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has two phosphate groups and is formed when ATP is hydrolysed. ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate because it has three phosphate groups."},{"text":"Adenine triphosphate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adenine triphosphate omits the ribose sugar included in adenosine. The full name of ATP is adenosine triphosphate, reflecting its adenosine and three phosphate groups."},{"text":"Adenosine monophosphate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adenosine monophosphate is AMP, which contains only one phosphate group. ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate because its nucleotide contains three phosphate groups."}]},{"id":"30aab2e6-bc8e-4388-8348-f9318c519353","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ATP is a nucleotide containing adenine, ribose sugar and [ ].","back":"ATP is a nucleotide containing adenine, ribose sugar and three phosphate groups.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"three phosphate groups","correct":true,"explanation":"An ATP nucleotide consists of the nitrogenous base adenine, the pentose sugar ribose and a chain of three phosphate groups."},{"text":"two phosphate groups","correct":false,"explanation":"Two phosphate groups are present in ADP rather than ATP. ATP contains adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups, with energy released when the terminal group is removed."},{"text":"one phosphate group","correct":false,"explanation":"One phosphate group is present in AMP rather than ATP. ATP contains adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups joined in a chain."},{"text":"four phosphate groups","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP does not contain four phosphate groups; the prefix “tri-” indicates three. Its nucleotide structure includes adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups."}]},{"id":"41f969cd-40d7-49b8-8638-4d2b9791044f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why do cells use ATP instead of releasing energy directly from glucose each time?","back":"Energy is transferred to ATP, the immediate energy source.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Energy is transferred to ATP, the immediate energy source.","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration transfers energy from glucose to ATP. ATP can then release small, manageable quantities quickly, making it the cell’s immediate energy source for reactions."},{"text":"Energy is transferred to glycogen, the immediate energy source.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycogen is a compact carbohydrate store, not the cell’s immediate energy source. Energy released from glucose is transferred to ATP for direct use in cellular processes."},{"text":"Energy is retained in glucose, the immediate energy source.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose stores substantial chemical energy but does not directly supply each energy-requiring reaction. Respiration transfers its energy to ATP, which acts as the immediate energy source."},{"text":"Energy is transferred to ATP, the long-term energy store.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is not primarily a long-term store; repeatedly releasing large quantities would make cellular reactions difficult to control. It provides energy immediately in small, manageable amounts."}]},{"id":"1937ca05-477a-40b4-b440-6c8437918f31","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why can ATP move around the cell easily?","back":"ATP is small and soluble.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP is small and soluble.","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP is a small, water-soluble molecule, so it can move through the aqueous cytoplasm and rapidly transfer energy between energy-releasing and energy-requiring reactions."},{"text":"ATP is large and soluble.","correct":false,"explanation":"Large molecules diffuse less readily through the cytoplasm, even if soluble. ATP moves easily because it is both small and soluble in the cell’s aqueous environment."},{"text":"ATP is small and insoluble.","correct":false,"explanation":"A small molecule would still move poorly through the aqueous cytoplasm if it were insoluble. ATP moves readily because it is small and soluble."},{"text":"ATP is large and insoluble.","correct":false,"explanation":"Large, insoluble substances are unsuitable for rapid transport through aqueous cytoplasm. ATP can move around cells easily because it is small and soluble."}]},{"id":"34e6e32d-8a56-4ca6-8379-05f129906c94","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is ATP suitable for controlled cell reactions?","back":"It releases small, manageable amounts of energy quickly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It releases small, manageable amounts of energy quickly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrolysis of one ATP molecule releases a relatively small quantity of energy rapidly. This allows cells to couple ATP hydrolysis precisely to individual energy-requiring reactions."},{"text":"It releases large, unmanageable amounts of energy quickly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Releasing large quantities at once would waste energy as heat and make reactions difficult to regulate. ATP releases small, manageable amounts of energy quickly."},{"text":"It releases small, manageable amounts of energy slowly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Slow energy release would not meet the immediate demands of many cellular processes. ATP hydrolysis supplies small, manageable amounts rapidly, enabling close control of reactions."},{"text":"It releases all available energy at once.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP does not release all its stored energy in one uncontrolled event. Hydrolysis of its terminal phosphate releases a small, manageable amount quickly."}]},{"id":"83d9cc3c-745a-4b85-a6e9-94dd897d698f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ATP hydrolysis: ATP + water → [ ] + [ ] + energy.","back":"ATP hydrolysis: ATP + water → ADP + inorganic phosphate / $P_i$ + energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP hydrolysis: ATP + water → ADP + inorganic phosphate / $P_i$ + energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrolysis breaks the bond to ATP’s terminal phosphate group, producing ADP and inorganic phosphate while releasing energy that can be coupled to cellular processes."},{"text":"ATP hydrolysis: ATP + water → AMP + inorganic phosphate / $P_i$ + energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"AMP has only one phosphate group, so forming AMP would imply removal of two phosphates rather than the single terminal phosphate. Standard ATP hydrolysis produces ADP and inorganic phosphate."},{"text":"ATP hydrolysis: ATP + water → ADP + organic phosphate + energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The phosphate released directly by ATP hydrolysis is free inorganic phosphate, not an organic phosphate already bonded to carbon. The products are ADP and inorganic phosphate."},{"text":"ATP hydrolysis: ATP + water → ADP + pyrophosphate / $PP_i$ + energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pyrophosphate contains two linked phosphate groups, whereas ordinary ATP hydrolysis removes one terminal phosphate. This reaction therefore produces ADP and inorganic phosphate."}]},{"id":"baa95bd5-4db9-435a-be38-141628991e37","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What supplies energy for resynthesising ATP from ADP and $P_i$?","back":"Respiration or photosynthesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Respiration or photosynthesis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy released during respiration, or captured from light during photosynthesis, drives the condensation of ADP with inorganic phosphate to regenerate ATP."},{"text":"Diffusion or osmosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion and osmosis are passive transport processes and do not supply energy for ATP synthesis. The required energy ultimately comes from respiration or photosynthesis."},{"text":"Hydrolysis or diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrolysis releases energy by breaking down ATP rather than resynthesising it. Energy from respiration or photosynthesis drives the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate."},{"text":"Transcription or translation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transcription and translation consume energy rather than serving as its primary source. ATP resynthesis is powered by energy supplied through respiration or photosynthesis."}]},{"id":"bdb92a78-cc49-4d15-b4c6-f3795410eb77","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is ATP not used as a long-term energy store?","back":"ATP is an immediate energy carrier, unlike glycogen, starch or lipids.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP is an immediate energy carrier, unlike glycogen, starch or lipids.","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP is continually synthesised and hydrolysed to transfer energy rapidly. Glycogen, starch and lipids are more stable, compact stores suited to retaining energy long term."},{"text":"ATP is a long-term energy store, like glycogen, starch or lipids.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is not a stable long-term store and is maintained only in small quantities. It acts as an immediate energy carrier, while glycogen, starch and lipids store energy."},{"text":"ATP is an immediate structural molecule, unlike glycogen, starch or lipids.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP’s role is not structural; its rapid hydrolysis transfers energy to cellular reactions. Glycogen, starch and lipids are used for energy storage instead."},{"text":"ATP is an immediate genetic carrier, unlike glycogen, starch or lipids.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP transfers energy rather than storing genetic instructions. DNA is the principal genetic information carrier, while glycogen, starch and lipids provide longer-term energy storage."}]},{"id":"feda0bed-1e82-46ca-8b49-d58a999734b3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] adds a phosphate group to another molecule, making it more reactive or changing its shape.","back":"Phosphorylation adds a phosphate group to another molecule, making it more reactive or changing its shape.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Phosphorylation","correct":true,"explanation":"Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule. This can make the molecule more reactive or alter its shape, allowing ATP to transfer energy effectively."},{"text":"Dephosphorylation","correct":false,"explanation":"Dephosphorylation removes a phosphate group rather than adding one. The correct term is phosphorylation, which adds the group and can change the molecule’s reactivity or shape."},{"text":"Condensation","correct":false,"explanation":"Condensation joins molecules together, usually with the removal of water, rather than transferring a phosphate group. The correct term is phosphorylation."},{"text":"Oxidation","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxidation involves the loss of electrons or hydrogen, not the addition of a phosphate group. The correct term is phosphorylation, which can activate or reshape a molecule."}]},{"id":"a7cd758d-a23f-4dcc-bb89-adfd3e9a4d67","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does ATP help active transport?","back":"ATP phosphorylates carrier proteins, causing a shape change.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP phosphorylates carrier proteins, causing a shape change.","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP transfers a phosphate group to a carrier protein. This phosphorylation changes the protein’s shape, allowing it to move substances across the membrane during active transport."},{"text":"ATP hydrolyses carrier proteins, causing a shape change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrolysis breaks ATP down but does not directly break down carrier proteins. The correct mechanism is phosphorylation, which changes the carrier protein’s shape."},{"text":"ATP oxidises carrier proteins, causing a shape change.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carrier proteins are not oxidised to transport substances. ATP phosphorylates them, and the added phosphate causes the conformational change required for active transport."},{"text":"ATP phosphorylates phospholipids, causing a shape change.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP does not phosphorylate phospholipids to produce the transport movement. It phosphorylates carrier proteins, causing their shape to change and move substances against a gradient."}]},{"id":"3e4b9970-3fdc-4176-ae16-5162e7e9b853","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does ATP hydrolysis allow during muscle contraction?","back":"Movement of actin and myosin filaments.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Movement of actin and myosin filaments.","correct":true,"explanation":"ATP hydrolysis supplies energy for the interaction and movement of actin and myosin filaments. Their sliding past one another shortens the muscle sarcomere and produces contraction."},{"text":"Movement of actin and tubulin filaments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Tubulin forms microtubules, which are involved in cell structure and chromosome movement, not the sliding mechanism of muscle contraction. The correct filaments are actin and myosin."},{"text":"Movement of myosin and collagen filaments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collagen is an extracellular structural protein and does not form the contractile filaments of muscle. ATP hydrolysis enables movement between actin and myosin filaments."},{"text":"Movement of keratin and actin filaments.","correct":false,"explanation":"Keratin provides structural strength in tissues such as hair and skin, rather than forming muscle contractile filaments. Contraction involves movement of actin and myosin."}]},{"id":"162a9a83-cedb-4752-9e8b-07e133f1942e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Chemiosmosis uses protons moving down an [ ] through [ ].","back":"Chemiosmosis uses protons moving down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthetase.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Chemiosmosis uses protons moving down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthetase.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chemiosmosis uses the combined concentration and electrical differences across a membrane, called an electrochemical gradient. Protons then pass through ATP synthetase, driving ATP production."},{"text":"Chemiosmosis uses protons moving down a concentration gradient through ATP synthetase.","correct":false,"explanation":"A concentration gradient describes only the difference in proton concentration and omits the electrical component. The complete term is electrochemical gradient, and protons pass through ATP synthetase."},{"text":"Chemiosmosis uses protons moving up an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthetase.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons move down a gradient rather than up it, and the membrane protein involved is ATP synthetase. The correct description uses an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthetase."},{"text":"Chemiosmosis uses protons moving down an electrochemical gradient through electron transport chain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The electron transport chain pumps protons and establishes the gradient, but it is not the channel through which they return. The correct protein is ATP synthetase."}]},{"id":"54920e48-9d8c-4f83-85d5-9f8fde295e05","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why must protons pass through ATP synthetase rather than the bilayer?","back":"The phospholipid bilayer is not freely permeable to protons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The phospholipid bilayer is not freely permeable to protons.","correct":true,"explanation":"The hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer prevents charged particles such as protons from crossing freely. They must use ATP synthetase, a membrane protein channel."},{"text":"The phospholipid bilayer is freely permeable to protons.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons are charged and cannot readily cross the hydrophobic centre of the bilayer. The correct explanation is that the bilayer is not freely permeable to protons."},{"text":"The phospholipid bilayer is not freely permeable to electrons.","correct":false,"explanation":"The bilayer’s restriction applies to protons, not electrons. Protons require ATP synthetase as a channel because charged particles cannot freely cross the hydrophobic core."},{"text":"The phospholipid bilayer is made freely permeable by ATP synthetase.","correct":false,"explanation":"The bilayer is not made impermeable by ATP synthetase. Rather, ATP synthetase provides the route through which protons can cross the otherwise restrictive bilayer."}]},{"id":"9a6f489c-6bb6-4673-9f6f-a519d996881e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to high-energy electrons as they move along an electron transport chain?","back":"They lose potential energy.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They lose potential energy.","correct":true,"explanation":"As electrons pass between carriers in the electron transport chain, they move to lower-energy states. Their released potential energy is captured to pump protons across the membrane."},{"text":"They gain potential energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"The electrons’ potential energy decreases as they move along the chain; it is not gained. The released energy is used to pump protons across the membrane."},{"text":"They lose mass.","correct":false,"explanation":"The chain transfers electron energy rather than removing the electrons’ mass. The relevant change is a loss of potential energy, which powers proton pumping."},{"text":"They lose electrical charge.","correct":false,"explanation":"The electrons remain negatively charged as they pass through the chain. What decreases is their potential energy, which is used to establish the proton gradient."}]},{"id":"c5034df9-c359-4ea6-89f7-217293e7cbab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the lost electron energy used for in an electron transport chain?","back":"It drives proton pumps across a membrane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It drives proton pumps across a membrane.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy released by electrons moving down the electron transport chain powers proteins that move protons across the membrane. This builds the electrochemical gradient needed for chemiosmosis."},{"text":"It drives sodium pumps across a membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sodium pumps use energy in some membrane transport systems, but the electron transport chain establishes its gradient by pumping protons. The correct answer is proton pumps."},{"text":"It drives ATP synthetase across a membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to make ATP; it is not driven directly by the electrons’ lost energy to pump the protons. Proton pumps create the gradient."},{"text":"It drives water channels across a membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Electrons do not directly drive water channels in the electron transport chain. Their released energy powers proton pumps, which create the gradient for ATP production."}]},{"id":"e53f107c-7d78-40f0-8c13-62095e806de8","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Describe the core chemiosmosis sequence.","back":"

Electrons move along an electron transport chain.
Protons are pumped across a membrane.
Protons flow through ATP synthetase.
ATP is made from ADP and $P_i$.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Electrons move along an electron transport chain.
Protons are pumped across a membrane.
Protons flow through ATP synthetase.
ATP is made from ADP and $P_i$.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Electrons move through the transport chain and release energy, which pumps protons across the membrane. Protons then return through ATP synthetase, driving ADP and $P_i$ together to form ATP."},{"text":"

Protons move along an electron transport chain.
Electrons are pumped across a membrane.
Protons flow through ATP synthetase.
ATP is made from ADP and $P_i$.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The chain uses electron energy to pump protons, not electrons themselves. Protons then flow through ATP synthetase, where ATP is formed from ADP and $P_i$."},{"text":"

Electrons move along an electron transport chain.
Protons are pumped across a membrane.
Electrons flow through ATP synthetase.
ATP is made from ADP and $P_i$.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons flow through ATP synthetase down their electrochemical gradient; they do not flow through the electron transport chain as the final step. This flow drives ATP formation."},{"text":"

Electrons move along an electron transport chain.
Protons are pumped across a membrane.
Protons flow through ATP synthetase.
ADP is made from ATP and $P_i$.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The proton gradient powers ATP synthesis, so ATP is produced from ADP and $P_i$, not broken down into them. The preceding electron and proton movements establish this gradient."}]},{"id":"11cebe18-f262-4f2b-9f5b-ea29c41a2d8a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In mitochondria, the electron transport chain is in the [ ], and protons build up in the [ ].","back":"In mitochondria, the electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and protons build up in the intermembrane space.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In mitochondria, the electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and protons build up in the intermembrane space.","correct":true,"explanation":"The electron transport chain is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It pumps protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, creating the gradient used for chemiosmosis."},{"text":"In mitochondria, the electron transport chain is in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and protons build up in the intermembrane space.","correct":false,"explanation":"The outer mitochondrial membrane does not contain the respiratory electron transport chain. The chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane, while pumped protons accumulate in the intermembrane space."},{"text":"In mitochondria, the electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and protons build up in the matrix.","correct":false,"explanation":"The location of the chain is correct, but the direction of proton pumping is reversed here. Protons are pumped out of the matrix and accumulate in the intermembrane space."},{"text":"In mitochondria, the electron transport chain is in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and protons build up in the matrix.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses both mitochondrial compartments. The electron transport chain lies in the inner mitochondrial membrane and pumps protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space."}]},{"id":"efbbe8a4-fec1-40d6-8dee-e3cf1a2718c7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In chloroplasts, the electron transport chain is in the [ ], and protons build up in the [ ].","back":"In chloroplasts, the electron transport chain is in the thylakoid membrane, and protons build up in the thylakoid lumen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In chloroplasts, the electron transport chain is in the thylakoid membrane, and protons build up in the thylakoid lumen.","correct":true,"explanation":"The photosynthetic electron transport chain is embedded in the thylakoid membrane. It transfers protons into the thylakoid lumen, establishing the gradient that drives ATP synthesis."},{"text":"In chloroplasts, the electron transport chain is in the inner chloroplast membrane, and protons build up in the thylakoid lumen.","correct":false,"explanation":"The chloroplast envelope is confused with the internal thylakoid system here. The electron transport chain is located in the thylakoid membrane, with protons accumulating in the thylakoid lumen."},{"text":"In chloroplasts, the electron transport chain is in the thylakoid membrane, and protons build up in the stroma.","correct":false,"explanation":"The membrane location is correct, but protons are pumped from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen. They therefore accumulate in the lumen rather than the stroma."},{"text":"In chloroplasts, the electron transport chain is in the inner chloroplast membrane, and protons build up in the stroma.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly assigns the process to the chloroplast envelope and reverses proton accumulation. The chain is in the thylakoid membrane, and protons build up inside the thylakoid lumen."}]},{"id":"534fc5a2-62e2-4325-9aaa-45317dddca0b","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is ATP produced by chemiosmosis in mitochondria?","back":"The matrix.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The matrix.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mitochondrial ATP synthase projects into the matrix, so protons flowing from the intermembrane space through the enzyme drive ATP formation on the matrix side."},{"text":"The intermembrane space.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons accumulate in the intermembrane space, but ATP is not formed there. Their return through ATP synthase drives ATP production on the matrix side of the inner membrane."},{"text":"The cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycolysis can produce ATP in the cytoplasm, but mitochondrial chemiosmosis does not. ATP synthase releases the ATP produced by chemiosmosis into the mitochondrial matrix."},{"text":"The inner mitochondrial membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP synthase is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, but its catalytic head faces the matrix. Consequently, ATP itself is produced in the matrix rather than within the membrane."}]},{"id":"c9313e02-ac09-4184-b45a-937a5ec2cffd","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Where is ATP produced by chemiosmosis in chloroplasts?","back":"The stroma.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The stroma.","correct":true,"explanation":"Chloroplast ATP synthase has its catalytic region facing the stroma. Protons leave the thylakoid lumen through the enzyme, driving ATP formation on the stromal side."},{"text":"The thylakoid lumen.","correct":false,"explanation":"The thylakoid lumen contains the high proton concentration, but ATP is not produced there. Proton flow out through ATP synthase drives ATP formation in the stroma."},{"text":"The cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP produced by photophosphorylation is formed inside the chloroplast, not in the surrounding cytoplasm. The catalytic part of chloroplast ATP synthase faces the stroma."},{"text":"The thylakoid membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP synthase is embedded in the thylakoid membrane, but its catalytic head faces the stroma. ATP is therefore formed in the stroma rather than within the membrane."}]},{"id":"a4e637d5-610a-4859-8069-c2bfaca9c07e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Predict the effect of a proton-leaky inner mitochondrial membrane on ATP production.","back":"ATP production decreases because the proton gradient is reduced.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP production decreases because the proton gradient is reduced.","correct":true,"explanation":"A leaky membrane allows protons to return to the matrix without passing through ATP synthase. This dissipates the proton gradient, so less ATP is generated by chemiosmosis."},{"text":"ATP production increases because protons reach ATP synthase more easily.","correct":false,"explanation":"A proton leak is not an additional route through ATP synthase. It lets protons bypass the enzyme, dissipating the gradient and therefore decreasing ATP production."},{"text":"ATP production is unchanged because the electron transport chain remains functional.","correct":false,"explanation":"Continued electron transport cannot preserve ATP output if the membrane leaks protons. The leak weakens the electrochemical gradient that powers ATP synthase, so ATP production decreases."},{"text":"ATP production stops completely because oxygen cannot be reduced.","correct":false,"explanation":"A proton leak uncouples electron transport from ATP synthesis but does not necessarily prevent oxygen reduction. ATP production decreases because the proton gradient is weakened rather than automatically disappearing completely."}]},{"id":"eafa9294-370b-4aa3-9098-aa5f8ec356af","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a dehydrogenase do during respiration?","back":"It removes hydrogen from a substrate during oxidation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It removes hydrogen from a substrate during oxidation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dehydrogenases oxidise respiratory substrates by removing hydrogen atoms and transferring them to carriers such as NAD or FAD, which consequently become reduced."},{"text":"It adds hydrogen to a substrate during oxidation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding hydrogen would reduce rather than oxidise the substrate. A dehydrogenase removes hydrogen from the respiratory substrate and transfers it to an electron or hydrogen carrier."},{"text":"It removes oxygen from a substrate during oxidation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxidation does not always involve the direct removal of oxygen, which is a common oversimplification. Dehydrogenases specifically remove hydrogen from substrates during respiration."},{"text":"It removes carbon dioxide from a substrate during oxidation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is removed by decarboxylase enzymes during decarboxylation. A dehydrogenase instead removes hydrogen from a substrate, causing the substrate to become oxidised."}]},{"id":"29eae87c-1b8f-402c-948b-2a58034f8508","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"DCPIP and methylene blue are [ ] when oxidised and [ ] when reduced.","back":"DCPIP and methylene blue are blue when oxidised and colourless when reduced.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"DCPIP and methylene blue are blue when oxidised and colourless when reduced.","correct":true,"explanation":"Both indicators are blue in their oxidised forms. Accepting hydrogen or electrons reduces them and produces their colourless forms, so decolourisation indicates dehydrogenase activity."},{"text":"DCPIP and methylene blue are colourless when oxidised and colourless when reduced.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only the first colour has been reversed here. DCPIP and methylene blue are blue while oxidised and become colourless after accepting hydrogen or electrons."},{"text":"DCPIP and methylene blue are blue when oxidised and pink when reduced.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduction does not turn these indicators pink; that colour is associated with other redox indicators. DCPIP and methylene blue change from blue to colourless when reduced."},{"text":"DCPIP and methylene blue are colourless when oxidised and blue when reduced.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the observed redox colour change. DCPIP and methylene blue begin blue in the oxidised state and become colourless when they are reduced."}]},{"id":"062262f8-9d74-47c1-b399-2cfb4fac1b90","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may an oil layer be used in a dehydrogenase practical?","back":"It reduces oxygen entry, as oxygen can accept hydrogen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It reduces oxygen entry, as oxygen can accept hydrogen.","correct":true,"explanation":"The oil forms a barrier that limits oxygen entering the mixture. This matters because oxygen can act as an alternative hydrogen or electron acceptor and affect the indicator’s reduction."},{"text":"It reduces carbon dioxide entry, as carbon dioxide can accept hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is not the competing hydrogen acceptor controlled in this experiment. The oil limits oxygen entry because oxygen can accept hydrogen or electrons and alter the result."},{"text":"It increases oxygen entry, as oxygen is needed to reduce the indicator.","correct":false,"explanation":"The oil excludes rather than supplies oxygen, and oxygen would compete with the redox indicator as an acceptor. Reducing oxygen entry makes indicator decolourisation easier to interpret."},{"text":"It reduces light entry, as light can accept hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"An oil layer is not used to block light, and light does not act as the competing hydrogen acceptor. It limits oxygen entry because oxygen can accept hydrogen."}]},{"id":"99590e44-c807-4ce0-8233-9305d45ee68d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a no-substrate control show in a dehydrogenase practical?","back":"The colour change depends on substrate oxidation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The colour change depends on substrate oxidation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without substrate, no oxidation occurs and the hydrogen acceptor does not change colour. This confirms that the observed colour change depends on substrate oxidation by dehydrogenase."},{"text":"The colour change depends on enzyme denaturation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A no-substrate control does not test enzyme denaturation, which would require changing temperature or pH. The control shows that substrate oxidation is necessary for the colour change."},{"text":"The colour change depends on enzyme concentration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzyme concentration is not isolated by omitting the substrate because the enzyme remains present. The absence of colour change instead links the observed change to substrate oxidation."},{"text":"The colour change depends on temperature variation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Omitting substrate does not test whether temperature causes the colour change, since temperature should be controlled in all samples. It demonstrates that the change depends on substrate oxidation."}]},{"id":"1566b673-ecfc-462a-bfd0-41190544ac40","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is dehydrogenase activity estimated from colour-change time?","back":"Use reciprocal time: rate $= \\frac{1}{\\text{time}}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Use reciprocal time: rate $= \\frac{1}{\\text{time}}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"A shorter colour-change time indicates faster dehydrogenase activity, so rate is inversely proportional to time. Taking the reciprocal converts shorter times into larger estimated rates."},{"text":"Use total time: rate $= \\text{time}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using time directly reverses the relationship, incorrectly making slower reactions appear to have higher rates. Dehydrogenase activity is estimated using reciprocal time, $\\frac{1}{\\text{time}}$."},{"text":"Use reciprocal square time: rate $= \\frac{1}{\\text{time}^2}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Squaring the time introduces an unjustified inverse-square relationship and exaggerates differences between measurements. The estimated rate is simply inversely proportional to time, so use $\\frac{1}{\\text{time}}$."},{"text":"Use square-root time: rate $= \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{\\text{time}}}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Taking the square root does not correctly represent the inverse relationship between reaction rate and colour-change time. The appropriate estimate is reciprocal time, $\\frac{1}{\\text{time}}$."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Importance of ATP","title":"Importance of ATP Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"ed8799b2-b045-5ded-a8c8-99f132d00f36","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]