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incorporating its carbon into organic molecules, such as glucose, which become part of producer biomass."},{"text":"Respiration.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration breaks down organic molecules and usually releases carbon dioxide rather than fixing it. Photosynthesis converts atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic compounds in producer biomass."},{"text":"Combustion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Combustion oxidises carbon compounds and releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Photosynthesis is the process that fixes atmospheric carbon dioxide into producer biomass."},{"text":"Decomposition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decomposition transfers carbon from dead material and often releases carbon dioxide through decomposer respiration. Photosynthesis fixes atmospheric carbon dioxide into producer biomass."}]},{"id":"d3878d57-7377-4015-b406-b6e7593ae7bc","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Carbon moves through food chains by [ ] and returns to the atmosphere when organisms [ ].","back":"Carbon moves through food chains by feeding and returns to the atmosphere when organisms respire.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Carbon moves through food chains by feeding and returns to the atmosphere when organisms respire.","correct":true,"explanation":"Feeding transfers carbon-containing organic compounds between trophic levels. Respiration breaks down respiratory substrates, releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere."},{"text":"Carbon moves through food chains by photosynthesis and returns to the atmosphere when organisms respire.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis introduces atmospheric carbon into producers rather than transferring it through food chains. Feeding transfers carbon between organisms, while respiration returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere."},{"text":"Carbon moves through food chains by feeding and returns to the atmosphere when organisms photosynthesise.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere rather than returning it. Carbon passes along food chains through feeding and returns through respiration."},{"text":"Carbon moves through food chains by excretion and returns to the atmosphere when organisms feed.","correct":false,"explanation":"Excretion transfers some carbon to detritus, while feeding transfers carbon between trophic levels. Organisms return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere when they respire."}]},{"id":"35fd4f49-8da9-451d-83eb-5f85fb724961","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"In the carbon cycle, what is recycled and what is not?","back":"

Carbon atoms are recycled.
Energy flows through and is lost as heat.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Carbon atoms are recycled.
Energy flows through and is lost as heat.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Carbon atoms repeatedly move between organisms and environmental stores. Energy passes through trophic levels but cannot be recycled because much of it dissipates as heat."},{"text":"

Energy is recycled.
Carbon atoms flow through and are lost as heat.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the roles of matter and energy. Carbon atoms are recycled between biotic and abiotic components, whereas energy flows through ecosystems and dissipates as heat."},{"text":"

Carbon atoms are recycled.
Energy is stored permanently in decomposers.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon atoms are recycled, but decomposers do not store energy permanently. Energy is transferred through feeding and ultimately lost from the ecosystem as heat."},{"text":"

Carbon atoms are destroyed.
Energy cycles repeatedly between trophic levels.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon atoms are conserved and recycled rather than destroyed. Energy does not cycle repeatedly; it flows through trophic levels and is progressively lost as heat."}]},{"id":"c0b1c33f-a5e2-4726-a072-40418e60f4ad","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A carbon [ ] removes more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases; a carbon [ ] releases more than it removes.","back":"A carbon sink removes more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases; a carbon source releases more than it removes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A carbon sink removes more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases; a carbon source releases more than it removes.","correct":true,"explanation":"A carbon sink has a net uptake of atmospheric carbon, whereas a carbon source has a net release of carbon to the atmosphere."},{"text":"A carbon source removes more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases; a carbon sink releases more than it removes.","correct":false,"explanation":"The terms have been reversed. A sink removes more carbon than it releases, while a source releases more carbon than it removes."},{"text":"A carbon store removes more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases; a carbon source releases more than it removes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A carbon store contains carbon but does not necessarily have a net uptake. A sink specifically removes more atmospheric carbon than it releases."},{"text":"A carbon sink removes more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases; a carbon store releases more than it removes.","correct":false,"explanation":"A store may hold carbon without being a net emitter. A source is specifically a system that releases more carbon than it removes."}]},{"id":"51932601-c10c-4156-96e3-e916ecf28fee","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does burning fossil fuels increase atmospheric carbon dioxide?","back":"Combustion releases carbon locked away for millions of years as carbon dioxide.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Combustion releases carbon locked away for millions of years as carbon dioxide.","correct":true,"explanation":"Burning fossil fuels oxidises their carbon during combustion, releasing carbon dioxide that had been stored underground for millions of years."},{"text":"Respiration releases carbon locked away for millions of years as carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration releases carbon from organic respiratory substrates in living cells, not directly from fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels releases their ancient stored carbon by combustion."},{"text":"Photosynthesis releases carbon locked away for millions of years as carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and fixes it into organic molecules. Combustion releases the carbon stored in fossil fuels as carbon dioxide."},{"text":"Decomposition releases carbon locked away for millions of years as carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decomposition releases carbon from dead organic matter, but fossil fuels are oxidised when burned. Combustion releases their long-stored carbon as carbon dioxide."}]},{"id":"fb02448e-cc08-4740-8c7d-ee1a7e6f9f3d","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can deforestation increase atmospheric carbon dioxide?","back":"

It reduces photosynthesis.
Burned or decomposing biomass releases carbon.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

It reduces photosynthesis.
Burned or decomposing biomass releases carbon.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Removing trees reduces carbon dioxide uptake by photosynthesis. Burning or microbial decomposition of the removed biomass also releases its stored carbon into the atmosphere."},{"text":"

It increases photosynthesis.
Growing replacement biomass stores carbon.

","correct":false,"explanation":"These effects describe forest growth rather than deforestation. Removing trees reduces photosynthesis, while burning or decomposition of their biomass releases stored carbon."},{"text":"

It reduces respiration.
Removed woody biomass stores carbon permanently.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced respiration does not explain the usual net increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation reduces photosynthesis, and removed biomass often burns or decomposes, releasing carbon."},{"text":"

It reduces photosynthesis.
Burned or decomposing biomass absorbs carbon.

","correct":false,"explanation":"The first effect is correct, but burning and decomposition release rather than absorb carbon dioxide. Both reduced photosynthesis and carbon release raise atmospheric carbon dioxide."}]},{"id":"07823e60-7e19-432c-a4f7-4601ef5800b6","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do saprotrophic decomposers obtain nutrients from dead organic matter?","back":"

They secrete enzymes onto dead organic matter.
They absorb soluble products and respire.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

They secrete enzymes onto dead organic matter.
They absorb soluble products and respire.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Saprotrophs perform extracellular digestion by secreting enzymes onto dead material. The resulting small, soluble molecules are absorbed and used in processes including respiration."},{"text":"

They engulf particles of dead organic matter.
They digest them internally and respire.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Engulfing food and digesting it internally is holozoic nutrition, not saprotrophic nutrition. Saprotrophs secrete enzymes externally and absorb the soluble digestion products."},{"text":"

They secrete hormones onto dead organic matter.
They absorb insoluble polymers and respire.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Hormones do not digest dead matter, and large insoluble polymers cannot be absorbed directly. Saprotrophs secrete digestive enzymes and absorb the soluble products formed."},{"text":"

They secrete enzymes onto dead organic matter.
They ingest soluble products and respire.

","correct":false,"explanation":"External enzyme secretion is correct, but saprotrophs absorb rather than ingest the soluble products. Ingestion involves taking material into a digestive system or food vacuole."}]},{"id":"e3a1263b-f383-45d6-8a8e-013d7398b895","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Net primary productivity: NPP = GPP - [ ].","back":"Net primary productivity: NPP = GPP - plant respiration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"plant respiration","correct":true,"explanation":"Gross primary productivity is the total chemical energy fixed by producers. Subtracting the energy used in plant respiration gives net primary productivity."},{"text":"animal respiration","correct":false,"explanation":"Animal respiration affects energy transfer at consumer trophic levels, not the calculation of producer NPP. NPP equals GPP minus plant respiration."},{"text":"total respiration","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting respiration by every organism would not calculate producer productivity. NPP is the energy retained by producers after plant respiration is deducted from GPP."},{"text":"photosynthesis","correct":false,"explanation":"GPP already measures the chemical energy fixed through photosynthesis, so photosynthesis is not subtracted. The required deduction is the energy used in plant respiration."}]},{"id":"ba2ba310-e2a6-4509-a11e-7d25ed2c0e88","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A greenhouse gas absorbs outgoing [ ] from Earth's surface.","back":"A greenhouse gas absorbs outgoing infrared radiation from Earth's surface.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"infrared radiation","correct":true,"explanation":"Earth’s surface emits infrared radiation, and greenhouse gases absorb some of it before re-emitting energy, helping retain heat in the atmosphere."},{"text":"ultraviolet radiation","correct":false,"explanation":"Ultraviolet radiation is mainly incoming energy from the Sun, not the outgoing radiation emitted by Earth’s warmed surface. The correct term is infrared radiation."},{"text":"visible light","correct":false,"explanation":"Visible light is largely incoming solar radiation and is not the main type emitted by Earth’s surface. The correct term is infrared radiation."},{"text":"gamma radiation","correct":false,"explanation":"Gamma radiation is not the long-wavelength thermal energy emitted by Earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation, which contributes to atmospheric warming."}]},{"id":"c2228d3f-3ab9-407b-b00b-7fd96700bc68","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How can climate change alter selection pressures?","back":"Temperature, rainfall or extreme events alter survival and reproduction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Temperature, rainfall or extreme events alter survival and reproduction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Climate change modifies environmental conditions, so temperature, rainfall and extreme events can change which individuals survive and reproduce successfully."},{"text":"Temperature, rainfall or extreme events alter mutation rates and DNA sequences.","correct":false,"explanation":"Climate conditions usually act by changing survival and reproductive success, not by directly directing mutations. The correct answer identifies survival and reproduction as the altered processes."},{"text":"Temperature, rainfall or extreme events alter allele frequencies immediately.","correct":false,"explanation":"Selection pressures affect survival and reproduction first; allele frequencies change across generations as a consequence. The correct answer describes the immediate effect on individuals."},{"text":"Temperature, rainfall or extreme events alter the species’ chromosome number.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changes in climate do not generally alter chromosome number as the selection mechanism. They change survival and reproduction, favouring some heritable variants over others."}]},{"id":"f105614b-0ee9-499a-af48-7f82d1209cf6","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Evolution is a change in [ ] in a [ ] over generations.","back":"Evolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Evolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.","correct":true,"explanation":"Evolution is defined as a change in the proportions of alleles within a population over generations, usually caused by mechanisms such as natural selection, mutation or genetic drift."},{"text":"Evolution is a change in phenotypes in a population over generations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Phenotypes can change without evolution, for example through environmental effects. Evolution specifically requires a change in allele frequencies within a population over generations."},{"text":"Evolution is a change in allele frequencies in a species during one generation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A species is not the required population-level unit in this definition, and evolution is measured across generations rather than as an instantaneous change within one generation."},{"text":"Evolution is a change in genotypes in a community over generations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genotypes describe individual genetic combinations, while a community contains multiple species. The definition concerns changing allele frequencies in a population over generations."}]},{"id":"81fa146c-7ee3-4745-a657-a318c285dd87","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Where does genetic variation for natural selection come from in sexual populations?","back":"

Mutation creates new alleles.
Meiosis and fertilisation reshuffle alleles.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Mutation creates new alleles.
Meiosis and fertilisation reshuffle alleles.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Mutation introduces new alleles, while meiosis and fertilisation create new combinations of existing alleles. Together, these processes generate genetic variation for selection."},{"text":"

Natural selection creates new alleles.
Meiosis and fertilisation remove all variation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection changes allele frequencies rather than creating alleles, and meiosis and fertilisation reshuffle variation rather than eliminating it. Mutation creates new alleles."},{"text":"

Mutation prevents new alleles.
Asexual reproduction reshuffles alleles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutation is the source of new alleles, while asexual reproduction usually produces genetically similar offspring. Meiosis and fertilisation reshuffle alleles in sexual populations."},{"text":"

Fertilisation creates new alleles.
Natural selection reshuffles alleles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Fertilisation combines existing alleles rather than creating new ones, and natural selection alters their frequencies. Mutation creates alleles, while meiosis and fertilisation reshuffle them."}]},{"id":"3ab325a7-8726-48e8-b04d-ce1260289c00","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to a heritable advantageous allele over many generations?","back":"Its allele frequency increases.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Its allele frequency increases.","correct":true,"explanation":"If an advantageous allele is heritable, its carriers tend to leave more surviving offspring, so the allele becomes more common in the population over successive generations."},{"text":"Its allele frequency decreases.","correct":false,"explanation":"A heritable advantageous allele is favoured by natural selection, so its representation usually rises rather than falls. Its allele frequency increases over many generations."},{"text":"Its allele frequency remains unchanged.","correct":false,"explanation":"If the allele improves reproductive success and is inherited, selection changes its frequency. It does not normally remain unchanged across many generations."},{"text":"Its allele becomes non-heritable.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection changes how common an allele is; it does not normally remove its heritability. A heritable advantageous allele tends to increase in frequency."}]},{"id":"e938b79c-cd36-4dc8-b345-e608ee6b27ab","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why are deeper-root alleles favoured in a drier grass habitat?","back":"Deeper roots access more water, increasing survival and reproduction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Deeper roots access more water, increasing survival and reproduction.","correct":true,"explanation":"In drier soil, deeper roots can reach water stored below the surface. Plants with this heritable feature are more likely to survive and reproduce."},{"text":"Deeper roots access less water, increasing survival and reproduction.","correct":false,"explanation":"The advantage of deeper roots in a dry habitat is that they can reach deeper water reserves. Accessing less water would not explain increased survival."},{"text":"Shallower roots access more water, increasing survival and reproduction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Dry conditions often leave surface soil with less available water, making shallow roots disadvantageous. The correct explanation is that deeper roots reach more water."},{"text":"Deeper roots absorb more sunlight, increasing survival and reproduction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Roots do not absorb sunlight; leaves capture light for photosynthesis. Deeper roots are favoured because they improve access to water in dry conditions."}]},{"id":"f8ad3c0e-49d7-427e-ade4-97d072b8d9ec","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What outcome shows two populations are reproductively isolated?","back":"They cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reproductive isolation is demonstrated when two populations can no longer exchange genes successfully because interbreeding does not result in fertile offspring."},{"text":"They can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing fertile offspring allows gene flow between populations, so it does not demonstrate reproductive isolation. Isolation is shown when fertile offspring cannot be produced."},{"text":"They cannot survive in the same habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different habitat requirements may reduce contact but do not directly prove reproductive isolation. The defining outcome concerns failure to produce fertile offspring through interbreeding."},{"text":"They have different allele frequencies.","correct":false,"explanation":"Different allele frequencies indicate genetic divergence but do not necessarily prevent interbreeding. Reproductive isolation requires that fertile offspring cannot be produced."}]},{"id":"3a3d0915-3775-4943-b463-cfc5a9beb504","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What change in gene flow often begins speciation?","back":"Gene flow is reduced or stopped.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Gene flow is reduced or stopped.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reduced gene flow allows isolated populations to accumulate different allele frequencies through selection, mutation and genetic drift, which can eventually lead to reproductive isolation."},{"text":"Gene flow is increased between populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increased gene flow mixes alleles and tends to keep populations genetically similar, opposing divergence. Speciation is commonly initiated when gene flow is reduced or stopped."},{"text":"Gene flow remains constant between populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Continued gene flow allows alleles to move between populations and limits their divergence. A reduction or complete stop in gene flow more commonly begins speciation."},{"text":"Mutation is reduced within populations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced mutation may limit new variation but does not directly separate populations. Speciation often begins when gene flow between populations is reduced or stopped."}]},{"id":"a8898c75-342b-430d-93e8-e213c8125c71","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In [ ], populations are geographically isolated; in [ ], isolation develops without a physical barrier.","back":"In allopatric speciation, populations are geographically isolated; in sympatric speciation, isolation develops without a physical barrier.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In allopatric speciation, populations are geographically isolated; in sympatric speciation, isolation develops without a physical barrier.","correct":true,"explanation":"Allopatric speciation begins when a physical geographical barrier separates populations, whereas sympatric speciation occurs without such a barrier."},{"text":"In sympatric speciation, populations are geographically isolated; in allopatric speciation, isolation develops without a physical barrier.","correct":false,"explanation":"These definitions are reversed. Allopatric speciation requires geographical isolation, while sympatric speciation develops without a physical barrier."},{"text":"In convergent evolution, populations are geographically isolated; in divergent evolution, isolation develops without a physical barrier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Convergent and divergent evolution describe patterns of evolutionary change, not the geographical conditions defining speciation. Allopatric and sympatric speciation are the correct terms."},{"text":"In natural selection, populations are geographically isolated; in artificial selection, isolation develops without a physical barrier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural and artificial selection describe how traits become more common, rather than whether populations are physically separated. The relevant terms are allopatric and sympatric speciation."}]},{"id":"d031581b-5ed1-4679-84c5-333fcc984f03","cardType":"basic","points":3,"front":"How can isolated populations become separate species?","back":"

Different mutations occur in each population.
Different selection pressures change allele frequencies.
Reproductive isolation may eventually arise.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Different mutations occur in each population.
Different selection pressures change allele frequencies.
Reproductive isolation may eventually arise.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Mutation and different selection pressures cause populations to diverge genetically. If differences eventually prevent successful interbreeding, reproductive isolation creates separate species."},{"text":"

The same mutations occur in each population.
Identical selection pressures maintain allele frequencies.
Random mating may eventually arise.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical mutations and selection pressures would not drive populations apart, while random mating generally prevents divergence. Separate species require genetic divergence and reproductive isolation."},{"text":"

Different environments remove all variation.
Natural selection stops allele frequencies changing.
Migration eventually prevents interbreeding.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Different environments select among existing variation rather than removing all of it, and migration usually mixes populations. Reproductive isolation, not migration, can complete speciation."},{"text":"

Identical mutations occur in each population.
Different selection pressures eliminate allele frequencies.
Geographical contact may eventually arise.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Identical mutations do not produce divergence, and selection changes allele frequencies rather than eliminating them. Speciation may follow reproductive isolation, not geographical contact."}]},{"id":"58ef091f-fc1a-4a36-8231-413d7234b7c2","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Why is genetic diversity important for adaptation?","back":"It provides the raw material for natural selection.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It provides the raw material for natural selection.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genetic diversity produces differences in alleles and phenotypes. Natural selection acts on these inherited differences, allowing advantageous characteristics to become more common."},{"text":"It provides the energy for natural selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Genetic diversity is not an energy source. It supplies heritable variation, the raw material on which natural selection acts to change allele frequencies."},{"text":"It provides the direction of natural selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Variation does not determine the direction of selection by itself. Environmental conditions determine which inherited differences are advantageous, while diversity provides the raw material."},{"text":"It provides the final products of natural selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Adaptations are outcomes of natural selection, not the genetic diversity itself. Diversity supplies inherited differences that selection can favour over generations."}]},{"id":"10aa8a5c-fc4c-4967-80b7-15e1867325ba","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Sustainable management meets human needs now without reducing future generations' ability, while maintaining [ ] and [ ].","back":"Sustainable management meets human needs now without reducing future generations' ability, while maintaining ecosystem function and biodiversity.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Sustainable management meets human needs now without reducing future generations' ability, while maintaining ecosystem function and biodiversity.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sustainable management balances present resource use with future needs while protecting how ecosystems operate and preserving the variety of living organisms."},{"text":"Sustainable management meets human needs now without reducing future generations' ability, while maintaining economic growth and resource extraction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Economic growth and resource extraction may be managed under sustainability, but they are not the ecological features that must be maintained. The correct terms are ecosystem function and biodiversity."},{"text":"Sustainable management meets human needs now without reducing future generations' ability, while maintaining population growth and energy consumption.","correct":false,"explanation":"Population growth and energy consumption can increase environmental pressure rather than define ecological sustainability. Sustainable management maintains ecosystem function and biodiversity."},{"text":"Sustainable management meets human needs now without reducing future generations' ability, while maintaining individual species size and climate stability.","correct":false,"explanation":"Species population size and climate stability can be relevant, but they are not the paired definition here. Sustainable management specifically maintains ecosystem function and biodiversity."}]},{"id":"0fee6d56-b369-41ca-a5ac-6eda397aa442","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"When is harvesting a resource sustainable?","back":"Removal does not exceed replacement, leaving enough for ecosystem recovery.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Removal does not exceed replacement, leaving enough for ecosystem recovery.","correct":true,"explanation":"Harvesting is sustainable when the resource is replenished at least as quickly as it is removed, leaving sufficient organisms or material for recovery and continued reproduction."},{"text":"Removal exceeds replacement, leaving enough for ecosystem recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"If removal exceeds replacement, the stock will decline even if some remains temporarily. Sustainability requires removal not to exceed replacement, allowing the ecosystem to recover."},{"text":"Removal equals total availability, leaving enough for ecosystem recovery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Removing the entire available stock leaves nothing to reproduce or support recovery. Sustainable harvesting keeps removal at or below replacement, rather than using all availability."},{"text":"Replacement exceeds ecosystem recovery, leaving enough for removal.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship between harvesting and recovery. The key condition is that removal does not exceed replacement, with enough resource left for ecosystem recovery."}]},{"id":"6aadccb3-9343-448e-b99f-1209d31e053e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does keeping peat waterlogged store carbon?","back":"Anaerobic conditions slow decomposition, so carbon remains stored.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Anaerobic conditions slow decomposition, so carbon remains stored.","correct":true,"explanation":"Waterlogging removes or limits oxygen, creating anaerobic conditions. Decomposer activity is slowed, so dead plant material accumulates as peat and its carbon remains stored."},{"text":"Aerobic conditions slow decomposition, so carbon remains stored.","correct":false,"explanation":"Aerobic conditions provide oxygen for decomposers and usually increase decomposition and carbon dioxide release. Waterlogged peat is protected by anaerobic conditions instead."},{"text":"Anaerobic conditions increase decomposition, so carbon remains stored.","correct":false,"explanation":"Anaerobic conditions generally slow decomposition rather than increase it. This reduced breakdown allows carbon-rich plant material to accumulate and remain stored in peat."},{"text":"Dry conditions stop respiration, so carbon remains stored.","correct":false,"explanation":"Drying peat exposes it to oxygen, promoting decomposition and carbon dioxide release. Waterlogged, anaerobic conditions are what slow decomposition and preserve stored carbon."}]},{"id":"b2be7635-6ba9-4c55-b568-3758c0644371","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"When does a biofuel have a low net carbon impact?","back":"

Regrowth reabsorbs released carbon.
Extra emissions from clearance, fertiliser, processing and transport are low.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Regrowth reabsorbs released carbon.
Extra emissions from clearance, fertiliser, processing and transport are low.

","correct":true,"explanation":"A biofuel has low net carbon impact when new growth removes roughly the carbon released during use and production adds few extra emissions from farming and processing."},{"text":"

Burning permanently destroys released carbon.
Extra emissions from clearance, fertiliser, processing and transport are high.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Burning releases carbon rather than permanently destroying it, and high production emissions increase net impact. Low impact requires carbon reabsorption through regrowth and low extra emissions."},{"text":"

Regrowth releases additional carbon.
Extra emissions from clearance, fertiliser, processing and transport are low.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Regrowth should reabsorb carbon from the atmosphere, not release additional carbon. Low extra emissions alone cannot offset a failure to replace the carbon removed."},{"text":"

Fossil fuel substitution prevents all released carbon.
Extra emissions from clearance, fertiliser, processing and transport are low.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Replacing fossil fuels can reduce additional emissions but does not prevent biofuel carbon being released during combustion. Regrowth must reabsorb that carbon for net impact to be low."}]},{"id":"66552467-274b-4a4e-a681-0de4e05f614c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Ecologists use random [ ] to estimate plant abundance and [ ] to study changes across a habitat.","back":"Ecologists use random quadrats to estimate plant abundance and transects to study changes across a habitat.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Ecologists use random quadrats to estimate plant abundance and transects to study changes across a habitat.","correct":true,"explanation":"Quadrats sample organisms within fixed areas to estimate abundance, while transects provide samples along a line or gradient, revealing changes across a habitat."},{"text":"Ecologists use random transects to estimate plant abundance and quadrats to study changes across a habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"These methods are reversed. Quadrats estimate abundance within sampled areas, whereas transects investigate how distribution or abundance changes across a habitat."},{"text":"Ecologists use random pooters to estimate plant abundance and quadrats to study changes across a habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pooters collect small mobile animals rather than sampling plant abundance. Quadrats estimate abundance, while transects are used to study changes across a habitat."},{"text":"Ecologists use random quadrats to estimate plant abundance and capture-mark-recapture to study changes across a habitat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Capture-mark-recapture estimates mobile animal population size and is not the standard method for studying spatial plant changes. Transects reveal patterns across a habitat."}]},{"id":"e02cd96a-a4a7-4096-ae68-f545dadec8ca","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A woodland has GPP 1.60, respiration/decomposition 1.10 and harvest removal 0.20 kg C m^-2 year^-1. What is its net storage and sink/source status?","back":"0.30 kg C m^-2 year^-1, so it is a carbon sink.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"0.30 kg C m^-2 year^-1, so it is a carbon sink.","correct":true,"explanation":"Net storage is GPP minus respiration, decomposition and harvest removal: 1.60 - 1.10 - 0.20 = 0.30. Positive net storage means carbon accumulates, making the woodland a carbon sink."},{"text":"0.50 kg C m^-2 year^-1, so it is a carbon sink.","correct":false,"explanation":"This ignores the 0.20 removed by harvesting. Subtracting both respiration/decomposition and harvest from GPP gives 1.60 - 1.10 - 0.20 = 0.30 kg C m^-2 year^-1, a carbon sink."},{"text":"0.70 kg C m^-2 year^-1, so it is a carbon sink.","correct":false,"explanation":"This adds harvest removal instead of subtracting it. Harvest exports carbon, so net storage is 1.60 - 1.10 - 0.20 = 0.30 kg C m^-2 year^-1, making the woodland a sink."},{"text":"-0.30 kg C m^-2 year^-1, so it is a carbon source.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the subtraction and therefore gives the wrong sign. Inputs exceed respiration, decomposition and harvest by 0.30 kg C m^-2 year^-1, so carbon accumulates and the woodland is a sink."}]},{"id":"8c39e61a-b15f-4b96-a6ae-0f1b0256207c","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Woodland NPP is 1.20 kg dry biomass m^-2 year^-1; 0.50 must remain. Is harvesting 0.80 sustainable?","back":"

Sustainable limit = 0.70 kg dry biomass m^-2 year^-1.
Not sustainable: 0.10 above the limit.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Sustainable limit = 0.70 kg dry biomass m^-2 year^-1.
Not sustainable: 0.10 above the limit.

","correct":true,"explanation":"The harvest limit is NPP minus the biomass that must remain: 1.20 - 0.50 = 0.70. Harvesting 0.80 exceeds this limit by 0.10, so it is not sustainable."},{"text":"

Sustainable limit = 0.70 kg dry biomass m^-2 year^-1.
Sustainable: 0.10 below the limit.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the comparison between the proposed harvest and the limit. The limit is 0.70, while 0.80 is 0.10 above it, so the proposed harvest is not sustainable."},{"text":"

Sustainable limit = 1.20 kg dry biomass m^-2 year^-1.
Sustainable: 0.40 below the limit.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This treats all NPP as harvestable and ignores the 0.50 that must remain. The true limit is 1.20 - 0.50 = 0.70, so harvesting 0.80 is not sustainable."},{"text":"

Sustainable limit = 0.50 kg dry biomass m^-2 year^-1.
Not sustainable: 0.30 above the limit.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This mistakes the biomass that must remain for the amount that can be harvested. The sustainable limit is 1.20 - 0.50 = 0.70, making 0.80 only 0.10 above the limit."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Evolution, carbon cycle and sustainable management","title":"Evolution, carbon cycle and sustainable management Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/edexcel/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L39"}]}],"topicId":"c340a338-8d8b-51a0-ad37-67c16e003f54","walled":"$L3a"}],"$L3b","$L3c"]