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to maintain suitable internal conditions."},{"text":"Movement of substances only into the cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks substances leaving the cell, such as carbon dioxide and metabolic waste. The plasma membrane controls movement both into and out of the cell."},{"text":"Movement of substances only out of the cell.","correct":false,"explanation":"This ignores essential substances entering the cell, such as oxygen and nutrients. The plasma membrane regulates movement both into and out of the cell."},{"text":"Movement of substances between the cell’s organelles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transport between organelles involves internal membranes and the cytoskeleton. The plasma membrane specifically controls movement of substances into and out of the whole cell."}]},{"id":"f7ba2ddc-0d42-40ed-a2d1-10648887d535","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Small, non-polar molecules pass through the phospholipid bilayer more easily than [ ].","back":"Small, non-polar molecules pass through the phospholipid bilayer more easily than large, polar or charged particles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"large, polar or charged particles","correct":true,"explanation":"Large particles are hindered by their size, while polar and charged particles are repelled by the bilayer’s hydrophobic core, so they usually require transport proteins."},{"text":"small, non-polar or uncharged particles","correct":false,"explanation":"Small non-polar and uncharged particles generally cross the hydrophobic bilayer readily. Large, polar or charged particles cross less easily and often require transport proteins."},{"text":"small, lipid-soluble or uncharged molecules","correct":false,"explanation":"Lipid-soluble and small uncharged molecules dissolve in the bilayer and cross relatively easily. Large, polar or charged particles experience the greater barrier."},{"text":"small, non-polar or lipid-soluble molecules","correct":false,"explanation":"These properties favour simple diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer rather than restricting it. Large, polar or charged particles pass through much less easily."}]},{"id":"ca96818e-65b8-42c0-bfc5-b853451eb93d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do phospholipids arrange in water?","back":"

Hydrophilic heads face aqueous fluid.
Hydrophobic tails point inwards away from water.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Hydrophilic heads face aqueous fluid.
Hydrophobic tails point inwards away from water.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The polar phosphate heads interact with water on both membrane surfaces, while the non-polar fatty acid tails cluster together inside the bilayer, away from water."},{"text":"

Hydrophilic heads face the bilayer centre.
Hydrophobic tails point outwards towards water.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the phospholipid arrangement. Hydrophilic heads face the aqueous fluid, whereas hydrophobic tails point inwards and avoid contact with water."},{"text":"

Hydrophilic heads face aqueous fluid.
Hydrophobic tails point outwards into water.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The head orientation is right, but hydrophobic tails cannot project into water. They point inwards and associate with one another in the bilayer’s centre."},{"text":"

Hydrophilic heads point inwards away from water.
Hydrophobic tails face aqueous fluid.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This swaps the behaviour of the two regions. Hydrophilic heads interact with aqueous fluid, while hydrophobic tails are buried inside the bilayer away from water."}]},{"id":"8af22a8d-f942-4766-9a16-24328cd01d6f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What makes the bilayer a barrier to ions and many polar molecules?","back":"The hydrophobic core of fatty acid tails.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The hydrophobic core of fatty acid tails.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ions and many polar molecules cannot dissolve in the non-polar region formed by fatty acid tails, so the hydrophobic core prevents their free passage."},{"text":"The hydrophilic surface of phosphate heads.","correct":false,"explanation":"The phosphate heads interact readily with polar water and therefore do not create the main barrier. The hydrophobic core of fatty acid tails obstructs ions and polar molecules."},{"text":"The protein channels spanning the membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Channel proteins provide selective hydrophilic routes through the membrane rather than forming its general barrier. The hydrophobic core blocks ions and many polar molecules."},{"text":"The carbohydrate chains on membrane proteins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbohydrate chains mainly contribute to recognition and receptor functions at the outer surface. The hydrophobic fatty acid core creates the barrier to ions and polar molecules."}]},{"id":"7946f3db-4590-4675-ae40-c22c59011be0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The fluid-mosaic model says phospholipids and some proteins can move [ ] within the bilayer.","back":"The fluid-mosaic model says phospholipids and some proteins can move laterally within the bilayer.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"laterally","correct":true,"explanation":"Phospholipids and some membrane proteins can move sideways within the plane of the bilayer, producing the membrane’s fluid and dynamic character."},{"text":"vertically","correct":false,"explanation":"Vertical movement across the entire bilayer is rare because polar regions would pass through the hydrophobic core. Components mainly move laterally within their own layer."},{"text":"permanently","correct":false,"explanation":"Membrane components are not all fixed permanently in place. Phospholipids and some proteins can move laterally, which accounts for the fluid part of the model."},{"text":"outwards","correct":false,"explanation":"The fluid-mosaic model describes sideways movement within the membrane, not movement out of it. Phospholipids and some proteins can move laterally through the bilayer."}]},{"id":"63a18b2f-9882-41fd-ad70-d990f4b8aca6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which membrane component regulates fluidity and stability?","back":"Cholesterol.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cholesterol.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cholesterol sits between phospholipid tails, restricting excessive movement at high temperatures and preventing tight packing at low temperatures, thereby regulating fluidity and stability."},{"text":"Glycoproteins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycoproteins mainly function in recognition, adhesion and receptor activity. Cholesterol fits between phospholipids and regulates membrane fluidity and mechanical stability."},{"text":"Channel proteins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Channel proteins allow selected ions or polar molecules to cross the membrane. Cholesterol is the component that regulates the bilayer’s fluidity and improves its stability."},{"text":"Glycolipids.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycolipids contribute mainly to cell recognition and membrane surface interactions. Cholesterol regulates fluidity and stability by interacting with the phospholipid tails."}]},{"id":"7417482e-886a-4433-87d3-67a9e977559e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do outer-surface glycoproteins and glycolipids help with?","back":"Cell recognition, including receptors and antigens.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cell recognition, including receptors and antigens.","correct":true,"explanation":"Their exposed carbohydrate chains form distinctive surface markers. These act as receptors or antigens, allowing cells, signalling molecules and the immune system to recognise them."},{"text":"Intracellular transport, including vesicles and organelles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vesicles and cytoskeletal components organise transport inside cells, not surface carbohydrate chains. Outer-surface glycoproteins and glycolipids enable cell recognition as receptors and antigens."},{"text":"Lipid synthesis, including phospholipids and cholesterol.","correct":false,"explanation":"Most membrane lipid synthesis occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Surface glycoproteins and glycolipids primarily participate in cell recognition through receptors and antigens."},{"text":"Mechanical contraction, including actin and myosin.","correct":false,"explanation":"Actin and myosin are specialised contractile proteins rather than membrane carbohydrates. Outer-surface glycoproteins and glycolipids mainly support cell recognition, including receptor and antigen functions."}]},{"id":"8af61774-dc45-4a51-badd-9817bbdeba7c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can very high temperature sharply increase membrane leakage?","back":"

Proteins denature.
Phospholipid bilayer is disrupted.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Proteins denature.
Phospholipid bilayer is disrupted.

","correct":true,"explanation":"High temperatures break bonds maintaining membrane proteins’ shapes and increase phospholipid movement. Denatured proteins and disruption of bilayer organisation make the membrane much more permeable."},{"text":"

Proteins gain energy.
Phospholipid bilayer becomes more compact.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although particles gain kinetic energy, high temperature does not make the bilayer more compact. Membrane proteins denature and phospholipid movement disrupts the bilayer, increasing leakage."},{"text":"

Proteins are hydrolysed.
Phospholipid bilayer is synthesised.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Heat does not normally hydrolyse membrane proteins or stimulate bilayer synthesis. It denatures proteins and disrupts phospholipid organisation, allowing more substances to leak through."},{"text":"

Proteins become rigid.
Phospholipid bilayer becomes impermeable.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Increased temperature does not make the membrane impermeable. It denatures proteins and increases phospholipid movement, disrupting the bilayer and sharply increasing its permeability."}]},{"id":"f0486c5a-b562-4e81-8d03-072c251cc5ed","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why do organic solvents and detergents increase membrane leakage?","back":"They dissolve or disrupt lipids.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They dissolve or disrupt lipids.","correct":true,"explanation":"Organic solvents dissolve membrane lipids, while detergents disrupt their arrangement. Both damage the phospholipid bilayer, making it less effective as a barrier and allowing more substances to leak through."},{"text":"They denature or destroy proteins.","correct":false,"explanation":"Membrane proteins are not the main target of these substances. Organic solvents and detergents increase leakage primarily by dissolving or disrupting the membrane’s lipids, which form the bilayer."},{"text":"They increase membrane thickness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing membrane thickness would usually make diffusion slower, not cause leakage. Organic solvents and detergents increase leakage because they dissolve or disrupt the membrane’s phospholipids."},{"text":"They provide energy for transport.","correct":false,"explanation":"These substances do not increase leakage by supplying ATP. They damage the phospholipid bilayer by dissolving or disrupting lipids, so the membrane becomes more permeable."}]},{"id":"3a21133b-b11d-4487-a589-e1af37df847e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In the beetroot practical, what does higher absorbance show?","back":"More betalain leaked, so the membrane was more permeable.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"More betalain leaked, so the membrane was more permeable.","correct":true,"explanation":"Betalain normally remains inside beetroot cells. Higher absorbance means more pigment has entered the surrounding solution, showing greater membrane permeability."},{"text":"Less betalain leaked, so the membrane was more permeable.","correct":false,"explanation":"A lower absorbance indicates less betalain in the surrounding solution and therefore less leakage. It would suggest the membrane was less permeable, not more permeable."},{"text":"More betalain remained inside, so the membrane was less permeable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Absorbance measures the pigment in the solution, not the amount remaining inside the cells. Higher absorbance means more betalain leaked and the membrane was more permeable."},{"text":"A thicker membrane formed, so the membrane was more permeable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Absorbance is not a direct measure of membrane thickness. Higher absorbance shows that more betalain leaked into the solution, indicating increased membrane permeability."}]},{"id":"98c2d682-cec4-4de7-a486-23b40f97dfc4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Passive transport moves particles down a gradient and does not require [ ].","back":"Passive transport moves particles down a gradient and does not require ATP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP","correct":true,"explanation":"Passive transport is driven by random molecular motion down a concentration or electrochemical gradient, so it does not require energy supplied by ATP."},{"text":"oxygen","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen may be transported passively in some situations, but it is not the requirement being excluded here. Passive transport does not require ATP because movement down a gradient is energetically favourable."},{"text":"DNA","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is not the energy source for membrane transport. The defining feature is that passive transport down a gradient does not require ATP."},{"text":"glucose","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose can cross membranes by facilitated diffusion, but it is a transported substance rather than the required energy source. Passive transport does not require ATP."}]},{"id":"7e7986a6-2c01-4d6c-9702-2d3bf2c083c6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is simple diffusion rate calculated?","back":"$\\text{rate}=\\frac{\\text{change in quantity}}{\\text{time taken}}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$\\text{rate}=\\frac{\\text{change in quantity}}{\\text{time taken}}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Diffusion rate compares how much the quantity changes with the time taken. Dividing change in quantity by time gives the quantity transferred per unit time."},{"text":"$\\text{rate}=\\frac{\\text{time taken}}{\\text{change in quantity}}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the fraction gives time per unit quantity rather than quantity per unit time. Diffusion rate is calculated by dividing the change in quantity by the time taken."},{"text":"$\\text{rate}=\\frac{\\text{final quantity}}{\\text{time taken}}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the final quantity alone ignores how much the quantity changed during diffusion. The rate requires the change in quantity divided by the time taken."},{"text":"$\\text{rate}=\\text{change in quantity}\\times\\text{time taken}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying quantity change by time produces the wrong units and makes longer experiments appear faster. Rate is change in quantity divided by time taken."}]},{"id":"7eec7800-1a23-4d9e-a12a-8dabbc4f231e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why can smaller cells exchange substances more effectively by diffusion?","back":"They have a larger surface area to volume ratio.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They have a larger surface area to volume ratio.","correct":true,"explanation":"Smaller cells have a larger surface area relative to their volume. This provides more membrane area per unit volume for exchange and gives substances shorter distances to diffuse."},{"text":"They have a smaller surface area to volume ratio.","correct":false,"explanation":"A smaller surface area to volume ratio provides less exchange membrane per unit volume, so diffusion would be less effective. Smaller cells actually have a larger surface area to volume ratio."},{"text":"They have a larger volume to surface area ratio.","correct":false,"explanation":"Smaller cells do not exchange more effectively because they contain more volume. Their advantage is the larger surface area relative to their volume, which supports faster exchange."},{"text":"They have a greater membrane thickness to volume ratio.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell size does not determine diffusion effectiveness through a higher membrane thickness. Smaller cells are advantageous because their surface area to volume ratio is larger."}]},{"id":"a7ca4874-bcc9-4585-90ca-b04c60c0fdab","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do ions need facilitated diffusion across membranes?","back":"They are charged, so cannot cross the hydrophobic core directly.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are charged, so cannot cross the hydrophobic core directly.","correct":true,"explanation":"Ions have a net electrical charge, while the centre of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic. Channel or carrier proteins provide a suitable hydrophilic route across the membrane."},{"text":"They are too large, so cannot cross the hydrophobic core directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ions are generally very small, but their charge prevents them dissolving in the hydrophobic bilayer core. Facilitated diffusion proteins allow charged particles to cross without direct lipid passage."},{"text":"They are uncharged, so cannot cross the hydrophobic core directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ions are not excluded because they are uncharged; they are charged by definition. Their electrical charge makes the hydrophobic core of the bilayer an unsuitable route."},{"text":"They are lipid-soluble, so cannot cross the hydrophobic core directly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ions do not require facilitated diffusion because they are lipid-soluble. Their charge makes them unable to pass directly through the hydrophobic core, so membrane proteins are needed."}]},{"id":"ee737c54-68fa-4bc7-9433-5923ef83f57b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do carrier proteins move molecules in facilitated diffusion?","back":"They bind a molecule, change shape, then release it.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They bind a molecule, change shape, then release it.","correct":true,"explanation":"A carrier protein temporarily binds a specific molecule, changes shape to move it across the membrane, and then releases it on the other side."},{"text":"They break down a molecule, change shape, then release it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carrier proteins do not digest the molecules they transport. They bind each molecule, change shape, and release it on the opposite side of the membrane."},{"text":"They produce a molecule, change shape, then release it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carrier proteins do not produce the transported molecules. They move them by binding, changing shape, and releasing them across the membrane during facilitated diffusion."},{"text":"They pump a molecule, change shape, then release it.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pumping describes active transport and requires energy, whereas facilitated diffusion is passive. Carrier proteins bind molecules, change shape, and release them down a gradient."}]},{"id":"e5ee218b-2e43-45c0-be0c-2ca840f70ddf","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Facilitated diffusion can become limited when all channel or carrier proteins are [ ].","back":"Facilitated diffusion can become limited when all channel or carrier proteins are occupied.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"occupied","correct":true,"explanation":"At high substrate concentration, every channel or carrier protein may be occupied. The transport rate then reaches a maximum because no additional proteins are available to carry more particles."},{"text":"open","correct":false,"explanation":"Open proteins can allow transport, so this does not describe the limiting condition. Facilitated diffusion becomes limited when all channel or carrier proteins are occupied."},{"text":"inactive","correct":false,"explanation":"Inactive proteins cannot transport particles, but inactivity is not the normal saturation limit caused by increasing concentration. The proteins become limiting when they are all occupied."},{"text":"absent","correct":false,"explanation":"Proteins being absent would reduce transport capacity through loss of proteins, not describe saturation of the existing proteins. The limiting condition is that all proteins are occupied."}]},{"id":"c2f4d85a-56a3-4f42-aa9f-32881af49ea3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Osmosis moves water from higher water potential to [ ] through a partially permeable membrane.","back":"Osmosis moves water from higher water potential to lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"lower water potential","correct":true,"explanation":"Osmosis is the net movement of water down a water potential gradient, so water moves from higher water potential to lower water potential through the partially permeable membrane."},{"text":"higher water potential","correct":false,"explanation":"Water does not move towards higher water potential, because that would be against the water potential gradient. The correct direction is from higher water potential to lower water potential."},{"text":"equal water potential","correct":false,"explanation":"Equal water potential would produce no net osmosis. Net water movement occurs when water moves from higher water potential to lower water potential across the membrane."},{"text":"more positive water potential","correct":false,"explanation":"Water moves towards lower, not more positive, water potential. Solutes make water potential more negative, creating the gradient that drives osmosis."}]},{"id":"d4e2d598-a684-4580-a8ca-71529f0908e6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to water potential when solutes are added?","back":"It becomes more negative.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It becomes more negative.","correct":true,"explanation":"Adding solutes lowers the free energy of the water and makes its water potential more negative. This increases the tendency for water to enter the solution by osmosis."},{"text":"It becomes less negative.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding solutes does not make water potential less negative; dissolved particles lower it. The correct effect is that water potential becomes more negative as solute concentration increases."},{"text":"It stays unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"Solutes alter water potential by reducing the water’s tendency to move, so it does not remain unchanged. The correct result is a more negative water potential."},{"text":"It becomes more positive.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding solutes lowers rather than raises water potential. A more positive value would imply fewer effective solute particles, so the correct answer is more negative."}]},{"id":"55f4c2a5-e33a-492b-99a7-edeccadcc912","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In plant cells, water potential is [ ] plus [ ].","back":"In plant cells, water potential is solute potential plus pressure potential.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In plant cells, water potential is solute potential plus pressure potential.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plant-cell water potential is the sum of solute potential and pressure potential. Solute potential is usually negative, while pressure potential reflects the cell’s turgor pressure."},{"text":"In plant cells, water potential is solute potential plus water potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water potential is not added to solute potential in this relationship; that would count the overall quantity twice. The correct components are solute potential and pressure potential."},{"text":"In plant cells, water potential is pressure potential plus solute potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two components have been reversed. Although addition is commutative mathematically, the biological expression is solute potential plus pressure potential, not pressure potential plus solute potential."},{"text":"In plant cells, water potential is water potential plus pressure potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pressure potential is one component, but water potential is not added to it as a separate component. The correct expression combines solute potential with pressure potential."}]},{"id":"afde4070-5f85-4c53-8455-7ec5a27992ef","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"At incipient plasmolysis, what is pressure potential?","back":"0 kPa.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"0 kPa.","correct":true,"explanation":"At incipient plasmolysis, the cell has just lost contact between the plasma membrane and cell wall, so turgor pressure has fallen to zero and pressure potential is 0 kPa."},{"text":"100 kPa","correct":false,"explanation":"A positive pressure potential indicates turgor is still present. At incipient plasmolysis, turgor has just disappeared, so the correct pressure potential is 0 kPa."},{"text":"-100 kPa","correct":false,"explanation":"A negative pressure potential is not the value used for the onset of plasmolysis. At incipient plasmolysis, pressure potential is zero because there is no remaining turgor pressure."},{"text":"1 kPa","correct":false,"explanation":"Any positive pressure potential would mean the cell is still exerting turgor pressure. Incipient plasmolysis occurs when this pressure has reached 0 kPa."}]},{"id":"ab829bcc-dddb-4c88-b5dd-13af68ef4bf5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In the potato practical, what does zero percentage mass change show?","back":"No net water movement, so tissue water potential equals solution water potential.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"No net water movement, so tissue water potential equals solution water potential.","correct":true,"explanation":"Zero percentage mass change means there has been no net water movement. Water potential is therefore equal inside the tissue and in the surrounding solution."},{"text":"Net water enters the tissue, so tissue water potential is lower than solution water potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"A positive mass change would show net water entry, not zero change. Zero percentage mass change indicates no net water movement and equal tissue and solution water potentials."},{"text":"Net water leaves the tissue, so tissue water potential is higher than solution water potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"A negative mass change would show net water loss, not zero change. At zero percentage mass change, there is no net movement and the two water potentials are equal."},{"text":"Water cannot cross the membrane, so tissue water potential is unrelated to solution water potential.","correct":false,"explanation":"Zero mass change does not mean that water cannot cross the membrane; equal opposing movements can give no net movement. The water potentials are equal at this point."}]},{"id":"2b291d61-beaa-407f-88d1-e977e9d8af50","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does cyanide reduce active transport?","back":"It blocks the electron transport chain, reducing ATP production.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It blocks the electron transport chain, reducing ATP production.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cyanide inhibits the electron transport chain, preventing efficient oxidative phosphorylation. This reduces ATP production, leaving less energy available for active transport proteins."},{"text":"It blocks ATP synthase, reducing ATP production.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP synthase produces ATP using the proton gradient, but cyanide’s primary target is cytochrome oxidase within the electron transport chain. The resulting ETC block reduces ATP production."},{"text":"It blocks the sodium-potassium pump, reducing ATP production.","correct":false,"explanation":"The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP but is not the process directly blocked by cyanide. Cyanide inhibits the electron transport chain, reducing ATP available for active transport."},{"text":"It blocks the Krebs cycle, reducing ATP production.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Krebs cycle supplies reduced coenzymes but is not cyanide’s direct target. Cyanide blocks the electron transport chain, so oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production decrease."}]},{"id":"ab6f1450-b9a8-4d0d-b2d2-9a7f1b4365b0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which vesicle process engulfs large solid particles such as bacteria?","back":"Phagocytosis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Phagocytosis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phagocytosis is endocytosis of large solid particles. The cell membrane surrounds material such as a bacterium, enclosing it in a vesicle for processing inside the cell."},{"text":"Pinocytosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pinocytosis takes in extracellular fluid and dissolved substances in small vesicles, rather than engulfing large solid particles. Engulfing bacteria is phagocytosis."},{"text":"Exocytosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Exocytosis exports substances when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane; it does not engulf material. Large solid particles are taken in by phagocytosis."},{"text":"Receptor-mediated endocytosis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Receptor-mediated endocytosis selectively internalises substances bound to membrane receptors, usually in smaller amounts. The engulfment of large solid particles such as bacteria is phagocytosis."}]},{"id":"d6bffa78-af3d-4566-b44c-f83990cf83f8","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Exocytosis releases substances when vesicles [ ].","back":"Exocytosis releases substances when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"fuse with the plasma membrane","correct":true,"explanation":"During exocytosis, a vesicle moves to the cell surface and fuses with the plasma membrane. Its contents are then released into the extracellular environment."},{"text":"bud from the plasma membrane","correct":false,"explanation":"Vesicles do not bud from the plasma membrane during exocytosis; budding is associated with forming transport or endocytic vesicles. Exocytosis requires fusion with the plasma membrane."},{"text":"break down inside the cytoplasm","correct":false,"explanation":"Breaking down would destroy the vesicle rather than provide the usual secretion mechanism. Exocytosis releases contents when the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane."},{"text":"move through the plasma membrane","correct":false,"explanation":"Vesicles are too large to release their contents simply by moving through the plasma membrane. Fusion with the membrane creates a route for exocytosis."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Cell membranes and transport","title":"Cell membranes and transport Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"794eca3a-b5e5-5aac-aa06-0acb6d0d0008","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]