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Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen-containing organic base

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Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen-containing organic base

","correct":true,"explanation":"A nucleotide always contains a five-carbon pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing organic base. These components form the basic monomers of DNA and RNA."},{"text":"

Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
Fatty acid

","correct":false,"explanation":"A lipid is not a nucleotide component; students may confuse nucleotides with membrane molecules. The three components are a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing organic base."},{"text":"

Pentose sugar
Amino group
Nitrogen-containing organic base

","correct":false,"explanation":"Amino acids are protein monomers, not nucleotide components. Every nucleotide contains a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing organic base."},{"text":"

Hexose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen-containing organic base

","correct":false,"explanation":"Nucleotides contain a nitrogen-containing organic base rather than a second sugar. Their three components are a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing organic base."}]},{"id":"f5476493-be52-47c3-9237-55f541a1a013","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In DNA and RNA, adjacent nucleotides are linked by [ ], forming a [ ].","back":"In DNA and RNA, adjacent nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In DNA and RNA, adjacent nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phosphodiester bonds join the phosphate of one nucleotide to the sugar of the next. Repeated bonds create the sugar-phosphate backbone of each nucleic acid strand."},{"text":"In DNA and RNA, adjacent nucleotides are linked by hydrogen bonds, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen bonds join complementary bases between nucleic acid strands, not adjacent nucleotides along one strand. Adjacent nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone."},{"text":"In DNA and RNA, adjacent nucleotides are linked by peptide bonds, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peptide bonds link amino acids in polypeptides, not nucleotides. Nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds, producing a sugar-phosphate backbone."},{"text":"In DNA and RNA, adjacent nucleotides are linked by glycosidic bonds, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycosidic bonds occur between a sugar and base within a nucleotide, rather than joining adjacent nucleotides. Phosphodiester bonds link the nucleotides into a sugar-phosphate backbone."}]},{"id":"10920af2-6772-4464-873c-9306c3356aa6","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What three components make up ATP?","back":"

Adenine
Ribose
Three phosphate groups

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Adenine
Ribose
Three phosphate groups

","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP consists of the nitrogenous base adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. Its terminal phosphate can be removed during hydrolysis to release usable energy."},{"text":"

Adenine
Deoxyribose
Three phosphate groups

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Thymine
Ribose
Three phosphate groups

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Adenine
Ribose
Two phosphate groups

","correct":false,"explanation":"ADP has two phosphate groups, whereas ATP has three. ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups."}]},{"id":"2e0f2cb7-3dbe-4f5d-9c95-fb87684c7be1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ATP hydrolysis forms [ ] and [ ], releasing energy overall.","back":"ATP hydrolysis forms ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), releasing energy overall.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP hydrolysis forms ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), releasing energy overall.","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP hydrolysis removes the terminal phosphate group from ATP, producing ADP and inorganic phosphate, usually written as Pi. The reaction releases energy overall for cellular work."},{"text":"ATP hydrolysis forms AMP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), releasing energy overall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing one phosphate from ATP produces ADP, not AMP. The correct products are ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)."},{"text":"ATP hydrolysis forms ADP and water, releasing energy overall.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrolysis releases inorganic phosphate from ATP, rather than water as a product. The correct products are ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)."},{"text":"ATP hydrolysis forms glucose and inorganic phosphate (Pi), releasing energy overall.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP hydrolysis does not produce glucose; glucose is a respiratory substrate. It produces ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) while releasing energy overall."}]},{"id":"1bbcc64e-2046-42fb-aacb-58e58f90689c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What reaction types does ATP link inside cells?","back":"It links energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring processes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It links energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring processes.","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP acts as an immediate energy-transfer molecule by coupling energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring processes, such as active transport, synthesis, and movement."},{"text":"It links energy-releasing reactions to energy-releasing processes.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP does not couple two energy-releasing reactions, because no energy-requiring process would be powered. It links energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring processes."},{"text":"It links energy-requiring reactions to energy-requiring processes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy-requiring reactions cannot provide energy to drive cellular work. ATP links energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring processes."},{"text":"It links energy-requiring reactions to energy-releasing processes.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is not mainly used to connect energy-requiring reactions with energy-releasing processes. It couples energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring processes."}]},{"id":"fab80c15-354f-4c10-a6a0-00601b72b82f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In active transport, how can ATP hydrolysis change a carrier protein?","back":"

Pi binds to the carrier protein.
Shape change moves the substance across the membrane.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Pi binds to the carrier protein.
Shape change moves the substance across the membrane.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Phosphate released during ATP hydrolysis binds to the carrier protein. This phosphorylation changes the protein's shape, allowing the transported substance to move across the membrane."},{"text":"

Pi binds to the substance.
Shape change moves the substance across the membrane.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The phosphate binds to the carrier protein, not directly to the transported substance. This binding changes the carrier's shape and moves the substance across the membrane."},{"text":"

Pi binds to the carrier protein.
Membrane change moves the substance across the membrane.

","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP hydrolysis changes the carrier's shape rather than the membrane itself. Pi binds to the carrier protein, causing its shape change to move the substance across."},{"text":"

Pi binds to the carrier protein.
Shape change releases energy but does not move the substance.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The carrier's shape change is the step that moves the substance; Pi binding alone does not transport it. Pi binds to the carrier protein, causing that shape change."}]},{"id":"6e9f183c-6626-4ae4-ac88-af4d00e803f5","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"DNA contains [ ]; RNA contains [ ].","back":"DNA contains deoxyribose; RNA contains ribose.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"DNA contains deoxyribose; RNA contains ribose.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA contains deoxyribose, whose sugar has one less oxygen atom than ribose. RNA contains ribose, which has an oxygen-containing hydroxyl group at the equivalent carbon."},{"text":"DNA contains ribose; RNA contains deoxyribose.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sugars have been reversed in this option. DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose."},{"text":"DNA contains deoxyribose; RNA contains deoxyribose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both nucleic acids do not contain deoxyribose. DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose."},{"text":"DNA contains ribose; RNA contains ribose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both nucleic acids do not contain ribose. The distinguishing sugar is deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA."}]},{"id":"531b6d7c-bc4d-4f6d-ba59-6c8f83a13b13","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What are the complementary base-pair rules in DNA?","back":"

Adenine pairs with thymine.
Cytosine pairs with guanine.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Adenine pairs with thymine.
Cytosine pairs with guanine.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Complementary base pairing in DNA is specific: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold each paired combination together."},{"text":"

Adenine pairs with cytosine.
Thymine pairs with guanine.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Adenine does not pair with cytosine; this confuses the two different base-pairing groups. The correct pairs are adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine."},{"text":"

Adenine pairs with guanine.
Cytosine pairs with thymine.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The pairings are incorrectly reversed between the two groups. Adenine pairs with thymine, while cytosine pairs with guanine."},{"text":"

Adenine pairs with thymine.
Cytosine pairs with adenine.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Adenine and thymine are correctly paired, but cytosine does not pair with adenine. Cytosine pairs specifically with guanine."}]},{"id":"075b8365-38f1-4304-b1e2-c97ecd18fedc","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How many hydrogen bonds hold A-T and C-G base pairs?","back":"

A-T: two hydrogen bonds.
C-G: three hydrogen bonds.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

A-T: two hydrogen bonds.
C-G: three hydrogen bonds.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A-T base pairs form two hydrogen bonds, while C-G base pairs form three. This difference results from the specific arrangement of hydrogen-bonding groups on each complementary base."},{"text":"

A-T: three hydrogen bonds.
C-G: two hydrogen bonds.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The numbers have been reversed. A-T pairs form two hydrogen bonds, whereas C-G pairs form three because guanine and cytosine have three complementary hydrogen-bonding sites."},{"text":"

A-T: one hydrogen bond.
C-G: two hydrogen bonds.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This undercounts both base pairs. A-T has two hydrogen bonds and C-G has three; confusing hydrogen bonds with the number of bases in each pair causes this error."},{"text":"

A-T: three hydrogen bonds.
C-G: three hydrogen bonds.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Only C-G has three hydrogen bonds. A-T has two, so assigning three to both pairs ignores the different bonding arrangements of the bases."}]},{"id":"02032865-9479-4cbf-b4c4-45179712a320","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does DNA's double helix have a regular width?","back":"Because A/G purines always pair with C/T pyrimidines.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Because A/G purines always pair with C/T pyrimidines.","correct":true,"explanation":"A purine paired with a pyrimidine always occupies the same width as the other base pairs. This consistent pairing prevents the double helix from becoming wider or narrower."},{"text":"Because A/G purines always pair with A/G purines.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pairing two purines would make the helix too wide. Regular width is maintained because a purine always pairs with a smaller pyrimidine, namely C or T."},{"text":"Because C/T pyrimidines always pair with C/T pyrimidines.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two pyrimidines would make the helix too narrow. The constant width comes from pairing one larger purine with one smaller pyrimidine in every base pair."},{"text":"Because A/C bases always pair with G/T bases.","correct":false,"explanation":"This groups bases according to the wrong structural categories and does not describe complementary pairing. Purines A and G pair with pyrimidines C and T, maintaining a regular width."}]},{"id":"7df218a9-84a8-4029-8a64-c3a6e8778423","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"DNA strands are [ ]: one runs [ ] while the other runs 3' to 5'.","back":"DNA strands are antiparallel: one runs 5' to 3' while the other runs 3' to 5'.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"DNA strands are antiparallel: one runs 5' to 3' while the other runs 3' to 5'.","correct":true,"explanation":"The two DNA strands have opposite orientations because their sugar-phosphate backbones run in reverse directions. This antiparallel arrangement is essential for complementary base pairing and replication."},{"text":"DNA strands are parallel: one runs 5' to 3' while the other runs 3' to 5'.","correct":false,"explanation":"The orientations shown are opposite, so the strands are antiparallel rather than parallel. Parallel strands would run in the same direction, such as both 5' to 3'."},{"text":"DNA strands are antiparallel: one runs 3' to 5' while the other runs 3' to 5'.","correct":false,"explanation":"Both strands are shown running 3' to 5', which would make them parallel in orientation. One strand must run 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'."},{"text":"DNA strands are parallel: one runs 3' to 5' while the other runs 3' to 5'.","correct":false,"explanation":"This gives both the wrong relationship and the wrong direction for the first strand. DNA strands are antiparallel, with one running 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'."}]},{"id":"b5a93818-d65a-4476-bfe1-c7fcd852f67c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A double-stranded DNA sample contains 18% guanine. What percentage is adenine?","back":"

C = 18%, leaving 64% for A + T.
A = 32%.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

C = 18%, leaving 64% for A + T.
A = 32%.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Chargaff’s rule means cytosine equals guanine, so C is 18%. A and T therefore make up 64% together and are equal, giving adenine 32%."},{"text":"

C = 18%, leaving 64% for A + T.
A = 18%.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Adenine must equal thymine, so the remaining 64% must be divided equally between them. The correct adenine percentage is 32%, not the original guanine percentage."},{"text":"

C = 18%, leaving 64% for A + T.
A = 64%.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The 64% represents adenine plus thymine together, not adenine alone. Because A equals T, the correct value is half of 64%, which is 32%."},{"text":"

C = 18%, leaving 64% for A + T.
A = 46%.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Adenine and thymine must occur in equal percentages in double-stranded DNA. Splitting the remaining 64% unevenly gives 46%, but the correct adenine value is 32%."}]},{"id":"4eedddbb-4915-4648-9ba5-dc7fe58ec547","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In RNA, [ ] replaces thymine and pairs with [ ].","back":"In RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine and pairs with adenine.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine and pairs with adenine.","correct":true,"explanation":"RNA uses uracil instead of thymine, and uracil forms complementary base pairs with adenine through hydrogen bonding."},{"text":"In RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine and pairs with guanine.","correct":false,"explanation":"Uracil replaces thymine but follows the same complementary pairing rule as thymine, pairing with adenine. Guanine instead pairs with cytosine."},{"text":"In RNA, cytosine (C) replaces thymine and pairs with adenine.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cytosine is present in both DNA and RNA, so it does not replace thymine. RNA uses uracil, which pairs with adenine."},{"text":"In RNA, adenine (A) replaces thymine and pairs with uracil.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adenine is not the base that replaces thymine; uracil takes that role. Although adenine pairs with uracil, the sentence asks which RNA base replaces thymine."}]},{"id":"2df062af-0495-4396-b17b-5230ea71f6f0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What are the two major functions of DNA?","back":"

Replication: copying itself before cell division.
Protein synthesis: instructions for polypeptides.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Replication: copying itself before cell division.
Protein synthesis: instructions for polypeptides.

","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA must replicate before cell division so genetic information is passed on, and it provides the base sequence used to make polypeptides during protein synthesis."},{"text":"

Transcription: copying proteins before cell division.
Respiration: releasing energy for polypeptides.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Transcription copies DNA into RNA, not proteins, while respiration releases energy rather than carrying DNA’s instructions. DNA’s major functions are replication and directing protein synthesis."},{"text":"

Translation: copying itself before cell division.
Photosynthesis: instructions for polypeptides.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation converts an mRNA sequence into a polypeptide, while photosynthesis is a metabolic process. DNA itself replicates and contains the information needed for protein synthesis."},{"text":"

Mutation: copying itself before cell division.
Energy storage: instructions for polypeptides.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A mutation is a change in DNA sequence, not a normal DNA function, and DNA stores genetic information rather than cellular energy. Its key roles are replication and protein synthesis."}]},{"id":"bba9a4a4-f3ca-45ce-bb2a-d308a9a2b6f8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] gives each new DNA molecule one original strand and one [ ].","back":"Semi-conservative replication gives each new DNA molecule one original strand and one newly synthesised strand.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Semi-conservative replication gives each new DNA molecule one original strand and one newly synthesised strand.","correct":true,"explanation":"During semi-conservative replication, the original strands separate and each acts as a template. Each daughter DNA molecule therefore contains one parental strand and one newly synthesised strand."},{"text":"Conservative replication gives each new DNA molecule one original strand and one newly synthesised strand.","correct":false,"explanation":"The strand arrangement describes semi-conservative replication, not conservative replication. Conservative replication would leave one molecule entirely original and produce another entirely new molecule."},{"text":"Semi-conservative replication gives each new DNA molecule two original strands and one newly synthesised strand.","correct":false,"explanation":"A DNA molecule contains two strands, so it cannot contain two original strands plus another new strand. Semi-conservative replication produces one original and one newly synthesised strand per molecule."},{"text":"Conservative replication gives each new DNA molecule two original strands and one newly synthesised strand.","correct":false,"explanation":"This combines the wrong replication model with an impossible three-strand product. Semi-conservative replication creates two-stranded molecules, each with one original and one newly synthesised strand."}]},{"id":"8f6ed89c-7bd4-48b9-860d-639aecfa3b57","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does DNA helicase do during replication?","back":"Breaks hydrogen bonds between bases, separating the DNA strands.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Breaks hydrogen bonds between bases, separating the DNA strands.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA helicase unwinds the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. This separates the strands so each can act as a template during replication."},{"text":"Breaks phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides, separating the DNA strands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phosphodiester bonds form the sugar-phosphate backbone and are not broken by helicase during normal strand separation. Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between paired bases."},{"text":"Forms hydrogen bonds between bases, joining the DNA strands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Helicase has the opposite role during replication: it separates the strands by breaking hydrogen bonds. New hydrogen bonds form later as complementary nucleotides pair with exposed bases."},{"text":"Joins phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides, producing the DNA strands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Joining nucleotides into a new DNA strand is performed by DNA polymerase, which forms phosphodiester bonds. Helicase instead breaks hydrogen bonds to unwind and separate the template strands."}]},{"id":"7790f047-2aaa-4a51-b634-9023f43c3c96","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does DNA polymerase catalyse during replication?","back":"Formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA polymerase links adjacent nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone by catalysing phosphodiester bond formation during strand elongation."},{"text":"Formation of hydrogen bonds between adjacent nucleotides.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogen bonds join complementary bases between the two strands, but DNA polymerase does not form them. It catalyses phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in the new strand."},{"text":"Formation of peptide bonds between adjacent nucleotides.","correct":false,"explanation":"Peptide bonds link amino acids during protein synthesis, not nucleotides during replication. DNA polymerase instead catalyses phosphodiester bonds in the sugar-phosphate backbone."},{"text":"Breakdown of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA polymerase does not break the backbone bonds during replication. Its key role is joining adjacent nucleotides by forming phosphodiester bonds."}]},{"id":"92a26da6-976f-467e-a66d-ac3516d94a77","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"During DNA replication, why do new strands get the correct sequence?","back":"Original strands act as templates; nucleotides join by complementary base pairing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Original strands act as templates; nucleotides join by complementary base pairing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each original strand provides a template, and complementary base pairing ensures that the newly added bases have the correct sequence."},{"text":"New strands act as templates; nucleotides join by identical base pairing.","correct":false,"explanation":"New strands are products rather than the templates for the initial copying, and identical pairing would not preserve the sequence. Original strands guide complementary base pairing."},{"text":"Original strands act as templates; nucleotides join by random base pairing.","correct":false,"explanation":"The original strands do act as templates, but bases pair complementarily rather than randomly. The pairing rules are A with T and C with G."},{"text":"Enzymes act as templates; nucleotides join by complementary base pairing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Complementary base pairing is essential, but the original strands provide the sequence information. Enzymes do not determine the sequence independently of the templates."}]},{"id":"8f3cc270-1ab0-4019-ac8c-9f6939513c2a","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In Meselson and Stahl, why did one intermediate band after one generation rule out conservative replication?","back":"Conservative replication predicts separate heavy and light bands, not one hybrid band.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Conservative replication predicts separate heavy and light bands, not one hybrid band.","correct":true,"explanation":"Conservative replication would preserve the complete original heavy molecule and produce a complete new light molecule, giving two distinct bands rather than a hybrid band."},{"text":"Conservative replication predicts one hybrid band, not separate heavy and light bands.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single hybrid band is evidence for semiconservative replication, where each molecule contains one old heavy strand and one new light strand. Conservative replication predicts separate heavy and light bands."},{"text":"Conservative replication predicts one light band, not separate heavy and light bands.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single light band would indicate that the DNA was entirely light, which is not the conservative prediction after one generation. Conservative replication predicts separate heavy and light bands."},{"text":"Conservative replication predicts two hybrid bands, not separate heavy and light bands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Two hybrid bands would imply different DNA populations, not the result expected from conservative replication after one generation. The conservative model predicts separate heavy and light bands."}]},{"id":"51439596-4de9-4e84-9132-2f409ea60ec1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In Meselson and Stahl, why did intermediate + light bands after two generations rule out dispersive replication?","back":"Dispersive replication predicts one mixed band each generation, not separate bands.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dispersive replication predicts one mixed band each generation, not separate bands.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dispersive replication keeps old and new DNA mixed within every molecule, so it predicts one progressively lighter mixed band. Separate intermediate and light bands therefore rule it out."},{"text":"Dispersive replication predicts separate intermediate and light bands each generation, not one mixed band.","correct":false,"explanation":"Separate intermediate and light bands are inconsistent with dispersive replication, not predicted by it. Dispersive replication produces one mixed band because old and new DNA remain interspersed."},{"text":"Dispersive replication predicts one heavy band each generation, not separate bands.","correct":false,"explanation":"A single heavy band does not describe the observed result after two generations and is not the dispersive prediction. Dispersive replication predicts one mixed band each generation."},{"text":"Dispersive replication predicts one light band each generation, not separate bands.","correct":false,"explanation":"A separate light band alongside an intermediate band is the semiconservative prediction after two generations. Dispersive replication instead predicts one mixed band in each generation."}]},{"id":"2fe6487a-c243-453b-a519-3543e84077fa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The genetic code is a [ ] code: three bases code for one [ ].","back":"The genetic code is a triplet code: three bases code for one amino acid.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The genetic code is a triplet code: three bases code for one amino acid.","correct":true,"explanation":"Triplet describes the three-base units of the genetic code, and each triplet specifies one amino acid during translation."},{"text":"The genetic code is a doublet code: three bases code for one amino acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"A doublet would contain only two bases, but codons consist of three bases. Each triplet codes for one amino acid."},{"text":"The genetic code is a triplet code: three bases code for one nucleotide.","correct":false,"explanation":"A triplet specifies one amino acid, not one nucleotide. The three bases together form a codon whose sequence determines the amino acid."},{"text":"The genetic code is a quadruplet code: three bases code for one amino acid.","correct":false,"explanation":"A quadruplet would involve four bases, whereas the genetic code is organised into three-base codons. Each codon specifies one amino acid, apart from stop codons."}]},{"id":"9942b6f7-76d7-472e-8762-0a4ec7e9f2a6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In eukaryotic genes, [ ] contain protein-coding sequence; [ ] are non-coding.","back":"In eukaryotic genes, exons contain protein-coding sequence; introns are non-coding.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In eukaryotic genes, exons contain protein-coding sequence; introns are non-coding.","correct":true,"explanation":"Exons are the expressed regions retained in mature mRNA and contain the protein-coding sequence, whereas introns are removed during RNA splicing."},{"text":"In eukaryotic genes, introns contain protein-coding sequence; exons are non-coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Introns are the non-coding sections removed during splicing, while exons contain the expressed protein-coding sequence. The two terms have been reversed here."},{"text":"In eukaryotic genes, promoters contain protein-coding sequence; introns are non-coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Promoters are regulatory DNA regions where transcription begins, not the general protein-coding sections of genes. Exons contain coding sequence and introns are non-coding."},{"text":"In eukaryotic genes, exons contain protein-coding sequence; codons are non-coding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Codons are three-base units in mRNA that specify amino acids, not structural regions of eukaryotic genes. Exons contain coding sequence and introns are non-coding."}]},{"id":"9c5ae7e0-855d-4815-97c9-90d46c5e2f9e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the [ ], while translation occurs at [ ].","back":"In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation occurs at ribosomes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation occurs at ribosomes.","correct":true,"explanation":"In eukaryotic cells, DNA is transcribed inside the nucleus, while ribosomes in the cytoplasm or on rough ER translate mRNA into polypeptides."},{"text":"In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm, while translation occurs at ribosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation occurs at ribosomes, but transcription in eukaryotes occurs in the nucleus rather than the cytoplasm. The nucleus separates DNA from cytoplasmic ribosomes."},{"text":"In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation occurs at lysosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus is the site of transcription, not translation. Translation takes place at ribosomes, which read mRNA and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide."},{"text":"In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the mitochondria, while translation occurs at ribosomes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria contain some genetic material, but they are not the general site of nuclear gene transcription. Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation at ribosomes."}]},{"id":"00e82b80-014b-4f6b-8b2a-4dd529f92c9c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does RNA polymerase do during transcription?","back":"Joins RNA nucleotides to form pre-mRNA.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Joins RNA nucleotides to form pre-mRNA.","correct":true,"explanation":"RNA polymerase builds the initial RNA transcript by joining complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription; this first transcript is called pre-mRNA."},{"text":"Joins DNA nucleotides to form pre-mRNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA polymerase joins DNA nucleotides during replication, not RNA polymerase during transcription. RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides to produce pre-mRNA."},{"text":"Joins RNA nucleotides to form mature mRNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"The initial transcript made during transcription is pre-mRNA, before introns are removed and other processing occurs. RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides to form it."},{"text":"Joins amino acids to form pre-mRNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ribosomes join amino acids during translation, whereas RNA polymerase produces an RNA transcript. Its product is pre-mRNA made from joined RNA nucleotides."}]},{"id":"9ae65a27-39dc-4f09-8dd2-468c8c040fb0","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does splicing do to pre-mRNA?","back":"Removes introns and joins exons to make mature mRNA.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Removes introns and joins exons to make mature mRNA.","correct":true,"explanation":"Splicing removes non-coding introns from the pre-mRNA and joins the remaining exons together, producing a continuous mature mRNA molecule that can leave the nucleus for translation."},{"text":"Removes exons and joins introns to make mature mRNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Introns are removed during splicing, while exons are retained and joined. Reversing these roles would remove the coding regions needed to specify the polypeptide."},{"text":"Copies exons and joins introns to make mature DNA.","correct":false,"explanation":"Splicing does not copy DNA or produce a DNA molecule. It processes the RNA transcript by removing introns and joining exons to form mature mRNA."},{"text":"Removes introns and joins exons to make a polypeptide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Translation occurs at ribosomes and uses mature mRNA to build a polypeptide. Splicing happens earlier and changes pre-mRNA by removing introns and joining exons."}]},{"id":"ab64d927-41fb-494f-92f3-9d5cb71ff61d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does mRNA relate to the DNA template strand and coding strand?","back":"

Template strand: mRNA is complementary and antiparallel.
Coding strand: mRNA is almost identical, with U replacing T.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Template strand: mRNA is complementary and antiparallel.
Coding strand: mRNA is almost identical, with U replacing T.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The template strand determines the complementary, antiparallel mRNA sequence. The coding strand has the same sequence as mRNA in the same direction, except thymine is replaced by uracil."},{"text":"

Template strand: mRNA is almost identical, with U replacing T.
Coding strand: mRNA is complementary and antiparallel.

","correct":false,"explanation":"mRNA is complementary to the template strand, not identical to it. It resembles the coding strand, but U replaces T, and its direction is antiparallel to the template."},{"text":"

Template strand: mRNA is identical, with U replacing T.
Coding strand: mRNA is complementary and antiparallel.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both DNA strands are not copied in the same way. Only the template strand is read to form complementary mRNA, while the coding strand matches the mRNA sequence except for U replacing T."},{"text":"

Template strand: mRNA is complementary and parallel.
Coding strand: mRNA is almost identical, with U replacing T.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The coding strand is not complementary and antiparallel to mRNA; it has the same base order as mRNA apart from T being replaced by U. Complementarity applies to the template strand."}]},{"id":"737ee00a-21b1-49a6-af4c-49dcb99499b0","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"At the ribosome, how does an mRNA codon lead to the correct amino acid being added?","back":"

tRNA anticodon pairs with the mRNA codon.
Specific amino acid is carried by that tRNA.
Ribosome catalyses peptide bond formation.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

tRNA anticodon pairs with the mRNA codon.
Specific amino acid is carried by that tRNA.
Ribosome catalyses peptide bond formation.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A complementary anticodon allows the tRNA to bind the mRNA codon. That tRNA carries the specified amino acid, and the ribosome catalyses the peptide bond joining it to the growing chain."},{"text":"

tRNA codon pairs with the mRNA anticodon.
Specific amino acid is carried by that tRNA.
Ribosome catalyses peptide bond formation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The mRNA codon pairs with a complementary tRNA anticodon, not another codon. The matching tRNA carries the amino acid, while the ribosome catalyses peptide bond formation."},{"text":"

tRNA anticodon pairs with the mRNA codon.
Any amino acid is carried by that tRNA.
Ribosome catalyses peptide bond formation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A tRNA does not carry a random amino acid selected by the ribosome. Its specific amino acid is attached by an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, after anticodon-codon pairing identifies its position."},{"text":"

tRNA anticodon pairs with the mRNA codon.
Specific amino acid is carried by that tRNA.
Ribosome catalyses mRNA replication.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The ribosome positions mRNA and tRNA and catalyses peptide bond formation, but it does not directly copy the codon into an anticodon. Complementary pairing provides the accurate matching."}]},{"id":"41a73498-12c9-47cb-8d8c-02bbfdf20132","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A DNA template strand is 3' TAC GGA CTT 5'. What mRNA codons are made?","back":"5' AUG CCU GAA 3'.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"5' AUG CCU GAA 3'.","correct":true,"explanation":"The mRNA is complementary and antiparallel to the template strand. Reading from the template’s 3′ end gives the mRNA sequence 5′ AUG CCU GAA 3′, with U replacing T."},{"text":"3' AUG CCU GAA 5'.","correct":false,"explanation":"This sequence results from reading the template in the wrong direction or treating it as the coding strand. Complementary base pairing and antiparallel orientation give 5' AUG CCU GAA 3'."},{"text":"5' UAC GGA CUU 3'.","correct":false,"explanation":"The template triplet TAC pairs with AUG, not UAC. Applying DNA-to-RNA pairing correctly across all triplets produces 5' AUG CCU GAA 3'."},{"text":"5' ATG CCT GAA 3'.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses DNA bases rather than RNA bases and does not correctly apply complementary pairing to the template. The resulting mRNA is 5' AUG CCU GAA 3'."}]},{"id":"52d0a500-0d8e-4d4d-b1da-fd3529658f20","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can one gene determine a polypeptide but not a complete functional protein?","back":"Proteins may need folding/modification or combination with other polypeptides.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Proteins may need folding/modification or combination with other polypeptides.","correct":true,"explanation":"A gene specifies the amino acid sequence of one polypeptide, but the final protein may require folding, chemical modification, or assembly with other polypeptides to become functional."},{"text":"Proteins may need transcription/translation or combination with other genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A polypeptide is made by translation of the gene’s mRNA, so transcription is not the missing step. Function may still depend on folding, modification, or assembly with other polypeptides."},{"text":"Proteins may need gene splicing or combination with other genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genes do not generally need to be joined together to produce a functional protein. The translated polypeptide may instead require folding, modification, or association with other polypeptides."},{"text":"Proteins may need DNA replication or combination with other nucleotides.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replication makes copies of DNA and does not complete a protein. Protein function depends on the polypeptide adopting the correct structure, being modified, or joining other polypeptides."}]},{"id":"ebb8e8cd-bd0e-4adf-a972-1a4507d61f04","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"In simple DNA extraction, what are detergent, salt and ice-cold ethanol used for?","back":"

Detergent: disrupts cell and nuclear membranes.
Salt: helps DNA molecules clump together.
Cold ethanol: DNA precipitates, improving visible yield.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Detergent: disrupts cell and nuclear membranes.
Salt: helps DNA molecules clump together.
Cold ethanol: DNA precipitates, improving visible yield.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Detergent breaks down cell and nuclear membranes, salt reduces charge repulsion so DNA molecules clump, and cold ethanol precipitates DNA, making more of it visible."},{"text":"

Detergent: DNA precipitates.
Salt: disrupts cell and nuclear membranes.
Cold ethanol: helps DNA molecules clump together.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Detergent is used to disrupt membranes, not precipitate DNA. Salt promotes clumping, while cold ethanol precipitates DNA; swapping these functions gives the wrong extraction sequence."},{"text":"

Detergent: increases DNA replication.
Salt: disrupts cell and nuclear membranes.
Cold ethanol: DNA molecules are hydrolysed.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Salt does not digest membranes, and detergent does not amplify DNA. Membrane disruption comes from detergent, salt helps clumping, and cold ethanol precipitates the DNA."},{"text":"

Detergent: helps DNA molecules clump together.
Salt: DNA is dissolved completely.
Cold ethanol: DNA molecules are replicated.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Ethanol is used to precipitate DNA rather than dissolve it, and detergent does not cause DNA replication. The correct roles are membrane disruption, clumping, and precipitation respectively."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Nucleic acids and their functions","title":"Nucleic acids and their functions Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L37"}]}],"topicId":"8d9cc49f-7466-5d80-9dd5-d53756bec89d","walled":"$L38"}],"$L39","$L3a"]