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upwards from the roots through specialised vessels, mainly supporting the plant’s transpiration stream."},{"text":"Phloem.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is tempting because phloem is another vascular tissue, but it transports organic assimilates such as sucrose. The correct tissue carries water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots."},{"text":"Sclerenchyma fibres.","correct":false,"explanation":"These cells mainly provide mechanical support because of their thick lignified walls. The correct vascular tissue transports water and dissolved mineral ions from roots."},{"text":"Companion cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Companion cells support sieve tube elements during organic-solute transport in phloem. The correct tissue for transporting water and dissolved mineral ions is the water-conducting vascular tissue."}]},{"id":"4e67fad8-a216-4e10-9a76-262dd475f312","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which vascular tissue transports organic solutes such as sucrose and amino acids?","back":"Phloem.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Phloem.","correct":true,"explanation":"This vascular tissue transports dissolved organic substances, including sucrose and amino acids, between sources and sinks through sieve tube elements."},{"text":"Xylem.","correct":false,"explanation":"This tissue transports water and mineral ions, not organic solutes such as sucrose. The correct vascular tissue carries dissolved organic substances around the plant."},{"text":"Sclerenchyma fibres.","correct":false,"explanation":"These fibres strengthen plant organs and do not form the conducting pathway for sugars and amino acids. The correct tissue transports dissolved organic solutes."},{"text":"Epidermis.","correct":false,"explanation":"The epidermis forms a protective outer layer and may reduce water loss, but it does not transport sucrose and amino acids. The correct tissue is the organic-solute transport tissue."}]},{"id":"88f40276-cb4d-4c81-8a11-8e6d09fdd4ee","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which tissue provides mechanical support near vascular bundles but is not mainly for transport?","back":"Sclerenchyma fibres.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sclerenchyma fibres.","correct":true,"explanation":"These fibres have thick, lignified walls and strengthen regions around vascular bundles, but their main function is support rather than transporting water or assimilates."},{"text":"Collenchyma.","correct":false,"explanation":"Collenchyma supports young, flexible parts of plants, often beneath the epidermis, but it is not the specialised support tissue associated with vascular bundles here. The correct tissue is sclerenchyma fibres."},{"text":"Phloem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phloem is located within vascular bundles but transports organic solutes through sieve tubes. The tissue providing additional mechanical support rather than transport is sclerenchyma fibres."},{"text":"Epidermis.","correct":false,"explanation":"The epidermis protects the plant surface and helps control exchange, rather than reinforcing vascular bundles internally. The correct supporting tissue is formed by sclerenchyma fibres."}]},{"id":"e6651282-ed9e-4c61-8a59-81702715e58d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In young dicot stem vascular bundles, [ ] is nearer the outside and [ ] is nearer the inside.","back":"In young dicot stem vascular bundles, phloem is nearer the outside and xylem is nearer the inside.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In young dicot stem vascular bundles, phloem is nearer the outside and xylem is nearer the inside.","correct":true,"explanation":"In a young dicot stem, each vascular bundle has phloem towards the outer surface and xylem towards the centre, reflecting their characteristic arrangement."},{"text":"In young dicot stem vascular bundles, xylem is nearer the outside and phloem is nearer the inside.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two tissues have been reversed. In young dicot stem bundles, phloem lies towards the outside while xylem lies towards the inside."},{"text":"In young dicot stem vascular bundles, cambium is nearer the outside and xylem is nearer the inside.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although xylem is nearer the inside, cambium is not the outer conducting tissue. Phloem lies nearer the outside, with cambium between phloem and xylem."},{"text":"In young dicot stem vascular bundles, phloem is nearer the outside and cambium is nearer the inside.","correct":false,"explanation":"The outer position is correctly identified, but cambium is not the innermost tissue. Xylem lies nearer the inside of a young dicot stem vascular bundle."}]},{"id":"54aa5e48-8d70-458f-8958-47ce10141881","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do broken-down xylem end walls improve water transport?","back":"They form continuous hollow tubes, reducing resistance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They form continuous hollow tubes, reducing resistance.","correct":true,"explanation":"The absence of end walls creates an uninterrupted pathway, so water can flow through the vessel with less resistance than if it had to cross separate cell boundaries."},{"text":"They form separate sealed chambers, reducing resistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sealed chambers would interrupt water flow and increase resistance. Broken-down end walls instead create continuous hollow tubes, allowing water to pass through the vessel without crossing end walls."},{"text":"They form continuous hollow tubes, increasing resistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Continuous tubes reduce resistance rather than increase it, because water encounters fewer barriers. Broken-down end walls create this uninterrupted pathway through the xylem vessel."},{"text":"They form narrower hollow tubes, reducing resistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Narrower tubes would generally increase resistance to flow. Broken-down end walls improve transport by forming continuous hollow tubes, providing an uninterrupted route for water."}]},{"id":"e8f04e9a-1719-4ce9-b548-9ba8cfa601a3","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does lignin help xylem vessels during transpiration?","back":"Lignin strengthens vessels so they resist collapse.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Lignin strengthens vessels so they resist collapse.","correct":true,"explanation":"Transpiration lowers the pressure inside xylem vessels, creating tension. Lignin reinforces their walls so the vessels withstand this tension instead of collapsing."},{"text":"Lignin makes vessels more flexible so they expand.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lignin makes vessel walls rigid rather than flexible. This rigidity prevents collapse under the tension produced during transpiration, which is why lignification supports water transport."},{"text":"Cellulose strengthens vessels so they resist collapse.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose contributes to cell-wall strength, but lignin is the key material that reinforces xylem vessels against collapse under transpiration-induced tension."},{"text":"Lignin increases water loss so the transpiration rate rises.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lignin does not improve transport by increasing water loss. It strengthens the vessel walls, preventing collapse when negative pressure develops during transpiration."}]},{"id":"e4e52612-5df0-46c5-9b25-f3adf845bcef","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Xylem [ ] are thin wall regions where [ ], allowing sideways water movement.","back":"Xylem pits are thin wall regions where lignin is absent, allowing sideways water movement.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Xylem pits are thin wall regions where lignin is absent, allowing sideways water movement.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pits are areas of the xylem wall without lignin thickening. Water can move laterally through these thinner regions into neighbouring vessels or surrounding tissues."},{"text":"Xylem vessels are thin wall regions where lignin is absent, allowing sideways water movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Vessels are the conducting tubes, not thin regions of their walls. Pits are the lignin-free wall areas that permit sideways movement of water between adjacent structures."},{"text":"Xylem pits are thin wall regions where lignin is present, allowing sideways water movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"The key feature of pits is that lignin is absent from these regions, making the walls thinner and permeable. Lignin presence would not explain their sideways transport function."},{"text":"Xylem stomata are thin wall regions where lignin is absent, allowing sideways water movement.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stomata are pores in the epidermis that regulate gas exchange and transpiration, not regions of xylem walls. The correct structures are pits, where lignin is absent."}]},{"id":"59261eb4-6268-4bf0-a234-fc50d262f695","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Transport of dissolved organic substances in phloem is [ ]; the substances moved are [ ].","back":"Transport of dissolved organic substances in phloem is translocation; the substances moved are assimilates.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Transport of dissolved organic substances in phloem is translocation; the substances moved are assimilates.","correct":true,"explanation":"Translocation is the movement of dissolved organic products through phloem, and assimilates are the organic substances produced or derived from photosynthesis that are transported."},{"text":"Transport of dissolved organic substances in phloem is transpiration; the substances moved are mineral ions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Transpiration is water loss from leaves, while mineral ions are mainly transported in xylem. Phloem movement of dissolved organic products is called translocation, and the products are assimilates."},{"text":"Transport of dissolved organic substances in phloem is mass flow; the substances moved are enzymes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mass flow describes a mechanism involved in phloem transport, but the named process is translocation. The transported organic products are assimilates, not enzymes generally."},{"text":"Transport of dissolved organic substances in phloem is diffusion; the substances moved are inorganic ions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Diffusion alone does not describe long-distance phloem transport, and inorganic ions are not the main substances being transported here. The correct terms are translocation and assimilates."}]},{"id":"88818121-1dc0-461b-ac91-b0f92f1cbe82","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do sieve tube elements have little cytoplasm and no nucleus?","back":"It leaves more space for phloem sap.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It leaves more space for phloem sap.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reducing the cytoplasm and losing the nucleus creates a wide lumen, allowing phloem sap containing assimilates such as sucrose to flow through the sieve tube."},{"text":"It leaves more space for water storage.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses phloem with water-storage tissue. The reduced cell contents create more space for phloem sap to flow through the sieve tube, rather than storing water."},{"text":"It allows faster ATP production.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sieve tube elements lack the organelles needed for substantial ATP production and rely on companion cells. Their reduced contents instead leave more space for phloem sap."},{"text":"It provides greater mechanical support.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mechanical support is mainly provided by tissues such as sclerenchyma and xylem. Having little cytoplasm and no nucleus gives phloem sap more space to flow."}]},{"id":"b8f748bd-6ce2-46d5-86f6-356b36dd530e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do companion cells contain many mitochondria?","back":"They provide ATP for active sucrose loading.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They provide ATP for active sucrose loading.","correct":true,"explanation":"Loading sucrose into the phloem involves active transport and co-transport processes that require ATP, so companion cells contain many mitochondria to meet this energy demand."},{"text":"They provide ATP for passive sucrose diffusion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Passive diffusion does not require ATP. The mitochondria generate ATP for the active processes involved in loading sucrose into sieve tube elements."},{"text":"They provide enzymes for cellulose synthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cellulose synthesis occurs at the plasma membrane and does not explain the unusually high mitochondrial density. The mitochondria supply ATP for active sucrose loading."},{"text":"They provide oxygen for sucrose respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mitochondria use oxygen during aerobic respiration rather than producing it. Their important contribution is generating ATP for the active loading of sucrose into the phloem."}]},{"id":"7e51b401-996e-45cd-9022-f9d8f6228b7e","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What determines the direction of phloem transport in different sieve tubes?","back":"The source and sink positions.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The source and sink positions.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phloem sap moves from a source, where assimilates are loaded, towards a sink, where they are removed. Different source-sink relationships can therefore produce different transport directions."},{"text":"The root and shoot positions.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes phloem always transports substances in one fixed direction between roots and shoots. Direction actually depends on which tissues are acting as sources and sinks."},{"text":"The xylem and cambium positions.","correct":false,"explanation":"The arrangement of neighbouring vascular tissues does not set the direction of translocation. Phloem transport follows the pressure gradient established between source and sink tissues."},{"text":"The gravity and light directions.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phloem translocation is not directly oriented by gravity or light. Its direction is determined by the positions of sources that supply assimilates and sinks that receive them."}]},{"id":"8a0ab712-80f5-4ae4-8fa0-fad41a6a04ab","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In a young dicot stem, large hollow thick-stained cells on the inner side of a bundle are what?","back":"Xylem vessels.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Xylem vessels.","correct":true,"explanation":"Xylem vessels lie towards the inner side of a vascular bundle and have large hollow lumens with thick, lignified walls that stain strongly."},{"text":"Phloem sieve tubes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phloem occurs towards the outside of a vascular bundle and its sieve tubes have thinner, non-lignified walls. Large thick-walled inner cells are xylem vessels."},{"text":"Sclerenchyma fibres.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sclerenchyma fibres are usually narrow cells forming supportive caps or bundles, not large hollow conducting cells. The described inner structures are xylem vessels."},{"text":"Vascular cambium cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cambium consists of small, thin-walled dividing cells located between xylem and phloem. Large hollow cells with thick stained walls on the inner side are xylem vessels."}]},{"id":"9a47634a-9163-44a8-a8fd-52065586824f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"For microscopes, magnification = [ ] ÷ [ ].","back":"For microscopes, magnification = image size ÷ actual size.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"For microscopes, magnification = image size ÷ actual size.","correct":true,"explanation":"Magnification compares the size of the displayed image with the specimen’s real size, so image size is divided by actual size using matching units."},{"text":"For microscopes, magnification = actual size ÷ image size.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the division produces the reciprocal of magnification, usually a value below one. Magnification is image size divided by actual size."},{"text":"For microscopes, magnification = image size ÷ magnification.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing image size by magnification is the rearranged formula for actual size. To calculate magnification, divide image size by actual size."},{"text":"For microscopes, magnification = actual size ÷ magnification.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly uses magnification on both sides and does not compare image and specimen dimensions. Magnification is calculated as image size divided by actual size."}]},{"id":"d6447550-1a21-4b66-b2a7-3e7d4c5bd356","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Cellulose is a polysaccharide made from [ ]; long cellulose chains form [ ].","back":"Cellulose is a polysaccharide made from β-glucose; long cellulose chains form microfibrils.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Cellulose is a polysaccharide made from β-glucose; long cellulose chains form microfibrils.","correct":true,"explanation":"Cellulose consists of β-glucose monomers joined into straight, unbranched chains. Hydrogen bonds hold many parallel chains together to form strong microfibrils."},{"text":"Cellulose is a polysaccharide made from α-glucose; long cellulose chains form microfibrils.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses cellulose with storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, which contain α-glucose. Cellulose contains β-glucose, and its chains associate into microfibrils."},{"text":"Cellulose is a polysaccharide made from β-glucose; long cellulose chains form starch granules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Starch granules contain amylose and amylopectin made from α-glucose. β-glucose chains in cellulose align and hydrogen-bond together to form microfibrils."},{"text":"Cellulose is a polysaccharide made from α-glucose; long cellulose chains form glycogen granules.","correct":false,"explanation":"This substitutes the monomer and structure of storage carbohydrates. Cellulose is made from β-glucose, and its long chains group into microfibrils rather than glycogen granules."}]},{"id":"82ab00d9-af1f-42f5-92a6-0e644250b231","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are sclerenchyma fibres especially useful as plant fibres?","back":"Long lignified cells make them strong and flexible.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Long lignified cells make them strong and flexible.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sclerenchyma fibres are elongated, and lignin strengthens their cell walls. Their length allows fibres to bend to an extent while resisting pulling forces."},{"text":"Short unlignified cells make them strong and flexible.","correct":false,"explanation":"Short cells would not form effective continuous fibres, while unlignified walls would provide less tensile strength. Sclerenchyma fibres are useful because they are long and lignified."},{"text":"Thin-walled living cells make them strong and flexible.","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes soft packing or meristematic tissue rather than mature sclerenchyma, whose cells are dead with thick lignified walls. Their length and lignification provide useful strength."},{"text":"Hollow water-filled cells make them strong and flexible.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses sclerenchyma fibres with water-conducting xylem vessels. Their useful mechanical properties arise from being long cells with strongly lignified walls."}]},{"id":"ed9d8981-c79f-4824-bdb0-4a328360f6ee","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How is tensile strength calculated for a plant fibre?","back":"Breaking force ÷ cross-sectional area.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Breaking force ÷ cross-sectional area.","correct":true,"explanation":"Tensile strength is the maximum stress a fibre withstands before breaking, calculated by dividing its breaking force by its cross-sectional area."},{"text":"Breaking force × cross-sectional area.","correct":false,"explanation":"Multiplying by area makes thicker fibres appear disproportionately stronger and gives the wrong units. Tensile strength is breaking force divided by cross-sectional area."},{"text":"Cross-sectional area ÷ breaking force.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the required division and calculates the reciprocal of tensile strength. Breaking force must be divided by cross-sectional area to obtain tensile strength."},{"text":"Breaking force ÷ fibre length.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dividing by length does not account for differences in fibre thickness and does not calculate stress. Tensile strength uses breaking force divided by cross-sectional area."}]},{"id":"76976e9d-884c-4c54-9119-d77dd6f8c34e","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Plant [ ] and [ ] can be used to make biodegradable packaging, films and bioplastics.","back":"Plant starch and cellulose can be used to make biodegradable packaging, films and bioplastics.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Plant starch and cellulose can be used to make biodegradable packaging, films and bioplastics.","correct":true,"explanation":"Starch and cellulose are plant polysaccharides that can be processed into biodegradable materials, including packaging, films and some bioplastics."},{"text":"Plant lignin and protein can be used to make biodegradable packaging, films and bioplastics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lignin and proteins can have specialist material uses, but the expected plant polymers here are starch and cellulose, which are commonly processed into biodegradable packaging and films."},{"text":"Plant chitin and glycogen can be used to make biodegradable packaging, films and bioplastics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chitin is mainly associated with fungi and arthropods, while glycogen is an animal and fungal storage polysaccharide. The relevant plant materials are starch and cellulose."},{"text":"Plant pectin and mRNA can be used to make biodegradable packaging, films and bioplastics.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pectin may contribute to some plant-based materials, but mRNA is not a structural packaging polymer. The established answer is starch and cellulose because both form useful biodegradable polymers."}]},{"id":"e529a132-01f5-4905-a3a0-8bea16d204c7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Plant-based materials can improve sustainability because plants can be [ ] and photosynthesis removes [ ].","back":"Plant-based materials can improve sustainability because plants can be regrown and photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Plant-based materials can improve sustainability because plants can be regrown and photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide.","correct":true,"explanation":"Plants can be regrown after harvesting, making their biomass potentially renewable, while photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during carbon fixation."},{"text":"Plant-based materials can improve sustainability because plants can be harvested once and photosynthesis removes oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Harvesting only once is not renewable, and photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide rather than oxygen. Regrowth and carbon dioxide removal provide the sustainability rationale."},{"text":"Plant-based materials can improve sustainability because plants can be manufactured and photosynthesis removes water vapour.","correct":false,"explanation":"Plants are grown rather than manufactured, and photosynthesis uses water but does not remove atmospheric water vapour as its key environmental benefit. The correct terms are regrown and carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Plant-based materials can improve sustainability because plants can be recycled and photosynthesis removes nitrogen gas.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biomass may be recycled after use, but plants themselves are primarily renewable because they can be regrown. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide, not nitrogen gas."}]},{"id":"8b2efda3-76fa-4f90-8090-332b71859e70","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can a plant-based material still be unsustainable?","back":"Crop growth can have high land, water, fertiliser, pesticide or energy demands.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Crop growth can have high land, water, fertiliser, pesticide or energy demands.","correct":true,"explanation":"Growing crops for materials can require substantial land, water, fertilisers, pesticides and energy, so a plant-based product is not automatically sustainable."},{"text":"Crop growth can have low land, water, fertiliser, pesticide or energy demands.","correct":false,"explanation":"Large resource demands are the concern, not low demands. Crop production can use considerable land, water, fertiliser, pesticides and energy, making some plant-based materials unsustainable."},{"text":"Crop growth can have high oxygen, salt, antibiotic or radiation demands.","correct":false,"explanation":"The relevant environmental costs involve land, water, fertilisers, pesticides and energy. Oxygen, salt, antibiotics and radiation are not the standard resource demands used to explain this issue."},{"text":"Crop growth can have high genetic, respiratory, muscular or digestive demands.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are biological processes or traits rather than the main resource costs of crop production. Unsustainability is linked to high demands for land, water, fertilisers, pesticides or energy."}]},{"id":"6e2e8904-1dad-49dc-905c-a53b8f8640a7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why may biodegradable plastic not break down quickly in landfill or the sea?","back":"It may need specific conditions, such as industrial composting.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It may need specific conditions, such as industrial composting.","correct":true,"explanation":"Some biodegradable plastics require controlled temperature, moisture and microbial conditions, such as those in industrial composting, which may not exist in landfill or marine environments."},{"text":"It may need constant sunlight, such as exposure on open farmland.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sunlight is not the defining requirement for breaking down these plastics. The important issue is that some need specific controlled conditions, such as industrial composting."},{"text":"It may need salt-free water, such as water from a freshwater lake.","correct":false,"explanation":"Salt-free water is not the general requirement that prevents degradation in the sea. Some biodegradable plastics instead need specific conditions, including those provided by industrial composting."},{"text":"It may need high oxygen levels, such as those in a sealed landfill.","correct":false,"explanation":"A sealed landfill generally does not provide the controlled conditions needed for rapid breakdown, but high oxygen alone is not the key explanation. Specific conditions such as industrial composting are required."}]},{"id":"226b9db1-560c-43ad-af28-61ce1cc67016","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In situ conservation protects species [ ]; ex situ conservation protects species [ ].","back":"In situ conservation protects species in their natural habitats; ex situ conservation protects species outside their natural habitats.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In situ conservation protects species in their natural habitats; ex situ conservation protects species outside their natural habitats.","correct":true,"explanation":"In situ conservation keeps organisms within their natural ecosystems, whereas ex situ conservation removes them to managed locations such as zoos, botanic gardens or seed banks."},{"text":"In situ conservation protects species outside their natural habitats; ex situ conservation protects species in their natural habitats.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two definitions have been reversed. In situ means conserving species in their natural habitats, while ex situ means conserving them outside those habitats under human management."},{"text":"In situ conservation protects species in artificial habitats; ex situ conservation protects species in damaged habitats.","correct":false,"explanation":"The distinction is not whether habitats are artificial or damaged. In situ conservation occurs in natural habitats, whereas ex situ conservation occurs outside natural habitats."},{"text":"In situ conservation protects species as preserved specimens; ex situ conservation protects species as fossil records.","correct":false,"explanation":"Preserved specimens and fossils do not represent the two conservation categories. In situ protects living species in natural habitats; ex situ protects them outside those habitats."}]},{"id":"ee50625b-8fe8-4204-be46-224585feb975","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are wild relatives of crop plants valuable for conservation?","back":"They may carry useful alleles for traits like disease resistance.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They may carry useful alleles for traits like disease resistance.","correct":true,"explanation":"Wild relatives may contain alleles lost from domesticated crops, including variants that improve disease resistance, drought tolerance or other useful agricultural traits."},{"text":"They may carry harmful alleles for traits like disease resistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Wild relatives can contain harmful variants, but their conservation value here is that they may preserve useful alleles, such as those conferring disease resistance."},{"text":"They may carry identical alleles for traits like disease resistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Their value comes from genetic variation that cultivated crops may lack, not from being genetically identical. Useful alleles can provide traits such as disease resistance."},{"text":"They may carry acquired traits for traits like disease resistance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acquired traits are not inherited alleles and cannot be reliably transferred through breeding. Wild relatives are valuable because they may carry heritable useful alleles."}]},{"id":"692b4f4d-4a18-4f7d-abb4-f1d52230a7ae","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are seeds stored dry and cold in seed banks?","back":"This slows metabolism, preserving genetic material.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"This slows metabolism, preserving genetic material.","correct":true,"explanation":"Low temperature and low water availability reduce enzyme activity and metabolic reactions, helping seeds remain viable and preserving their genetic material for future use."},{"text":"This speeds metabolism, preserving genetic material.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cold and dry conditions reduce metabolic activity rather than increasing it. This slowing limits deterioration and helps preserve genetic material during storage."},{"text":"This increases mutation rate, preserving genetic material.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seed-bank conditions are designed to minimise deterioration, not increase mutation. Dryness and low temperature slow metabolism, helping preserve genetic material and viability."},{"text":"This prevents respiration, preserving genetic material.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration is greatly reduced but not necessarily completely prevented in viable seeds. The precise explanation is that dry, cold storage slows metabolism and limits damage."}]},{"id":"c4ce63f9-f690-48ce-9810-2548abda5d3c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why do some plant species need alternatives to seed banks?","back":"Their seeds cannot survive drying or freezing.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their seeds cannot survive drying or freezing.","correct":true,"explanation":"Some recalcitrant seeds are damaged by losing water or being frozen, so conventional dry, cold seed-bank storage is unsuitable and alternative conservation methods are needed."},{"text":"Their seeds cannot survive germination or pollination.","correct":false,"explanation":"Germination and pollination are biological stages, not the storage stresses that make conventional seed banks unsuitable. The problem is inability to survive drying or freezing."},{"text":"Their seeds cannot survive high light or shade.","correct":false,"explanation":"Light conditions are not the defining limitation for conventional seed-bank storage. These species need alternatives because their seeds cannot tolerate drying or freezing."},{"text":"Their seeds cannot survive cutting or grafting.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cutting and grafting are vegetative propagation methods rather than the stresses involved in seed storage. The relevant issue is that the seeds cannot survive drying or freezing."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Plant transport tissues, sustainability and conservation","title":"Plant transport tissues, sustainability and conservation Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/edexcel/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"946351de-5027-5ce2-9d23-1af750abb722","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]