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Both visual development and habituation involve lasting changes in neural connections or responses."},{"text":"Excitability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Excitability describes how neurons respond to stimulation, but it does not specifically explain experience-dependent changes in visual pathways or behaviour. The shared property demonstrated is plasticity."},{"text":"Conductivity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Conductivity is the transmission of electrical impulses along neurons, whereas visual development and habituation involve changes produced by experience. Their common property is plasticity."},{"text":"Insulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Insulation from myelin can improve impulse transmission, but it does not account for altered visual development or reduced responses after repeated stimulation. Both demonstrate plasticity."}]},{"id":"2e3f643f-cd19-4e07-8d9b-7638821a48e4","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Photoreceptors in the [ ] detect light; impulses leave the eye through the [ ].","back":"Photoreceptors in the retina detect light; impulses leave the eye through the optic nerve.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Photoreceptors in the retina detect light; impulses leave the eye through the optic nerve.","correct":true,"explanation":"Photoreceptors are located in the retina, where they detect light and generate signals. These signals travel away from the eye in the optic nerve towards the brain."},{"text":"Photoreceptors in the retina detect light; impulses leave the eye through the optic tract.","correct":false,"explanation":"The optic tract carries information after the optic chiasma, not directly out of the eye. Photoreceptors are in the retina and impulses first leave through the optic nerve."},{"text":"Photoreceptors in the cornea detect light; impulses leave the eye through the optic nerve.","correct":false,"explanation":"The cornea focuses incoming light but contains no photoreceptors. Light is detected by photoreceptors in the retina, and impulses then leave through the optic nerve."},{"text":"Photoreceptors in the choroid detect light; impulses leave the eye through the optic tract.","correct":false,"explanation":"The choroid supplies the eye and absorbs stray light, while the optic tract begins beyond the optic chiasma. The correct structures are the retina and optic nerve."}]},{"id":"7f3a7077-6bfa-46fa-a6c8-7f35a3c911da","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to some optic nerve fibres at the optic chiasma?","back":"They cross over to the opposite side.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They cross over to the opposite side.","correct":true,"explanation":"At the optic chiasma, some fibres from each optic nerve cross to the opposite side. This arrangement allows information from each visual field to be processed by the appropriate brain hemisphere."},{"text":"They remain on the same side.","correct":false,"explanation":"If all fibres remained on the same side, visual information would not be divided between the hemispheres by visual field. Some fibres cross over to the opposite side."},{"text":"They synapse with motor neurones.","correct":false,"explanation":"The optic chiasma is a crossing point for optic nerve fibres, not a motor reflex centre. Some fibres cross over to the opposite side rather than synapsing with motor neurones."},{"text":"They reverse their direction of transmission.","correct":false,"explanation":"Optic nerve impulses continue towards the brain; they do not reverse direction at the chiasma. Some fibres cross over to the opposite side while continuing forwards."}]},{"id":"eb4b6c9a-84a2-44a8-a1cb-2d22567c2736","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Information from the [ ] is processed mainly by the [ ].","back":"Information from the left visual field is processed mainly by the right side of the brain.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Information from the left visual field is processed mainly by the right side of the brain.","correct":true,"explanation":"Fibres carrying information from the left visual field are arranged so that this information is processed mainly in the right cerebral hemisphere after crossing at the optic chiasma."},{"text":"Information from the right visual field is processed mainly by the right side of the brain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The right visual field projects mainly to the left hemisphere, not the right. The correct relationship is that the left visual field is processed mainly by the right side of the brain."},{"text":"Information from the left visual field is processed mainly by the left side of the brain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The visual-field pathways are contralateral, so the left visual field projects mainly to the right hemisphere. The left visual field is therefore processed mainly by the right side of the brain."},{"text":"Information from the right visual field is processed mainly by the left side of the brain.","correct":false,"explanation":"This correctly describes the right visual field, but it does not answer the completed relationship given here. The correct pairing is the left visual field with the right side of the brain."}]},{"id":"a6e2a557-79bb-45ef-9046-2f06d950acf0","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Before reaching V1, visual information is relayed through the [ ] in the [ ].","back":"Before reaching V1, visual information is relayed through the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Before reaching V1, visual information is relayed through the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus.","correct":true,"explanation":"The lateral geniculate nucleus is a relay centre in the thalamus. It receives information from the optic tract and sends it to the primary visual cortex, V1."},{"text":"Before reaching V1, visual information is relayed through the superior colliculus in the midbrain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The superior colliculus is involved mainly in visual orienting and reflexes, not the principal relay to V1. Visual information is relayed through the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus."},{"text":"Before reaching V1, visual information is relayed through the lateral geniculate nucleus in the midbrain.","correct":false,"explanation":"The lateral geniculate nucleus is a thalamic structure, not part of the midbrain. Before reaching V1, information is relayed through it in the thalamus."},{"text":"Before reaching V1, visual information is relayed through the optic chiasma in the thalamus.","correct":false,"explanation":"The optic chiasma is where some optic nerve fibres cross, rather than the main relay nucleus to V1. The relay is the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus."}]},{"id":"51c11444-1ed7-493e-a165-dea767428309","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"During early visual development, what happens to frequently used cortical connections?","back":"They are strengthened.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They are strengthened.","correct":true,"explanation":"Frequently used cortical connections become strengthened during early visual development. This activity-dependent reinforcement helps establish efficient neural pathways for processing visual information."},{"text":"They are weakened.","correct":false,"explanation":"Frequent use generally reinforces synaptic pathways rather than reducing their effectiveness. During early visual development, frequently used cortical connections are strengthened."},{"text":"They are eliminated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Elimination mainly affects unused or weak synaptic connections during pruning. Frequently used cortical connections are retained and strengthened during early visual development."},{"text":"They are isolated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Visual development does not normally isolate frequently active cortical pathways. Repeated activity reinforces these pathways, so frequently used cortical connections are strengthened."}]},{"id":"1e57ec55-198c-4549-b338-6f71100c4d83","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Removal of unused synaptic connections is called [ ].","back":"Removal of unused synaptic connections is called synaptic pruning.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"synaptic pruning","correct":true,"explanation":"Synaptic pruning is the selective removal of unused or weak synaptic connections. It helps refine neural circuits by retaining frequently used pathways and removing connections that contribute less."},{"text":"synaptic potentiation","correct":false,"explanation":"Synaptic potentiation describes an increase in synaptic strength, not the removal of connections. Removal of unused synaptic connections is called synaptic pruning."},{"text":"neuronal regeneration","correct":false,"explanation":"Neuronal regeneration refers to the repair or regrowth of neurons, whereas unused synapses are removed during development by synaptic pruning."},{"text":"axonal degeneration","correct":false,"explanation":"Axonal degeneration is the breakdown of an axon and is not the specific developmental process removing unused synaptic connections. The correct term is synaptic pruning."}]},{"id":"a49568d9-55fa-4b03-92a9-3d71e18b28f6","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What can happen if normal visual stimulation is missing during the critical period?","back":"Normal visual development may be permanently affected.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Normal visual development may be permanently affected.","correct":true,"explanation":"The critical period is a limited time when normal visual stimulation is needed for appropriate neural development. Missing stimulation then can cause effects that are permanent."},{"text":"Normal visual development may be temporarily affected.","correct":false,"explanation":"The critical-period effect is not usually a short-lived delay that automatically resolves. Missing normal stimulation can cause visual development to be permanently affected."},{"text":"Normal visual development may be accelerated.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lack of normal stimulation does not speed up maturation of visual pathways. During the critical period, deprivation may leave normal visual development permanently affected."},{"text":"Normal visual development may be unaffected.","correct":false,"explanation":"The critical period exists because experience is important for establishing normal visual circuits. Without appropriate stimulation, normal visual development may be permanently affected."}]},{"id":"8076cf3b-9ba8-43e9-a6ee-d3e285f83f1e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A [ ] is the area of the visual field that affects one neurone's activity.","back":"A receptive field is the area of the visual field that affects one neurone's activity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"receptive field","correct":true,"explanation":"A receptive field is the region of the visual field within which a stimulus can alter the firing rate of a particular sensory neurone."},{"text":"visual field","correct":false,"explanation":"A visual field is the entire area visible at one time, not the region influencing one neurone. That neurone-specific region is its receptive field."},{"text":"cortical column","correct":false,"explanation":"A cortical column is a group of neurones organised within the cortex, whereas the area of visual space affecting one neurone is its receptive field."},{"text":"optic tract","correct":false,"explanation":"An optic tract is a bundle of axons carrying visual information, not an area of visual space. The relevant area is called a receptive field."}]},{"id":"4d71ae96-fc63-4dcf-8643-60d24c7f5a44","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What visual feature do many feature detector neurones respond best to?","back":"An edge or bar at a particular angle.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An edge or bar at a particular angle.","correct":true,"explanation":"Many visual cortex feature detector neurones fire most strongly when an edge or bar with a specific orientation appears within their receptive field."},{"text":"An evenly illuminated uniform patch.","correct":false,"explanation":"A uniform patch lacks the oriented boundary that stimulates these feature detectors most strongly. Many respond best to an edge or bar at a particular angle."},{"text":"A whole object with a familiar shape.","correct":false,"explanation":"Feature detectors do not generally encode a complete recognised object as a single stimulus. Many respond best to an edge or bar at a particular angle."},{"text":"A change in overall light intensity.","correct":false,"explanation":"Overall light intensity is detected earlier in the visual pathway, but many cortical feature detectors respond best to an edge or bar at a particular angle."}]},{"id":"a9ccc0a3-e88c-4fbc-88e8-f6e689dc4115","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why were visual deprivation studies done in animals rather than human babies?","back":"Deliberate deprivation of human babies would be unethical.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deliberate deprivation of human babies would be unethical.","correct":true,"explanation":"Purposely preventing normal visual development could cause lasting harm without benefiting the babies, so deliberate visual deprivation of human babies would be unethical."},{"text":"Human babies would be unable to respond.","correct":false,"explanation":"Human babies can provide behavioural evidence of vision, so inability to respond is not the main reason. Deliberate deprivation was avoided because it would be unethical."},{"text":"Human babies lack a visual critical period.","correct":false,"explanation":"The critical period also occurs in humans, so its absence does not explain animal use. Deliberately depriving human babies of vision would instead be unethical."},{"text":"Human vision cannot be studied experimentally.","correct":false,"explanation":"Human visual development can be studied, but researchers cannot deliberately disrupt it. Visual deprivation experiments used animals because imposing such harm on human babies would be unethical."}]},{"id":"ff7fed08-6913-4e1b-a7fa-e911f6dcbf7a","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"Why can a structurally normal eye have poor vision after early monocular deprivation?","back":"

Closed-eye pathways send little input.
Open-eye pathways outcompete and strengthen.
Fewer visual cortex neurones respond to the deprived eye.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Closed-eye pathways send little input.
Open-eye pathways outcompete and strengthen.
Fewer visual cortex neurones respond to the deprived eye.

","correct":true,"explanation":"During the critical period, reduced activity from the closed eye allows active open-eye pathways to dominate cortical development, leaving fewer neurones responsive to the deprived eye."},{"text":"

Closed-eye pathways send extra input.
Open-eye pathways weaken through competition.
More visual cortex neurones respond to the deprived eye.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Deprivation reduces rather than increases input from the closed eye. Open-eye pathways dominate competition, so fewer visual cortex neurones become responsive to the deprived eye."},{"text":"

Closed-eye tissues become permanently damaged.
Retinal receptors are destroyed.
Fewer optic nerve fibres leave the deprived eye.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The misconception is that the eye itself becomes structurally damaged. The lasting deficit instead results from weak closed-eye input and competitive reorganisation of visual cortex connections."},{"text":"

Closed-eye pathways retain normal input.
Open-eye pathways remain unchanged.
Equal visual cortex neurones respond to each eye.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The two eyes’ pathways do not remain equally represented during early deprivation. Active open-eye pathways outcompete inactive closed-eye pathways, reducing cortical responsiveness to the deprived eye."}]},{"id":"a1da108e-bd0f-4120-a752-4c680155d0cf","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is monocular deprivation after the critical period usually less severe?","back":"Main cortical connections are already established.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Main cortical connections are already established.","correct":true,"explanation":"After the critical period, the principal cortical pathways have already formed and stabilised, so temporary deprivation produces less extensive reorganisation than it would during early development."},{"text":"Main cortical connections are still developing.","correct":false,"explanation":"Connections are most plastic during, not after, the critical period. Later deprivation is less severe because the main cortical connections are already established."},{"text":"Main cortical connections have been eliminated.","correct":false,"explanation":"The connections do not disappear when the critical period ends. They are already established, making them less susceptible to competitive reorganisation following monocular deprivation."},{"text":"Main cortical connections become fully eye-independent.","correct":false,"explanation":"Later deprivation does not make cortical connections equally responsive to both eyes. Its effects are milder because the main connections have already been established."}]},{"id":"e3215ef6-601b-4573-ad61-3f8c332a70d7","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Kittens raised with only vertical or horizontal stripes later struggled with what?","back":"Orientations they had not experienced.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Orientations they had not experienced.","correct":true,"explanation":"Restricted exposure prevented normal development of detectors for other angles, so the kittens later had difficulty perceiving orientations absent from their early visual environment."},{"text":"Orientations they had experienced repeatedly.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neurones responding to the experienced orientation were reinforced, so kittens could detect that orientation relatively well. They struggled with orientations they had not experienced."},{"text":"Colours they had not experienced.","correct":false,"explanation":"The experiment manipulated line orientation rather than colour exposure. The kittens specifically struggled with orientations they had not experienced during early development."},{"text":"Objects they had not recognised.","correct":false,"explanation":"The restricted environment affected sensitivity to orientation, not recognition of familiar shapes. Kittens had difficulty with orientations missing from their early visual experience."}]},{"id":"0cbc3865-06e9-426a-9f34-6f3ce330504a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What did recordings show after kittens were raised in restricted stripe environments?","back":"Fewer visual cortex neurones responded to the missing orientation.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Fewer visual cortex neurones responded to the missing orientation.","correct":true,"explanation":"Restricted visual experience altered cortical development, leaving fewer neurones tuned to the orientation absent from the kittens’ environment during the critical period."},{"text":"Fewer visual cortex neurones responded to the experienced orientation.","correct":false,"explanation":"The experienced orientation retained strong cortical representation rather than reduced representation. Recordings found fewer visual cortex neurones responding to the missing orientation."},{"text":"Equal visual cortex neurones responded to each orientation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restricted experience did not preserve equal cortical representation of both orientations. Fewer neurones responded to the missing orientation because relevant connections had not developed normally."},{"text":"Fewer visual cortex neurones responded to the missing colour.","correct":false,"explanation":"The recordings concerned orientation selectivity rather than colour sensitivity. They showed that fewer visual cortex neurones responded to the orientation absent during development."}]},{"id":"24276b83-2a97-4b80-aeb4-475f20ea813f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the 3Rs, using non-animal methods where possible is [ ]; using the minimum number of animals is [ ].","back":"In the 3Rs, using non-animal methods where possible is Replacement; using the minimum number of animals is Reduction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the 3Rs, using non-animal methods where possible is Replacement; using the minimum number of animals is Reduction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Replacement means substituting non-animal methods for animal use wherever possible, while Reduction means designing studies to obtain valid results from the fewest animals necessary."},{"text":"In the 3Rs, using non-animal methods where possible is Reduction; using the minimum number of animals is Replacement.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two principles have been reversed. Avoiding animal use through alternative methods is Replacement, while minimising the number of animals used is Reduction."},{"text":"In the 3Rs, using non-animal methods where possible is Refinement; using the minimum number of animals is Reduction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Refinement concerns reducing suffering and improving animal welfare, not substituting non-animal methods. Non-animal alternatives are Replacement, while minimising animal numbers is Reduction."},{"text":"In the 3Rs, using non-animal methods where possible is Replacement; using the minimum number of animals is Refinement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Refinement minimises pain, distress and lasting harm rather than the number of animals. Using alternatives is Replacement, and using the minimum number is Reduction."}]},{"id":"81408d66-a991-43c3-937f-6d3bf1d742f4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which 3R means reducing pain, stress and long-term harm?","back":"Refinement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Refinement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Refinement involves modifying procedures, housing or care to minimise animals’ pain, stress and lasting harm while still obtaining valid scientific results."},{"text":"Replacement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacement means using non-animal alternatives or less sentient organisms. The 3R concerned with minimising pain, stress and long-term harm is refinement."},{"text":"Reduction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduction means obtaining reliable evidence from fewer animals. Refinement is the principle that improves procedures and care to reduce pain, stress and lasting harm."},{"text":"Repetition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repetition is not one of the 3Rs and may increase the number of animals used. Refinement specifically aims to reduce pain, stress and long-term harm."}]},{"id":"75e965ea-190c-4b79-88b4-33a1ac25401e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Habituation is [ ] learning where response falls after repeated exposure to a [ ].","back":"Habituation is non-associative learning where response falls after repeated exposure to a harmless stimulus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Habituation is non-associative learning where response falls after repeated exposure to a harmless stimulus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Habituation is non-associative because it does not link two stimuli or a behaviour with a consequence. Repeated exposure to an inconsequential, harmless stimulus progressively reduces the response."},{"text":"Habituation is associative learning where response falls after repeated exposure to a harmless stimulus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Associative learning forms a link between events, whereas habituation involves no such association. The response declines through repeated exposure to a harmless stimulus."},{"text":"Habituation is non-associative learning where response falls after repeated exposure to a harmful stimulus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Habituation is non-associative, but repeated harmful stimulation could cause injury, fatigue or sensitisation. A declining habituated response follows repeated exposure to a harmless stimulus."},{"text":"Habituation is associative learning where response falls after repeated exposure to a rewarding stimulus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Habituation is neither associative nor produced by repeated rewarding stimuli. It is non-associative learning in which responses decline after repeated exposure to a harmless stimulus."}]},{"id":"3c099ec8-2d96-46f7-b44b-55ca86dfe477","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"At the synapse, what change may make a habituated motor response smaller?","back":"Reduced neurotransmitter release in the response pathway.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reduced neurotransmitter release in the response pathway.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeated harmless stimulation can reduce neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neurone. Less transmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors, producing weaker excitation and a smaller motor response."},{"text":"Increased neurotransmitter release in the response pathway.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing neurotransmitter release would generally strengthen postsynaptic excitation and the motor response. Habituation may instead involve reduced neurotransmitter release within the response pathway."},{"text":"Reduced neurotransmitter breakdown in the response pathway.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reducing neurotransmitter breakdown leaves transmitter in the synaptic cleft longer, which tends to prolong or strengthen signalling. Reduced neurotransmitter release explains the smaller habituated response."},{"text":"Increased receptor sensitivity in the response pathway.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater receptor sensitivity would make postsynaptic cells respond more strongly to neurotransmitter, not less strongly. A habituated pathway may show reduced neurotransmitter release."}]},{"id":"7d801f53-09d7-43ec-b94b-d93e2a555534","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Dishabituation is the [ ] after a new stimulus or after a [ ].","back":"Dishabituation is the return of a response after a new stimulus or after a rest period.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Dishabituation is the return of a response after a new stimulus or after a rest period.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dishabituation occurs when a habituated response reappears following a novel stimulus. Recovery after a rest period also shows that the earlier decline was not permanent."},{"text":"Dishabituation is the further decline of a response after a new stimulus or after a rest period.","correct":false,"explanation":"A further decline describes continued habituation rather than dishabituation. Dishabituation is the return of a response after a new stimulus or a rest period."},{"text":"Dishabituation is the return of a response after a new stimulus or after a repeated stimulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Repeated stimulation normally promotes habituation rather than recovery. Dishabituation is the return of a response following a new stimulus or after a rest period."},{"text":"Dishabituation is the permanent loss of a response after a new stimulus or after a repeated stimulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Permanent loss cannot describe dishabituation, which is recovery of a previously reduced response. That response can return after a novel stimulus or a rest period."}]},{"id":"91d9f872-85cf-4a82-9271-de1b4f166734","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What evidence best shows a falling response is habituation, not muscle fatigue?","back":"The animal responds again to a different stimulus.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The animal responds again to a different stimulus.","correct":true,"explanation":"Responding to a different stimulus demonstrates that the muscles and motor pathway can still function. The reduced response to the repeated stimulus is therefore habituation rather than fatigue."},{"text":"The animal responds weakly to the repeated stimulus.","correct":false,"explanation":"A continued weak response to the repeated stimulus is compatible with both habituation and muscle fatigue, so it cannot distinguish them. Recovery to a different stimulus provides the required evidence."},{"text":"The animal stops responding to every stimulus.","correct":false,"explanation":"Complete non-response could result from either strong habituation or exhausted muscles. Responding again to a different stimulus shows that the response machinery remains functional."},{"text":"The animal responds more slowly to each stimulus.","correct":false,"explanation":"A progressively slower response records the decline but does not rule out muscle fatigue. A renewed response to a different stimulus shows the muscles can still respond."}]},{"id":"2349ca2f-c7b5-43db-ae57-d706f133bcc5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a snail habituation investigation, what is the independent variable?","back":"The trial number or number of repeated stimulations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The trial number or number of repeated stimulations.","correct":true,"explanation":"The investigator systematically changes the number of times the snail is stimulated, represented by trial number. Its effect on the withdrawal response is then measured."},{"text":"The withdrawal duration or time spent withdrawn.","correct":false,"explanation":"Withdrawal duration is the measured outcome, so it is the dependent variable rather than the independent variable. Trial number is the factor deliberately varied."},{"text":"The stimulus intensity or strength of each stimulation.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stimulus intensity should normally be standardised so that changes in response are attributable to repetition. The independent variable is trial number or number of stimulations."},{"text":"The time interval or gap between repeated stimulations.","correct":false,"explanation":"The interval is normally controlled to ensure fair comparison between trials. Trial number, or the number of repeated stimulations, is the independent variable."}]},{"id":"68ea2ff4-e047-49b9-97e4-e07ce2060fd8","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a snail habituation investigation, what is the dependent variable?","back":"Withdrawal duration, measured in seconds.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Withdrawal duration, measured in seconds.","correct":true,"explanation":"Withdrawal duration changes in response to repeated stimulation, making it the dependent variable. Measuring it in seconds provides quantitative data for comparing trials."},{"text":"Trial number, measured as repeated stimulations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Trial number is deliberately varied and is therefore the independent variable. The dependent variable is withdrawal duration, recorded in seconds after each stimulation."},{"text":"Stimulus intensity, measured in arbitrary units.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stimulus intensity should be controlled rather than measured as the outcome. The dependent variable is the duration of the snail’s withdrawal, measured in seconds."},{"text":"Stimulation interval, measured in seconds.","correct":false,"explanation":"The interval between stimuli is usually kept constant to make trials comparable. Withdrawal duration in seconds is the response measured as the dependent variable."}]},{"id":"47062b35-da0b-4339-ae21-475768a38a2b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A snail's withdrawal falls from 12.0 s to 1.2 s. What is the percentage reduction?","back":"90.0%.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"90.0%.","correct":true,"explanation":"The decrease is $12.0-1.2=10.8$ s. Dividing by the original value gives $10.8/12.0=0.900$, so the percentage reduction is 90.0%."},{"text":"10.0%.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing the final value by the initial value gives $1.2/12.0=10.0\\%$, which is the percentage remaining. The reduction is $100.0\\%-10.0\\%=90.0\\%$."},{"text":"900.0%.","correct":false,"explanation":"Using the final value as the denominator gives $10.8/1.2=9$, but percentage reduction must use the original value. The correct calculation gives 90.0%."},{"text":"10.8%.","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting the final value from the original gives a decrease of 10.8 s, not a percentage. Dividing this decrease by 12.0 s gives 90.0%."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Visual development, animal studies and habituation","title":"Visual development, animal studies and habituation Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/edexcel/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"8ebc6f49-c21d-5b39-a42b-820486627942","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]