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a more recent common ancestor are placed closer together.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phylogeny represents evolutionary relationships, so organisms sharing a more recent common ancestor are classified closer together than organisms whose evolutionary lineages diverged earlier."},{"text":"Organisms with a more distant common ancestor are placed closer together.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the evolutionary relationship: a distant common ancestor indicates earlier divergence. Organisms are placed closer together when they share a more recent common ancestor."},{"text":"Organisms with a more similar external appearance are placed closer together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Similar appearance can evolve independently through convergent evolution, so it may not indicate close relatedness. Classification instead places organisms together according to recent common ancestry."},{"text":"Organisms with a more similar ecological niche are placed closer together.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organisms can occupy similar niches without being closely related. A phylogeny determines classification using evolutionary relationships, placing organisms with a more recent common ancestor closer together."}]},{"id":"95bc067c-263e-467c-82bd-75f2dda40265","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In the taxonomic hierarchy, which taxon is narrower than a family but broader than a species?","back":"Genus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genus.","correct":true,"explanation":"A genus contains one or more closely related species and is contained within a family, so it is narrower than family but broader than species."},{"text":"Order.","correct":false,"explanation":"An order contains multiple families, so it is broader rather than narrower than a family. The taxon between family and species is genus."},{"text":"Species.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species is the narrower taxon below genus, not the taxon between family and species. A family contains genera, and each genus contains species."},{"text":"Class.","correct":false,"explanation":"A class contains multiple orders and is therefore much broader than a family. Genus is the rank below family and immediately above species."}]},{"id":"c9793a92-9a2e-4762-b58f-b1f5521545de","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Organisms are grouped into [ ], which are hierarchical, meaning smaller groups are nested inside larger ones.","back":"Organisms are grouped into taxa, which are hierarchical, meaning smaller groups are nested inside larger ones.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"taxa","correct":true,"explanation":"Taxa are named classification groups at any rank. They form a hierarchy in which smaller taxa, such as genera, are nested within larger taxa, such as families."},{"text":"populations","correct":false,"explanation":"Populations are groups of organisms of the same species living in one area, not the hierarchical groups used throughout classification. Those groups are called taxa."},{"text":"communities","correct":false,"explanation":"Communities consist of interacting populations of different species in an ecosystem; they are ecological rather than taxonomic groups. Hierarchical classification groups are called taxa."},{"text":"ecosystems","correct":false,"explanation":"Ecosystems include communities and their non-living environments, so they are ecological systems rather than classification groups. Organisms are classified into hierarchical taxa."}]},{"id":"0963b023-684b-481a-9b4e-9a9694bb204e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Organisms are grouped into taxa, which are [ ], meaning smaller groups are nested inside larger ones.","back":"Organisms are grouped into taxa, which are hierarchical, meaning smaller groups are nested inside larger ones.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"hierarchical","correct":true,"explanation":"Taxa are hierarchical because smaller groups are nested within progressively larger groups, such as species within genera, genera within families, and families within orders."},{"text":"independent","correct":false,"explanation":"Taxa are not independent because each smaller taxon belongs within a larger one. This nested arrangement means the classification system is hierarchical."},{"text":"overlapping","correct":false,"explanation":"Taxa at a given rank do not normally overlap, as each organism is assigned to a particular nested group. The system is described as hierarchical."},{"text":"random","correct":false,"explanation":"Taxonomic groups are not arranged randomly; they are organised into nested ranks reflecting evolutionary relationships. This structured arrangement is described as hierarchical."}]},{"id":"d46d568e-835a-4814-b3f2-88f0baa68140","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is modern classification considered tentative?","back":"It can be revised when new evidence (e.g., DNA sequencing) reveals different evolutionary relationships.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It can be revised when new evidence (e.g., DNA sequencing) reveals different evolutionary relationships.","correct":true,"explanation":"Classification reflects the best evidence currently available. New molecular evidence can reveal previously unknown relationships, requiring organisms to be reassigned so classification better represents their evolutionary history."},{"text":"It remains fixed when new evidence (e.g., DNA sequencing) reveals different evolutionary relationships.","correct":false,"explanation":"Treating classification as fixed ignores evidence that may alter inferred evolutionary relationships. Modern classifications are tentative because they can be revised when new evidence becomes available."},{"text":"It can be revised when organisms (e.g., predators and prey) develop different ecological relationships.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ecological interactions do not by themselves determine evolutionary classification. Revision occurs when evidence such as DNA sequences reveals that organisms have different evolutionary relationships from those previously inferred."},{"text":"It can be revised only when new species (e.g., undiscovered organisms) are added to existing groups.","correct":false,"explanation":"Discovering species is not the only reason for revision. New evidence such as DNA sequencing can change the inferred relationships and classification of already known organisms."}]},{"id":"7bcf90e8-ad54-4918-bdad-9d94aea56ac5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"State two biochemical differences that distinguish Archaea from Bacteria in the three domain system.","back":"

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Membrane chemistry

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Membrane chemistry

","correct":true,"explanation":"Archaea have distinctive rRNA sequences and membranes containing ether-linked, branched lipids, unlike the ester-linked, unbranched membrane lipids typically found in Bacteria."},{"text":"

Cell size
Presence of a nucleus

","correct":false,"explanation":"Cell size is not a consistent distinction, and neither domain has a membrane-bound nucleus because both are prokaryotic. They are distinguished by rRNA and membrane chemistry."},{"text":"

Number of chromosomes
Mode of nutrition

","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosome number and nutrition vary within both domains, so they do not reliably separate them. Key biochemical distinctions involve ribosomal RNA and membrane chemistry."},{"text":"

Presence of cytoplasm
Presence of ribosomes

","correct":false,"explanation":"Both Archaea and Bacteria possess cytoplasm and ribosomes, so these shared features cannot distinguish them. Differences in rRNA and membrane chemistry support their separation."}]},{"id":"cc35fa05-7c13-4e42-be6d-336894091d05","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why might the biological species definition be difficult to apply to fossils?","back":"It is impossible to test if they could interbreed to produce fertile offspring.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It is impossible to test if they could interbreed to produce fertile offspring.","correct":true,"explanation":"The biological species concept depends on reproductive compatibility. Because fossil organisms are no longer alive, scientists cannot test whether they could mate and produce fertile offspring."},{"text":"It is impossible to compare their anatomical features with those of living organisms.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preserved fossil structures can often be compared anatomically, although preservation may be incomplete. The biological species definition is difficult because interbreeding and offspring fertility cannot be tested."},{"text":"It is impossible to determine whether they occupied the same ecological niche.","correct":false,"explanation":"A shared ecological niche is not the criterion used by the biological species concept. The difficulty is that fossil organisms cannot be tested for successful interbreeding."},{"text":"It is impossible to identify the geological period in which they lived.","correct":false,"explanation":"Rock strata and dating methods can often establish a fossil's geological period. The problem for the biological species concept is the inability to test interbreeding and fertility."}]},{"id":"83667ccd-487b-4411-a03d-9f5d079cd947","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the binomial system, the first name represents the [ ] and the second name represents the species.","back":"In the binomial system, the first name represents the genus and the second name represents the species.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"genus","correct":true,"explanation":"In binomial nomenclature, the first word identifies the organism's genus and begins with a capital letter. The second word is the specific name and begins with a lowercase letter."},{"text":"family","correct":false,"explanation":"Family is the taxonomic rank above genus and is not included as the first word of a binomial name. The first name identifies the genus."},{"text":"order","correct":false,"explanation":"Order is a broader rank containing related families, so it is not used as the first word of a binomial name. The first word represents the genus."},{"text":"population","correct":false,"explanation":"A population is a group of one species living in a particular area, not a taxonomic rank used in binomial nomenclature. The first name represents the genus."}]},{"id":"94e53036-3d53-48e1-8621-f5bf6ba9a47f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the binomial system, the first name represents the genus and the second name represents the [ ].","back":"In the binomial system, the first name represents the genus and the second name represents the species.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"species","correct":true,"explanation":"A binomial name consists of the capitalised genus followed by the species name, written in lower case. Together, the two names uniquely identify an organism."},{"text":"family","correct":false,"explanation":"Family is a broader taxonomic rank containing related genera, not the second part of a binomial name. The second name represents the species and is written in lower case."},{"text":"order","correct":false,"explanation":"Order is a taxonomic rank above family and genus, so it does not form part of a binomial name. The second name represents the species."},{"text":"phylum","correct":false,"explanation":"Phylum is a broad taxonomic group containing several classes, not the second part of an organism’s binomial name. The second name represents the species."}]},{"id":"5abfe64e-52e7-4921-b40c-6c27f034bc76","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"State two formatting rules for writing a binomial name by hand.","back":"

Capitalise the Genus (lower-case species)
Underline both words

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Capitalise the Genus (lower-case species)
Underline both words

","correct":true,"explanation":"A handwritten binomial name has a capitalised genus and a lower-case species name. Both words are underlined separately, replacing the italics used in printed text."},{"text":"

Capitalise the species (lower-case genus)
Underline both words

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the capitalisation convention. The genus must begin with a capital letter, the species remains lower case, and both words are underlined when written by hand."},{"text":"

Capitalise the Genus (lower-case species)
Underline the species only

","correct":false,"explanation":"The capitalisation is correct, but underlining only the species is a formatting error. When writing by hand, both the genus and species names must be underlined."},{"text":"

Capitalise the Genus and species
Underline both words

","correct":false,"explanation":"Only the genus begins with a capital letter; the species name must be lower case. Both words are underlined when the binomial name is written by hand."}]},{"id":"56348218-bc9b-44ed-b300-5bd5db1b26b1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Contrast homologous features with those resulting from convergent evolution.","back":"

Homologous: same evolutionary origin
Convergent: similar features due to selection pressures but different origins

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Homologous: same evolutionary origin
Convergent: similar features due to selection pressures but different origins

","correct":true,"explanation":"Homologous structures were inherited from a common ancestor, although their functions may differ. Convergent features evolved independently because similar selection pressures favoured similar adaptations."},{"text":"

Homologous: different evolutionary origins
Convergent: similar features inherited from a common ancestor

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the evolutionary origins. Homologous features come from a common ancestor, whereas convergent similarities evolve independently under similar selection pressures."},{"text":"

Homologous: same function but different origins
Convergent: different functions but the same origin

","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses function with ancestry. Homologous features share an evolutionary origin, while convergent features have different origins but become similar under comparable selection pressures."},{"text":"

Homologous: similar features due to selection pressures
Convergent: similar features due to shared ancestry

","correct":false,"explanation":"This assigns each process the other’s cause. Homology reflects shared ancestry, whereas convergence results when similar selection pressures independently produce similar features."}]},{"id":"fe943d55-dbc2-4f8e-8def-836ed5b0b1d3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does enzyme activity provide evidence for evolutionary relatedness?","back":"Enzymes are proteins coded for by DNA; similar sequences suggest a more recent common ancestor.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Enzymes are proteins coded for by DNA; similar sequences suggest a more recent common ancestor.","correct":true,"explanation":"DNA base sequences determine enzyme amino acid sequences. Closely matching enzymes imply fewer mutations have accumulated, providing evidence that the organisms diverged from a common ancestor more recently."},{"text":"Enzymes are proteins produced independently of DNA; similar activity suggests organisms occupy the same habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes are encoded by DNA rather than produced independently of it, and shared habitat alone does not establish ancestry. Similar enzyme sequences indicate a more recent common ancestor."},{"text":"Enzymes are carbohydrates coded for by RNA; similar sequences suggest exposure to the same selection pressure.","correct":false,"explanation":"Enzymes are proteins whose amino acid sequences are ultimately coded by DNA, not carbohydrates coded by RNA. Greater sequence similarity indicates a more recent common ancestor."},{"text":"Enzymes are proteins acquired from food; similar activity suggests organisms have identical diets.","correct":false,"explanation":"Organisms synthesise their own enzymes using genetic information rather than acquiring them as functional enzymes from food. Similar enzyme sequences provide evidence of recent common ancestry."}]},{"id":"9b25a796-30ea-43cc-bd86-e7d19100388d","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"List the three levels at which biodiversity can be assessed.","back":"

Habitat/Ecosystem
Species
Genetic

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Habitat/Ecosystem
Species
Genetic

","correct":true,"explanation":"Biodiversity includes the variety of habitats or ecosystems, the variety of species present, and the genetic variation found within each species."},{"text":"

Organism
Population
Community

","correct":false,"explanation":"These are levels of ecological organisation rather than the three levels used to assess biodiversity. Biodiversity is assessed at habitat or ecosystem, species, and genetic levels."},{"text":"

Morphological
Physiological
Behavioural

","correct":false,"explanation":"These describe categories of adaptation or variation, not recognised levels of biodiversity. Biodiversity is assessed through habitat or ecosystem, species, and genetic diversity."},{"text":"

Habitat/Ecosystem
Species
Population

","correct":false,"explanation":"Population is a level of ecological organisation, not the third biodiversity level. The three levels are habitat or ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity."}]},{"id":"e5904a96-d1e1-4ebb-bb2e-46903455f50c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] is the number of species in a habitat, while species evenness is the distribution of individuals between species.","back":"Species richness is the number of species in a habitat, while species evenness is the distribution of individuals between species.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Species richness","correct":true,"explanation":"Species richness is a count of how many different species occur in a habitat. It does not consider how evenly individuals are distributed among those species."},{"text":"Species abundance","correct":false,"explanation":"Species abundance concerns the number of individuals, rather than simply the number of species present. Species richness is the count of different species in a habitat."},{"text":"Species diversity","correct":false,"explanation":"Species diversity is a broader measure that considers both species richness and species evenness. The number of different species alone is called species richness."},{"text":"Population density","correct":false,"explanation":"Population density measures the number of individuals of a population per unit area or volume. Species richness instead counts the different species present in a habitat."}]},{"id":"ea61d3b8-dc16-4c8d-8f64-5e841817e018","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Species richness is the number of species in a habitat, while [ ] is the distribution of individuals between species.","back":"Species richness is the number of species in a habitat, while species evenness is the distribution of individuals between species.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"species evenness","correct":true,"explanation":"Species evenness describes how equally the individuals in a community are distributed among its different species. High evenness means species have relatively similar abundances."},{"text":"species richness","correct":false,"explanation":"Species richness counts the number of different species and ignores how individuals are distributed. Species evenness describes the distribution of individuals between species."},{"text":"population density","correct":false,"explanation":"Population density measures individuals of one population per unit area or volume. Species evenness instead compares how individuals are distributed among all species present."},{"text":"genetic diversity","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic diversity concerns variation in alleles within a species or population. Species evenness describes how evenly individuals are distributed among different species."}]},{"id":"b0b48dbf-d5a5-4d66-ba4e-150303068ddc","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"When is a transect preferred over random quadrat placement for sampling?","back":"When studying how biodiversity changes along an environmental gradient.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"When studying how biodiversity changes along an environmental gradient.","correct":true,"explanation":"A transect samples systematically across a changing condition, such as distance from a shore or light intensity, allowing biodiversity changes along the environmental gradient to be identified."},{"text":"When estimating biodiversity across a uniform habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"A transect is unnecessary where there is no directional environmental change and may introduce sampling bias. Random quadrats are more suitable for estimating biodiversity across a uniform habitat."},{"text":"When ensuring each location has an equal sampling chance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Giving every location an equal chance requires random sampling, not a transect. Transects are preferred when investigating changes in biodiversity along an environmental gradient."},{"text":"When avoiding changes caused by an environmental gradient.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transects are designed to detect systematic changes along an environmental gradient, not avoid them. Random sampling is more appropriate when estimating overall biodiversity without following a gradient."}]},{"id":"b2633fb1-6926-4c3c-9f12-4e4c7dc12605","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does a Simpson’s Diversity Index value closer to 1 indicate?","back":"Higher biodiversity (greater richness and evenness).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Higher biodiversity (greater richness and evenness).","correct":true,"explanation":"A Simpson’s Diversity Index closer to 1 indicates both high species richness and high evenness, meaning many species are represented with relatively similar numbers of individuals."},{"text":"Lower biodiversity (greater richness and evenness).","correct":false,"explanation":"A value closer to 1 does not indicate reduced biodiversity; it reflects greater richness and evenness. Lower biodiversity is associated with a value closer to 0."},{"text":"Higher biodiversity (greater richness but lower evenness).","correct":false,"explanation":"High richness alone is insufficient, because the index also considers evenness. A value closer to 1 indicates greater richness and greater evenness, not reduced evenness."},{"text":"Higher biodiversity (lower richness and greater evenness).","correct":false,"explanation":"A value closer to 1 represents high diversity, not low richness. It indicates more species and a more even distribution of individuals among them."}]},{"id":"c9e68d33-fb63-41c9-b384-c2035f494a57","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the formula $\\text{[...]}$, $n$ is the number of individuals of one species and $N$ is the total of all species.","back":"In the formula $\\boxed{D = 1 - \\frac{\\sum n(n-1)}{N(N-1)}}$, $n$ is the number of individuals of one species and $N$ is the total of all species.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$D = 1 - \\frac{\\sum n(n-1)}{N(N-1)}$","correct":true,"explanation":"This is Simpson’s index of diversity. It uses the product of each species’ count and one less than that count, divided by the corresponding product for the total population, then subtracts from one."},{"text":"$$D = \\frac{\\sum n(n-1)}{N(N-1)}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This omits the subtraction from one, giving Simpson’s index of dominance rather than diversity. The correct diversity formula is $D = 1 - \\frac{\\sum n(n-1)}{N(N-1)}$."},{"text":"$$D = 1 - \\frac{\\sum n(n-1)}{N^2}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacing $N(N-1)$ with $N^2$ changes the denominator and gives an inaccurate version of the index, especially for smaller populations. The correct formula uses $N(N-1)$."},{"text":"$$D = 1 - \\frac{\\sum n^2}{N^2}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Squaring the population counts instead of using $n(n-1)$ is a common confusion with another diversity calculation. Simpson’s index of diversity uses $n(n-1)$ and $N(N-1)$."}]},{"id":"a734a6af-bc38-43f2-b9d5-eb6171cb982a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is a polymorphic locus?","back":"A gene position where more than one allele is present in a population.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A gene position where more than one allele is present in a population.","correct":true,"explanation":"A polymorphic locus is a gene location with more than one allele in the population, showing genetic variation at that particular locus."},{"text":"A gene position where only one allele is present in a population.","correct":false,"explanation":"A locus containing only one allele is monomorphic, not polymorphic. Polymorphism requires more than one allele at the gene position within the population."},{"text":"A gene position where more than one gene is present in a population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different genes at one position is not the definition of polymorphism. A polymorphic locus contains multiple alleles of the same gene in the population."},{"text":"A gene position where one allele in each individual is present in a population.","correct":false,"explanation":"Polymorphism concerns allele variation at one locus, not the presence of alleles in a single individual. The population must contain more than one allele at that position."}]},{"id":"fa429e34-486d-4acb-894d-6a47fa68dd13","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"State the formula for the proportion of polymorphic loci.","back":"$$$\\frac{\\text{number of polymorphic loci}}{\\text{total number of loci examined}}$$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$$\\frac{\\text{number of polymorphic loci}}{\\text{total number of loci examined}}$$","correct":true,"explanation":"The proportion of polymorphic loci is found by dividing the number of loci showing more than one allele by the total number of loci examined."},{"text":"$$$\\frac{\\text{total number of loci examined}}{\\text{number of polymorphic loci}}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses all loci as the numerator, which would measure the total examined rather than the fraction that is polymorphic. The polymorphic-locus count must be the numerator."},{"text":"$$$\\frac{\\text{number of polymorphic loci}}{\\text{number of monomorphic loci}}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"The denominator must include every locus examined, not only the polymorphic ones. Dividing by monomorphic loci does not give the proportion of polymorphic loci."},{"text":"$$$\\frac{\\text{number of monomorphic loci}}{\\text{total number of loci examined}}$$","correct":false,"explanation":"This calculates the proportion of monomorphic loci instead. To find the polymorphic proportion, count polymorphic loci and divide by the total number examined."}]},{"id":"936dc814-dae5-41fb-b686-85c6c93bfaed","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An [ ] adaptation is a structural feature, whereas a physiological adaptation is an internal functional feature.","back":"An anatomical adaptation is a structural feature, whereas a physiological adaptation is an internal functional feature.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"anatomical","correct":true,"explanation":"Anatomical adaptations are structural features of an organism, such as body shape or limb structure, whereas physiological adaptations involve internal processes."},{"text":"behavioural","correct":false,"explanation":"Behavioural adaptations describe actions or patterns of activity, not structural body features. The correct term for a structural feature is anatomical."},{"text":"physiological","correct":false,"explanation":"Physiological adaptations are internal functional processes, so they contrast with the structural feature in this sentence. The required term is anatomical."},{"text":"genetic","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic adaptations concern inherited changes in alleles, rather than specifically describing a structural feature. The sentence requires the term anatomical."}]},{"id":"c42a7edd-dd3c-42d0-b2b2-a8a5349150d9","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An anatomical adaptation is a structural feature, whereas a [ ] adaptation is an internal functional feature.","back":"An anatomical adaptation is a structural feature, whereas a physiological adaptation is an internal functional feature.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"physiological","correct":true,"explanation":"Physiological adaptations are internal functional features, such as producing concentrated urine or changing metabolic activity, unlike anatomical adaptations, which are structural."},{"text":"behavioural","correct":false,"explanation":"Behavioural adaptations involve actions or responses, not internal functional features. The correct classification for an internal functional feature is physiological."},{"text":"anatomical","correct":false,"explanation":"Anatomical describes the structural feature already mentioned, so it cannot correctly identify the contrasting internal functional adaptation. The required term is physiological."},{"text":"genetic","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic describes inherited information or variation, not the internal function performed by an adaptation. Internal functional features are classified as physiological adaptations."}]},{"id":"dc159362-84f8-4222-8d46-df61469e87e7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Classify hibernation and venom production as specific types of adaptation.","back":"

Hibernation: Behavioural
Venom: Physiological

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Hibernation: Behavioural
Venom: Physiological

","correct":true,"explanation":"Hibernation is a behavioural adaptation because it is a pattern of activity, while venom production is physiological because it depends on an internal biological function."},{"text":"

Hibernation: Anatomical
Venom: Behavioural

","correct":false,"explanation":"Hibernation is an activity pattern, so it is behavioural rather than anatomical. Venom production is an internal process, making it physiological rather than behavioural."},{"text":"

Hibernation: Behavioural
Venom: Anatomical

","correct":false,"explanation":"Venom production is not a structural feature; it is an internal function and therefore physiological. Hibernation is behavioural because it describes an organism’s activity."},{"text":"

Hibernation: Anatomical
Venom: Anatomical

","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither classification is correct here: hibernation describes behaviour, while venom production is a physiological function. They are not both anatomical adaptations."}]},{"id":"ee02e828-8762-4968-bacc-611c88781e56","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How does natural selection lead to the formation of new species?","back":"Isolation and different selection pressures cause populations to evolve different adaptations until they can no longer interbreed.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Isolation and different selection pressures cause populations to evolve different adaptations until they can no longer interbreed.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different selection pressures favour different adaptations in isolated populations. Over time, genetic divergence can produce reproductive isolation, so the populations can no longer interbreed."},{"text":"Isolation and identical selection pressures cause populations to evolve different adaptations until they can no longer interbreed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical selection pressures would tend to favour similar adaptations rather than drive divergence. Different selection pressures in isolated populations lead to speciation."},{"text":"Isolation and different selection pressures cause populations to evolve identical adaptations until they can no longer interbreed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Isolation alone does not necessarily produce different adaptations or reproductive isolation. Divergent selection pressures are needed to drive populations along different evolutionary paths."},{"text":"Interbreeding and different selection pressures cause populations to evolve different adaptations until they can no longer interbreed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gene flow caused by interbreeding tends to keep populations similar rather than isolate them. Speciation requires isolation combined with different selection pressures and resulting divergence."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Component 1"},"heading":"All organisms are related through their evolutionary history","title":"All organisms are related through their evolutionary history Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/eduqas/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"956d1657-cdc6-50e8-a732-62a326b80eb0","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]