33:I[196793,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"Gingerbread"] 35:I[647935,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"RecordResourceResume"] 36:I[830476,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"FlashcardAccessBranch"] 37:I[315438,["/_next/static/chunks/075vy1fh16gh5.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/060-i_62-vse1.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2epfhfe5im7r6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2yhf9vq09dqoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0p4rexedanx97.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0u008gt6051u7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1odwrcl12kfnl.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zkcxwtbsqliz.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/316m85d5s15pp.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_itvjgqsumf8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/33xgs57_c1jx_.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3r5hh4t0jf4es.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ml3vooxhiupb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1h4wccj42vygd.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12xoy6h_w_le6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2os7nxouq91eq.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ht89vb0p09bm.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ocoqwe4aht_u.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/32qmkt01ta8b2.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3jpl-42mbad5n.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bbv7o2-m-0ni.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/097slu7xaeast.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/14kf-an-d2n-e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/117yqm55h4y_p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0v4byuex1x38h.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2eoustw-nfu98.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/04zr-wqafvwoa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3hkl04r--3y18.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0gvj8_2lj8s8m.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0k-y_4mcfub-p.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0llqhg6-bxn_b.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ydqdr10ndcei.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2ekz38h993cj8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0mgw5qzpc_1eu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ku-vdy4ggo41.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/09_ag440ieydu.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2dx-vzwyw9a3g.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3_o3al2nkyqic.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2z-64g1onu4uw.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/00ol_16j3a2oa.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0odk_0my0_b5-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0dbk553rgd90s.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0aq3eylxphp57.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2srfni4gkx9g6.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3k8iy5tn80za8.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2hccrcvndngge.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3h4suq-9gmzwh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/12mv6p8rwcl5o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1bt82o91jhwht.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1nnw6yom6-qhh.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2vg15qyptj-oc.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2_vtmw66zj1j7.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0ep4vrgb00zlb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2s1hkstzlmj2o.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2wp4esku6l29e.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/43ajf4ofaeu5y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1lsxkfxy262n-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0zg1om_k0m5zv.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1__39-dgg7p8-.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2gb4dscyul4eg.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1y5xmyjgu8grb.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/2y341-r8ncizo.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0kpd0j3i_7yor.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/1ksyn9m68446d.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/0sf7rskx57j6y.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3wqp-h5xnebw9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/3ghbpnibq2fva.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505","/_next/static/chunks/30dopbgd1dkf9.js?dpl=nogit-1790195505"],"TopicFlashcardRunner"] 24:[["$","$L33",null,{"feature":"flashcards"}],"$L34",["$","$L35",null,{"href":"/a-level/biology/eduqas/application-of-reproduction-and-genetics/flashcards","label":"Application of reproduction and genetics","subjectCode":"a_level_biology__eduqas","surface":"flashcards"}],["$","$L36",null,{"runner":["$","div",null,{"className":"min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden bg-background","children":["$","$L37",null,{"decks":[{"id":"9c28e4ed-7703-4a70-9e42-9d82059a322f","title":"Application of reproduction and genetics Flashcards","topicId":"1e2d79b1-1d90-5a5a-843d-0971690d5ba2","topicSlug":"application-of-reproduction-and-genetics","cards":[{"id":"640990d3-5dbb-46c6-8f3c-4032f5e8855f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What constitutes the genome of an organism?","back":"The complete DNA sequence, including both genes and non-coding DNA.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The complete DNA sequence, including both genes and non-coding DNA.","correct":true,"explanation":"The genome is the organism’s entire DNA sequence. It includes genes that code for functional products as well as non-coding DNA, which may have regulatory or structural roles."},{"text":"The complete DNA sequence, including only genes.","correct":false,"explanation":"This excludes non-coding DNA, which is still part of an organism’s genome even though it does not usually code for proteins. The genome includes all DNA sequences."},{"text":"The complete sequence of proteins produced by an organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"The genome is not limited to coding regions or proteins. It includes DNA throughout the organism’s genetic material, including genes and non-coding sequences."},{"text":"The complete sequence of genes inherited from one parent.","correct":false,"explanation":"A genome is a DNA sequence, not merely the set of genes inherited from one parent. Non-coding DNA and the full genetic material must also be included."}]},{"id":"ac0a32ac-2b1f-4514-b025-17fc4c28c8de","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Gene technology is possible because DNA has the same structure and $\\text{[...]}$ in all organisms.","back":"Gene technology is possible because DNA has the same structure and $\\boxed{genetic code}$ in all organisms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$genetic code$","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA technology works across organisms because DNA has a common structure and the same genetic code, allowing genes from one species to be expressed in another."},{"text":"$$cellular location$","correct":false,"explanation":"The genetic code, rather than the genetic material’s location in a cell, is shared between organisms. Different organisms can store DNA in different cellular arrangements."},{"text":"$$chromosome number$","correct":false,"explanation":"Organisms vary in chromosome number and arrangement, so chromosomes are not identical in all species. The shared feature enabling gene technology is the genetic code."},{"text":"$$replication rate$","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA replication rates differ between organisms and are not the common feature that permits gene technology. The relevant shared property is the genetic code."}]},{"id":"485b6270-00aa-48f6-bf73-6a5c9a30c379","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What was the primary goal of the 100K Genome Project compared to the original Human Genome Project?","back":"To link genome data with medical symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment responses from NHS patients.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"To link genome data with medical symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment responses from NHS patients.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 100K Genome Project aimed to combine patients’ genome sequences with NHS clinical information, allowing links to symptoms, diagnoses and responses to treatment to be investigated."},{"text":"To produce a single reference sequence of the human genome for research laboratories.","correct":false,"explanation":"The original Human Genome Project primarily produced a reference sequence. The 100K project went further by linking genome data to NHS patients’ clinical information."},{"text":"To sequence the genomes of infectious pathogens causing disease in NHS patients.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sequencing pathogens was not the project’s primary purpose. Its distinctive goal was connecting patients’ genomic information with their medical records and treatment outcomes."},{"text":"To identify the function of every human gene in healthy individuals.","correct":false,"explanation":"The project was not mainly designed to identify every human gene or determine its function. It focused on using genomic and clinical data together for patient care."}]},{"id":"719fa737-09ff-4489-932b-83a6634ea3c8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is Huntington’s disease a specific target for embryo screening?","back":"It is caused by a dominant allele and typically has adult-onset symptoms.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is caused by a dominant allele and typically has adult-onset symptoms.","correct":true,"explanation":"Huntington’s disease results from a dominant allele, so one copy can cause the condition. Symptoms commonly begin in adulthood, making embryo selection particularly relevant to prevent inheritance."},{"text":"It is caused by a recessive allele and typically has adult-onset symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"The disease is not recessive: a single disease allele can cause it. Its usual adult onset, rather than childhood onset, is a key reason screening is considered."},{"text":"It is caused by a dominant allele and typically has infant-onset symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although the allele is dominant, Huntington’s disease usually develops during adulthood rather than infancy. This delayed onset means an affected person may reproduce before symptoms appear."},{"text":"It is caused by a recessive allele and typically has infant-onset symptoms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither feature is accurate: Huntington’s disease is caused by a dominant allele and generally has adult onset. Confusing it with a recessive childhood disorder leads to this choice."}]},{"id":"944db909-251e-44e8-b663-d54641ae19d4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"If two carriers of cystic fibrosis ($Cc$) undergo IVF, what is the probability an embryo will have the disorder?","back":"$$\\frac{1}{4}$ (or 25%)","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\frac{1}{4}$ (or 25%)","correct":true,"explanation":"Two heterozygous carriers produce offspring in the ratio CC:Cc:cc = 1:2:1. Only cc causes cystic fibrosis, so one quarter of embryos are expected to have the disorder."},{"text":"$$\\frac{1}{2}$ (or 50%)","correct":false,"explanation":"Half the embryos are expected to be carriers, but carriers have genotype Cc and do not have cystic fibrosis. The affected genotype cc occurs in one quarter."},{"text":"$$\\frac{3}{4}$ (or 75%)","correct":false,"explanation":"The 75% figure represents embryos that are unaffected, including both CC and Cc. It is not the probability of inheriting two recessive disease alleles."},{"text":"1 (or 100%)","correct":false,"explanation":"All embryos do not inherit the disorder because each parent contributes either C or c. Only the cc combination is affected, giving a one-in-four probability."}]},{"id":"3a9c51cd-10bc-410c-9511-9ed6e2924a93","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In malaria control, sequencing the mosquito $\\text{[...]}$ helps identify insecticide resistance, while sequencing the parasite $Plasmodium$ helps identify drug targets.","back":"In malaria control, sequencing the mosquito $\\boxed{Anopheles gambiae}$ helps identify insecticide resistance, while sequencing the parasite $Plasmodium$ helps identify drug targets.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$Anopheles gambiae$","correct":true,"explanation":"Anopheles gambiae is the mosquito species whose genome can reveal genetic changes associated with resistance to insecticides used in malaria-control programmes."},{"text":"$$Plasmodium$","correct":false,"explanation":"Plasmodium is the malaria parasite, not the mosquito. Sequencing it helps identify drug targets, whereas mosquito sequencing is used to investigate insecticide resistance."},{"text":"$$Aedes aegypti$","correct":false,"explanation":"Aedes is a different mosquito genus, associated with diseases such as dengue and yellow fever. It is not the mosquito named in this malaria-control example."},{"text":"$$Culex pipiens$","correct":false,"explanation":"Culex mosquitoes are not the species identified here for studying malaria-vector insecticide resistance. The relevant mosquito is Anopheles gambiae."}]},{"id":"3cb1a63f-576b-4639-9569-b08c5d715713","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In malaria control, sequencing the mosquito $Anopheles gambiae$ helps identify insecticide resistance, while sequencing the parasite $\\text{[...]}$ helps identify drug targets.","back":"In malaria control, sequencing the mosquito $Anopheles gambiae$ helps identify insecticide resistance, while sequencing the parasite $\\boxed{Plasmodium}$ helps identify drug targets.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$Plasmodium$","correct":true,"explanation":"Plasmodium is the genus containing the parasites that cause malaria. Sequencing its genome can reveal molecular targets for developing or improving antimalarial drugs."},{"text":"$$Anopheles gambiae$","correct":false,"explanation":"Anopheles gambiae is the mosquito vector, whose sequence is used to study insecticide resistance. The parasite being sequenced for drug targets is Plasmodium."},{"text":"$$Trypanosoma$","correct":false,"explanation":"Trypanosoma is a different parasite genus associated with sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. It is not the malaria parasite referred to here."},{"text":"$$Leishmania$","correct":false,"explanation":"Leishmania causes leishmaniasis rather than malaria. Its genome can be studied for other drug targets, but it is not the parasite in this example."}]},{"id":"f9b204f4-4fa0-4716-910f-bc39a04a7f0f","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"State the three stages of a PCR cycle and their approximate temperatures.","back":"

Denaturation: ~95 °C
Primer annealing: ~50-65 °C
Extension: ~72 °C

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Denaturation: ~95 °C
Primer annealing: ~50-65 °C
Extension: ~72 °C

","correct":true,"explanation":"PCR repeatedly separates DNA strands by denaturation, allows primers to bind during annealing, and extends new strands with a thermostable polymerase at the stated approximate temperatures."},{"text":"

Denaturation: ~50-65 °C
Primer annealing: ~72 °C
Extension: ~95 °C

","correct":false,"explanation":"The stages are in the wrong order and the temperatures do not match their functions. Denaturation requires the highest temperature, while primer annealing occurs at the lowest."},{"text":"

Primer annealing: ~50-65 °C
Denaturation: ~95 °C
Extension: ~72 °C

","correct":false,"explanation":"Primers anneal after the DNA strands have separated, not before. Extension follows annealing and is usually about 72 °C, so this sequence reverses key stages."},{"text":"

Denaturation: ~95 °C
Extension: ~72 °C
Primer annealing: ~50-65 °C

","correct":false,"explanation":"Extension does not occur at the denaturation temperature because the polymerase would not work effectively there. The correct cycle is denaturation, annealing, then extension."}]},{"id":"fde1c39b-d77d-4786-8c4b-4934548d7185","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The maximum number of DNA copies produced from a single molecule after $n$ cycles of PCR is given by the formula $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"The maximum number of DNA copies produced from a single molecule after $n$ cycles of PCR is given by the formula $\\boxed{2^n}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$2^n$","correct":true,"explanation":"Each PCR cycle doubles the number of DNA molecules, so repeated doubling from one starting molecule gives $2^n$ copies after $n$ cycles."},{"text":"$$n^2$","correct":false,"explanation":"Using $n^2$ treats PCR as if the number increased by a fixed amount each cycle, but PCR amplification is exponential because each DNA copy is duplicated."},{"text":"$$2n$","correct":false,"explanation":"Using $2n$ represents only linear doubling of the starting molecule, whereas every copy produced can also act as a template in the next PCR cycle."},{"text":"$$2^{n-1}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Using $2^{n-1}$ misses one complete doubling cycle, so it predicts half the maximum number of copies produced after $n$ cycles."}]},{"id":"2b6646d2-a8ad-45f1-9b82-594e2b40bc1f","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In gel electrophoresis, why does DNA move towards the positive electrode?","back":"DNA is negatively charged due to its phosphate groups.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"DNA is negatively charged due to its phosphate groups.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA has negatively charged phosphate groups in its sugar-phosphate backbone, so it is attracted to and moves towards the positive electrode."},{"text":"DNA is positively charged due to its phosphate groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nitrogenous bases do not give DNA its overall negative charge. The phosphate groups do, attracting DNA towards the positive electrode during electrophoresis."},{"text":"DNA is negatively charged due to its hydrogen bonds.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA does move towards the positive electrode, but hydrogen bonds between bases are not responsible for its charge. Negatively charged phosphate groups cause the movement."},{"text":"DNA is positively charged due to its sugar groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA is not moved by a positive charge or by its sugar molecules. Its phosphate groups are negatively charged, producing attraction towards the positive electrode."}]},{"id":"3410f05f-3659-49dc-a942-cd8984dd827c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What determines the distance a DNA fragment travels through an electrophoresis gel?","back":"The length (or size) of the fragment; smaller fragments move further.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The length (or size) of the fragment; smaller fragments move further.","correct":true,"explanation":"Shorter DNA fragments pass more easily through the gel matrix, so they travel further than longer fragments during the same electrophoresis run."},{"text":"The length (or size) of the fragment; larger fragments move further.","correct":false,"explanation":"Larger fragments encounter more resistance from the gel and therefore travel less far. Smaller fragments, not larger ones, move further under the same conditions."},{"text":"The concentration of the fragment; more concentrated fragments move further.","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA concentration can affect band intensity, but it does not determine how far a fragment migrates. Fragment size controls movement through the gel pores."},{"text":"The charge of the fragment; more highly charged fragments move further.","correct":false,"explanation":"The charge of DNA is broadly similar per unit length, so charge does not determine the distance in this comparison. Smaller fragments move further through the gel."}]},{"id":"a4ab627f-eed1-4b2a-9194-46638b8490a2","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is human insulin often produced using cDNA rather than the original genomic DNA?","back":"Bacteria cannot remove introns from eukaryotic mRNA; cDNA is made from mature mRNA which has no introns.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bacteria cannot remove introns from eukaryotic mRNA; cDNA is made from mature mRNA which has no introns.","correct":true,"explanation":"Eukaryotic genes contain introns, but bacteria cannot remove introns from eukaryotic transcripts. cDNA is produced from mature mRNA and therefore contains only exons."},{"text":"Bacteria cannot replicate introns from eukaryotic mRNA; cDNA is made from mature mRNA which has no introns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bacteria can replicate DNA, but the key problem is processing eukaryotic introns. cDNA avoids introns because it is copied from mature mRNA."},{"text":"Bacteria cannot transcribe introns from eukaryotic mRNA; cDNA is made from mature mRNA which has no introns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Bacteria can transcribe inserted DNA, but they generally cannot splice out eukaryotic introns. cDNA is used because mature mRNA has already had introns removed."},{"text":"Bacteria cannot translate introns from eukaryotic mRNA; cDNA is made from mature mRNA which has no introns.","correct":false,"explanation":"Introns are not removed by translation. The relevant limitation is that bacteria lack the eukaryotic RNA-splicing machinery, so intron-free cDNA is preferred."}]},{"id":"e06ba3f7-aec6-45f8-91db-f6e0f763e62c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Describe the roles of restriction enzymes and DNA ligase in making a recombinant plasmid.","back":"

Restriction enzymes: cut the gene and plasmid to create complementary sticky ends.
DNA ligase: seals the sugar-phosphate backbone.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Restriction enzymes: cut the gene and plasmid to create complementary sticky ends.
DNA ligase: seals the sugar-phosphate backbone.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Restriction enzymes cut both the gene and plasmid to produce matching complementary sticky ends, while DNA ligase joins and seals the sugar-phosphate backbone."},{"text":"

Restriction enzymes: seal the gene and plasmid by joining complementary sticky ends.
DNA ligase: cuts the sugar-phosphate backbone.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Restriction enzymes do not seal DNA; they cut it. DNA ligase seals the sugar-phosphate backbone after complementary sticky ends have aligned."},{"text":"

Restriction enzymes: cut the gene and plasmid to create non-complementary blunt ends.
DNA ligase: cuts the sugar-phosphate backbone.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Restriction enzymes create sticky ends rather than blunt ends in this method, and ligase joins the backbone rather than cutting it."},{"text":"

Restriction enzymes: cut the gene and plasmid to create complementary sticky ends.
DNA ligase: seals the nitrogenous-base backbone.

","correct":false,"explanation":"DNA ligase does not create complementary sticky ends; restriction enzymes do. Ligase then joins the aligned DNA fragments by sealing their sugar-phosphate backbones."}]},{"id":"fb486c1d-32c5-4358-a80c-e240b97c7d8a","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A bacterial $\\text{[...]}$ acts as a vector to carry recombinant DNA into a host cell during transformation.","back":"A bacterial $\\boxed{plasmid}$ acts as a vector to carry recombinant DNA into a host cell during transformation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"plasmid","correct":true,"explanation":"A plasmid is a small circular piece of bacterial DNA that can carry inserted recombinant DNA into a host cell during transformation."},{"text":"chromosome","correct":false,"explanation":"A bacterial chromosome contains essential genetic information but is not the usual small, transferable vector used to introduce recombinant DNA during transformation."},{"text":"ribosome","correct":false,"explanation":"A bacterial ribosome makes proteins and does not carry recombinant DNA into a host cell. A plasmid performs the vector role."},{"text":"capsule","correct":false,"explanation":"A bacterial capsule is an outer protective structure, not a DNA molecule capable of carrying an inserted gene into a host cell."}]},{"id":"03ada7d0-54d9-4a73-b9a5-d4be4cc60887","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"What are three potential disadvantages of GM crops?","back":"

Gene transfer to wild relatives.
Reduced biodiversity.
Corporate monopoly/control of seeds.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Gene transfer to wild relatives.
Reduced biodiversity.
Corporate monopoly/control of seeds.

","correct":true,"explanation":"GM crops may transfer engineered genes to wild relatives, reduce biodiversity if one variety dominates, and give companies excessive control over seed supplies."},{"text":"

Gene transfer to cultivated relatives.
Increased biodiversity.
Public ownership/control of seeds.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are not the main stated disadvantages: GM crops may increase biodiversity, and gene transfer can occur to wild relatives rather than only cultivated relatives."},{"text":"

Gene transfer to wild relatives.
Reduced biodiversity.
Lower production costs for farmers.

","correct":false,"explanation":"GM crops can have economic benefits, but reduced biodiversity and corporate control are potential disadvantages. Gene transfer is a concern for wild relatives, not reduced costs."},{"text":"

Gene transfer to wild relatives.
Increased biodiversity.
Corporate monopoly/control of seeds.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A wider range of crop varieties would not represent reduced biodiversity, and public control is not the corporate monopoly concern. The recognised risks involve wild relatives and seed ownership."}]},{"id":"abef0219-bf53-4985-8826-28aed9552f01","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Contrast somatic and germline gene therapy regarding inheritance.","back":"Somatic therapy affects body cells and is not inherited; germline therapy affects gametes/embryos and is inherited.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Somatic therapy affects body cells and is not inherited; germline therapy affects gametes/embryos and is inherited.","correct":true,"explanation":"Somatic therapy changes body cells and is not passed to offspring. Germline therapy changes gametes or embryos, so the genetic alteration can be inherited."},{"text":"Somatic therapy affects body cells and is inherited; germline therapy affects gametes/embryos and is not inherited.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the inheritance patterns. Somatic changes are not transmitted to offspring, whereas germline changes can enter the reproductive lineage and be inherited."},{"text":"Somatic therapy affects gametes/embryos and is inherited; germline therapy affects body cells and is not inherited.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changing somatic cells does not normally affect gametes, so it is not inherited. Germline treatment is the type that can pass changes to offspring."},{"text":"Somatic therapy affects gametes/embryos and is not inherited; germline therapy affects body cells and is inherited.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cell types and inheritance outcomes are both assigned to the wrong therapies. Somatic treatment affects body cells without inheritance, while germline treatment can be inherited."}]},{"id":"fbdacc2e-4030-4f9e-bc27-e84ca9dc60a7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Give two reasons why gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is difficult.","back":"

The dystrophin gene is very large and hard to deliver.
Difficulty reaching all affected muscles in the body.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

The dystrophin gene is very large and hard to deliver.
Difficulty reaching all affected muscles in the body.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The dystrophin gene is unusually large, making it difficult to package into a vector, and treatment must reach all affected muscles rather than only a localised area."},{"text":"

The dystrophin gene is very small and difficult to identify.
Difficulty reaching only the nervous system in the body.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Dystrophin is not a very small gene, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy primarily requires muscle cells to be targeted throughout the body. The correct difficulties are the gene’s large size and widespread muscle delivery."},{"text":"

The dystrophin gene is very large and hard to deliver.
Difficulty reaching all affected nerve cells in the body.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The large gene is a genuine delivery problem, but the disease affects muscles rather than requiring all affected nerve cells to be reached. The correct second difficulty is delivering therapy to all affected muscles."},{"text":"

The dystrophin gene is very small and hard to replicate.
Difficulty reaching all affected muscles in the body.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reaching all affected muscles is a genuine challenge, but the dystrophin gene is large, not small, which makes it difficult to package and deliver. Both points in the correct answer concern delivery."}]},{"id":"219f61ec-e649-4b95-8157-cfafa73800c3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The use of a patient's genotype to guide the choice or dose of a drug is known as $\\text{[...]}$.","back":"The use of a patient's genotype to guide the choice or dose of a drug is known as $\\boxed{pharmacogenomics}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"pharmacogenomics","correct":true,"explanation":"Pharmacogenomics uses information about a patient’s genetic makeup to predict drug responses and guide an appropriate medicine choice or dosage."},{"text":"pharmacokinetics","correct":false,"explanation":"Pharmacokinetics describes how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolises and excretes a drug. Using genotype to personalise drug choice or dosage is pharmacogenomics."},{"text":"pharmacodynamics","correct":false,"explanation":"Pharmacodynamics examines how a drug affects the body, including its targets and dose-response effects. Genotype-guided prescribing is called pharmacogenomics, not pharmacodynamics."},{"text":"toxicogenetics","correct":false,"explanation":"Toxicogenetics concerns genetic differences in susceptibility to harmful substances, but the broader use of genotype to guide drug selection or dosage is pharmacogenomics."}]},{"id":"9b5d0c4d-4619-487e-a24c-355328893bd7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is the functional difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?","back":"Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent (can form almost any cell type); adult stem cells are usually multipotent (limited range).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent (can form almost any cell type); adult stem cells are usually multipotent (limited range).","correct":true,"explanation":"Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into almost any body cell type, so they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells generally produce a more restricted range of related cell types."},{"text":"Embryonic stem cells are totipotent (can form every cell type); adult stem cells are usually pluripotent (almost unlimited range).","correct":false,"explanation":"Totipotency includes the ability to form all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues, which is not the usual description here. Adult stem cells are generally multipotent, with a limited differentiation range."},{"text":"Embryonic stem cells are multipotent (limited range); adult stem cells are usually pluripotent (can form almost any cell type).","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the usual developmental potential of the two cell sources. Embryonic cells are pluripotent, whereas adult stem cells are usually multipotent and therefore more restricted."},{"text":"Embryonic stem cells are unipotent (form one cell type); adult stem cells are usually totipotent (form every cell type).","correct":false,"explanation":"Unipotent cells produce only one cell type, while adult stem cells do not normally form every possible cell type. Embryonic cells are pluripotent and adult cells are usually multipotent."}]},{"id":"dcef13d9-97d2-4f6d-aaea-9bf0684a6aaa","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Adult cells that have been reprogrammed to behave like embryonic stem cells are called $\\text{[...]}$ (iPSCs).","back":"Adult cells that have been reprogrammed to behave like embryonic stem cells are called $\\boxed{induced pluripotent stem cells}$ (iPSCs).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"induced pluripotent stem cells","correct":true,"explanation":"Adult specialised cells can be genetically or chemically reprogrammed to return to a pluripotent state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, abbreviated iPSCs."},{"text":"induced multipotent stem cells","correct":false,"explanation":"Multipotent cells can form only a restricted range of related cell types. Reprogrammed adult cells that behave like embryonic stem cells are induced pluripotent stem cells."},{"text":"embryonic pluripotent stem cells","correct":false,"explanation":"Embryonic stem cells are naturally pluripotent and are derived from embryos, whereas these cells originate from reprogrammed adult cells. Their correct name is induced pluripotent stem cells."},{"text":"reprogrammed adult stem cells","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes their origin but is not the recognised term for adult cells returned to an embryonic-like pluripotent state. They are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs."}]},{"id":"040d7c15-d1d9-4f48-a9d9-f1f4cc7ad339","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Identify two ethical issues associated with the use of stem cells.","back":"

The moral status of the human embryo.
The need for informed donor consent.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

The moral status of the human embryo.
The need for informed donor consent.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Stem-cell research can raise disagreement about whether embryos have moral status, while obtaining informed consent ensures donors understand how their cells will be collected and used."},{"text":"

The genetic status of the human embryo.
The need for informed donor consent.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Donor consent is a genuine ethical issue, but the key embryo-related concern is its moral status, including whether using it for research is ethically acceptable."},{"text":"

The moral status of the human embryo.
The need for mandatory donor anonymity.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The embryo’s moral status is a genuine concern, but anonymity is not the central issue identified here. The relevant donor principle is informed consent before cells are collected and used."},{"text":"

The ownership of the human embryo.
The need for informed donor consent.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Informed consent is a genuine ethical issue, but the standard concern about embryos is their moral status rather than ownership. Ethical debate focuses on whether embryo use is permissible."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"Application of reproduction and genetics","title":"Application of reproduction and genetics Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"1e2d79b1-1d90-5a5a-843d-0971690d5ba2","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]