. Their energy pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane to establish the gradient."},{"text":"Energy from electron transfer pumps protons into the matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pumping protons into the matrix would oppose the gradient used in oxidative phosphorylation. Electron-transfer energy pumps them from the matrix into the intermembrane space."},{"text":"Energy from electron transfer allows proton diffusion across the inner mitochondrial membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Active pumping, not facilitated diffusion, initially builds the proton gradient. Energy released by electron transfer drives protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane."}]},{"id":"a473fe6a-538f-454d-9a47-8163fec6840c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does the proton gradient make ATP?","back":"Protons flow through ATP synthase, phosphorylating ADP to ATP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Protons flow through ATP synthase, phosphorylating ADP to ATP.","correct":true,"explanation":"Protons move down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase. This flow powers conformational changes in the enzyme that phosphorylate ADP using inorganic phosphate."},{"text":"Electrons flow through ATP synthase, phosphorylating ADP to ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons move through electron carriers, not through ATP synthase. Proton flow down the electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase drives phosphorylation of ADP to ATP."},{"text":"Protons flow through electron carriers, phosphorylating ADP to ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons are pumped by electron transport proteins but return to the matrix specifically through ATP synthase. That controlled flow provides the energy to phosphorylate ADP."},{"text":"Protons flow through ATP synthase, dephosphorylating ATP to ADP.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP synthase uses proton flow to join inorganic phosphate to ADP, producing ATP. It does not break ATP down into ADP during oxidative phosphorylation."}]},{"id":"a0839fcd-7960-4e9c-ab59-5fbeda271e64","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen is the final [ ] and combines with electrons/protons to form [ ].","back":"In oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen is the final electron acceptor and combines with electrons/protons to form water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen is the final electron acceptor and combines with electrons/protons to form water.","correct":true,"explanation":"Oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. It then combines with electrons and protons, allowing water to be formed."},{"text":"In oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen is the final electron donor and combines with electrons/protons to form water.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses oxygen’s role: oxygen does not donate electrons. It is the final electron acceptor and combines with electrons and protons to produce water."},{"text":"In oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen is the final electron acceptor and combines with electrons/protons to form ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is produced by ATP synthase using the proton gradient, not by oxygen combining with electrons and protons. Oxygen is reduced to form water."},{"text":"In oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen is the final hydrogen donor and combines with electrons/protons to form carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen neither donates hydrogen nor forms carbon dioxide in oxidative phosphorylation. It accepts electrons and combines with protons to form water."}]},{"id":"5d6f9e7f-8df5-447b-8051-f0e7dfeb3e4a","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Compare typical ATP yield per glucose in aerobic vs anaerobic respiration.","back":"

Aerobic: about 30-32 ATP.
Anaerobic: two ATP.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Aerobic: about 30-32 ATP.
Anaerobic: two ATP.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Aerobic respiration includes oxidative phosphorylation and typically yields about 30-32 ATP per glucose. Anaerobic respiration relies on glycolysis, giving a net yield of two ATP."},{"text":"

Aerobic: about 36-38 ATP.
Anaerobic: two ATP.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The 36-38 figure is an older theoretical maximum that overlooks transport and proton-leak costs. Typical aerobic yield is about 30-32 ATP, while anaerobic yield is two ATP."},{"text":"

Aerobic: about 30-32 ATP.
Anaerobic: four ATP.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycolysis produces four ATP but consumes two, so its net yield is only two ATP. Aerobic respiration typically yields about 30-32 ATP per glucose."},{"text":"

Aerobic: about two ATP.
Anaerobic: 30-32 ATP.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the yields. Aerobic respiration uses the electron transport chain to produce about 30-32 ATP, whereas anaerobic respiration produces only two ATP through glycolysis."}]},{"id":"57068546-f294-4423-9972-e3c448d54d0e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does anaerobic respiration produce far less ATP than aerobic respiration?","back":"

Only glycolysis produces ATP.
Glucose is not fully oxidised.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Only glycolysis produces ATP.
Glucose is not fully oxidised.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Without oxygen, the link reaction, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation cannot continue normally. ATP comes only from glycolysis, and substantial chemical energy remains in lactate or ethanol."},{"text":"

Only the Krebs cycle produces ATP.
Glucose is not fully oxidised.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The Krebs cycle does not continue anaerobically because reduced coenzymes cannot be reoxidised through the electron transport chain. Only glycolysis supplies ATP, and glucose remains incompletely oxidised."},{"text":"

Only glycolysis produces ATP.
Glucose is fully oxidised.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although glycolysis is the only ATP-producing pathway operating, glucose is not fully oxidised. Energy remains stored in lactate or ethanol, explaining the much lower ATP yield."},{"text":"

Only oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP.
Glucose is fully oxidised.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxidative phosphorylation requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor, so it stops without oxygen. Anaerobic ATP comes from glycolysis, and glucose is not fully oxidised."}]},{"id":"7c397a84-dd2f-484f-b791-0128eb917d07","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why must reduced NAD be reoxidised when oxygen is absent?","back":"To regenerate NAD so glycolysis can continue.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To regenerate NAD so glycolysis can continue.","correct":true,"explanation":"Glycolysis requires oxidised NAD to accept hydrogen and electrons. Reoxidising reduced NAD replenishes this supply, allowing glycolysis and its small ATP yield to continue."},{"text":"To regenerate FAD so glycolysis can continue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycolysis uses NAD rather than FAD as its hydrogen and electron acceptor. Reduced NAD must therefore be reoxidised to regenerate NAD and sustain glycolysis."},{"text":"To regenerate ATP so glycolysis can continue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reoxidation does not directly regenerate ATP; ATP is made by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis. Its essential purpose is to regenerate NAD so glycolysis can continue."},{"text":"To regenerate oxygen so glycolysis can continue.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anaerobic pathways do not regenerate oxygen. They transfer hydrogen and electrons from reduced NAD to pyruvate or its derivative, regenerating NAD for glycolysis."}]},{"id":"26667aee-4ec8-484f-a6dd-12e6dd0eb0c5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In yeast and plants anaerobically, pyruvate becomes [ ] and [ ].","back":"In yeast and plants anaerobically, pyruvate becomes ethanol and carbon dioxide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In yeast and plants anaerobically, pyruvate becomes ethanol and carbon dioxide.","correct":true,"explanation":"In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate is decarboxylated and ultimately converted into ethanol. Carbon dioxide is released, while reduced NAD is reoxidised so glycolysis can continue."},{"text":"In yeast and plants anaerobically, pyruvate becomes lactate and carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lactate is the anaerobic product in animal cells and is not accompanied by carbon dioxide release. Yeast and plants instead produce ethanol and carbon dioxide."},{"text":"In yeast and plants anaerobically, pyruvate becomes ethanol and oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Alcoholic fermentation does produce ethanol, but it does not generate oxygen. Decarboxylation releases carbon dioxide, so the products are ethanol and carbon dioxide."},{"text":"In yeast and plants anaerobically, pyruvate becomes acetyl coenzyme A and water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acetyl coenzyme A is formed during the aerobic link reaction, not alcoholic fermentation. Under anaerobic conditions, yeast and plant cells produce ethanol and carbon dioxide."}]},{"id":"5777e662-2604-4cc8-949a-4c669e9fc98a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In animals anaerobically, what does pyruvate become?","back":"Lactate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Lactate.","correct":true,"explanation":"In animal cells without sufficient oxygen, pyruvate accepts hydrogen and electrons from reduced NAD to form lactate. This regenerates NAD for continued glycolysis."},{"text":"Ethanol.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol is produced during alcoholic fermentation in yeast and plant tissues. Animal cells instead reduce pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD without releasing carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Acetyl coenzyme A.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acetyl coenzyme A is produced from pyruvate in the aerobic link reaction. Under anaerobic conditions in animals, pyruvate is instead converted into lactate."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Animal anaerobic respiration does not convert pyruvate into carbon dioxide or involve decarboxylation. Pyruvate accepts hydrogen and electrons from reduced NAD to become lactate."}]},{"id":"bf5d6811-2250-4bf5-a53c-cb03f123b661","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do lipids often release more energy than carbohydrates?","back":"They contain many hydrogen atoms, generating more reduced NAD/FAD.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They contain many hydrogen atoms, generating more reduced NAD/FAD.","correct":true,"explanation":"Lipids are highly reduced and contain many carbon-hydrogen bonds. Their oxidation supplies more hydrogen to NAD and FAD, supporting greater ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation."},{"text":"They contain many oxygen atoms, generating more reduced NAD/FAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lipids contain proportionally less oxygen than carbohydrates and are more highly reduced. Their many hydrogen atoms generate more reduced NAD and FAD, leading to greater ATP production."},{"text":"They contain many phosphate groups, generating more reduced NAD/FAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"The energy yield of lipids is not caused by numerous phosphate groups. Their abundance of hydrogen atoms produces more reduced NAD and FAD during oxidation."},{"text":"They contain many carbon dioxide molecules, generating more reduced NAD/FAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is a fully oxidised waste product, not an energy-rich component stored in lipids. Lipids release more energy because they contain many hydrogen atoms."}]},{"id":"d435eabc-cbb4-4c8f-9d08-464bab3b04a6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the yeast practical, what is the dependent variable?","back":"Respiration rate, measured as CO₂ volume per unit time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Respiration rate, measured as CO₂ volume per unit time.","correct":true,"explanation":"The dependent variable is the outcome measured in response to changing the independent variable. Carbon dioxide volume per unit time provides a measure of yeast respiration rate."},{"text":"Temperature, measured as CO₂ volume per unit time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temperature may be the independent variable being changed, not the measured outcome. The dependent variable is respiration rate, determined from carbon dioxide volume per unit time."},{"text":"Glucose concentration, measured as CO₂ volume per unit time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose concentration may be deliberately varied or controlled, but it is not measured as carbon dioxide volume per time. That measurement represents the respiration rate."},{"text":"Yeast concentration, measured as CO₂ volume per unit time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Yeast concentration should normally be controlled to ensure a fair comparison. The dependent variable is respiration rate, measured using carbon dioxide volume produced per unit time."}]},{"id":"e8577288-cf63-460b-b129-0664a313acf3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How is respiration rate found from a CO₂ volume-time graph?","back":"Use the gradient; for a curve, draw a tangent.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use the gradient; for a curve, draw a tangent.","correct":true,"explanation":"The gradient gives change in CO₂ volume per unit time, which is the respiration rate. A tangent gives the instantaneous gradient at a point on a curve."},{"text":"Use the total volume; for a curve, read the final value.","correct":false,"explanation":"Total volume measures how much CO₂ has accumulated, not how quickly it is produced. Respiration rate is the gradient, found using a tangent for a curve."},{"text":"Use the time interval; for a curve, draw a vertical line.","correct":false,"explanation":"A vertical line does not provide the change in volume per unit time. The respiration rate is the graph’s gradient, using a tangent at the required point."},{"text":"Use the area; for a curve, count the grid squares.","correct":false,"explanation":"The area under a volume-time graph does not represent respiration rate. Rate is calculated from the gradient, with a tangent used to find instantaneous rate on a curve."}]},{"id":"267f4e80-8980-4730-ab0a-eb877b2a9a18","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How should temperature be controlled if it is not the independent variable?","back":"Use a water bath.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use a water bath.","correct":true,"explanation":"A water bath maintains the experimental samples at a controlled, constant temperature, preventing temperature changes from affecting respiration rate when another variable is being investigated."},{"text":"Use a thermometer.","correct":false,"explanation":"A thermometer measures temperature but does not keep it constant. A water bath should be used to control the temperature of the experimental samples."},{"text":"Use a Bunsen burner.","correct":false,"explanation":"A Bunsen burner provides direct, uneven heating and makes a constant temperature difficult to maintain. A water bath supplies controlled, uniform heating instead."},{"text":"Use a heatproof mat.","correct":false,"explanation":"A heatproof mat protects the work surface but does not regulate the sample’s temperature. A water bath is needed to maintain a constant temperature."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Respiration releases chemical energy in biological processes","title":"Respiration releases chemical energy in biological processes Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"374f28d7-07eb-57bc-aa7c-2fd4250e966d","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]