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processes."},{"text":"ADP.","correct":false,"explanation":"ADP is the lower-energy product formed when ATP loses a phosphate group. ATP, rather than ADP, is the molecule primarily used for immediate energy transfer in cells."},{"text":"NAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"NAD transfers hydrogen and electrons during respiration rather than directly supplying energy to cellular processes. ATP is the cell’s immediate energy-transfer molecule."},{"text":"FAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"FAD acts as a hydrogen and electron carrier in respiration, particularly in the Krebs cycle. ATP is the molecule that provides immediate energy transfer in cells."}]},{"id":"f86101ac-c4da-4d8f-9ba6-8cc45c6eec7f","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"ATP hydrolysis forms [ ] and [ ].","back":"ATP hydrolysis forms ADP and inorganic phosphate.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP hydrolysis forms ADP and inorganic phosphate.","correct":true,"explanation":"Hydrolysis breaks the terminal phosphate bond in ATP, producing ADP and inorganic phosphate while releasing energy that can be coupled to energy-requiring cellular reactions."},{"text":"ATP hydrolysis forms ATP and inorganic phosphate.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP cannot be both the reactant and a product of its own hydrolysis. Hydrolysis removes a phosphate group, forming ADP and inorganic phosphate."},{"text":"ATP hydrolysis forms ADP and glucose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is not produced when ATP is hydrolysed. The terminal phosphate group is removed from ATP, so the products are ADP and inorganic phosphate."},{"text":"ATP hydrolysis forms AMP and pyruvate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pyruvate is produced during glycolysis, not ATP hydrolysis. The standard hydrolysis of ATP in cellular energy transfer produces ADP and inorganic phosphate."}]},{"id":"0c2c1a40-313e-4911-9135-107ac0cf41b7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does aerobic respiration produce much more ATP per glucose than anaerobic respiration?","back":"It fully oxidises glucose.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It fully oxidises glucose.","correct":true,"explanation":"Aerobic respiration oxidises glucose completely to carbon dioxide, allowing more hydrogen and electrons to enter oxidative phosphorylation and therefore producing much more ATP."},{"text":"It only partially oxidises glucose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Partial oxidation is characteristic of anaerobic respiration and leaves energy in lactate or ethanol. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP because it fully oxidises glucose."},{"text":"It fully reduces glucose.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is oxidised rather than reduced during respiration, while electron carriers are reduced. Aerobic respiration yields more ATP because glucose is fully oxidised."},{"text":"It produces glucose from pyruvate.","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing glucose from pyruvate is gluconeogenesis, not aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration releases much more energy because it fully oxidises glucose."}]},{"id":"31f697f3-b90b-4a7f-a287-1cbd6b272702","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Glycolysis happens in the [ ], while the link reaction happens in the [ ].","back":"Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm, while the link reaction happens in the mitochondrial matrix.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm, while the link reaction happens in the mitochondrial matrix.","correct":true,"explanation":"Glycolytic enzymes are located in the cytoplasm. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondrial matrix, where it is decarboxylated and oxidised during the link reaction."},{"text":"Glycolysis happens in the mitochondrial matrix, while the link reaction happens in the cytoplasm.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two locations. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, after which pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix for the link reaction."},{"text":"Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm, while the link reaction happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the electron transfer chain, not the link-reaction enzymes. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and the link reaction in the mitochondrial matrix."},{"text":"Glycolysis happens in the nucleus, while the link reaction happens in the mitochondrial matrix.","correct":false,"explanation":"The nucleus stores genetic material and is not the site of glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while the link reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix."}]},{"id":"739f31b0-7d86-4634-992d-c821f3e7c9cd","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"The Krebs cycle happens in the [ ], while oxidative phosphorylation happens on the [ ].","back":"The Krebs cycle happens in the mitochondrial matrix, while oxidative phosphorylation happens on the inner mitochondrial membrane.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The Krebs cycle happens in the mitochondrial matrix, while oxidative phosphorylation happens on the inner mitochondrial membrane.","correct":true,"explanation":"Krebs-cycle enzymes are found in the mitochondrial matrix, while electron carriers and ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane."},{"text":"The Krebs cycle happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane, while oxidative phosphorylation happens on the mitochondrial matrix.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the locations and treats the matrix as a membrane surface. The Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix, while oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane."},{"text":"The Krebs cycle happens in the mitochondrial matrix, while oxidative phosphorylation happens on the outer mitochondrial membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"The outer membrane does not contain the electron transfer chain and ATP synthase. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane, while the Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix."},{"text":"The Krebs cycle happens in the cytoplasm, while oxidative phosphorylation happens on the inner mitochondrial membrane.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glycolysis, not the Krebs cycle, occurs in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells, the Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and oxidative phosphorylation on the inner membrane."}]},{"id":"842b0825-f3f2-4d75-b117-d2518df51ad4","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What are the final carbon products of glycolysis per glucose?","back":"2 pyruvate molecules.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"2 pyruvate molecules.","correct":true,"explanation":"One six-carbon glucose molecule is split during glycolysis into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules, conserving all six carbon atoms in the two products."},{"text":"1 pyruvate molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the splitting of the six-carbon sugar into two three-carbon products. Each glucose molecule produces two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis."},{"text":"2 acetyl CoA molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Acetyl CoA is produced from pyruvate during the link reaction, not glycolysis. The final carbon products of glycolysis are two pyruvate molecules."},{"text":"2 lactate molecules.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lactate forms when pyruvate is reduced during anaerobic respiration in animals. Glycolysis itself ends with the production of two pyruvate molecules per glucose."}]},{"id":"51770349-75e3-4879-b5f3-f7fc6e25398c","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is the net ATP yield of glycolysis per glucose?","back":"2 ATP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"2 ATP.","correct":true,"explanation":"Glycolysis produces four ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation but uses two ATP in its early stages, leaving a net yield of two ATP per glucose."},{"text":"4 ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"Four ATP is the gross production from glycolysis, not the net yield. Two ATP are invested before glucose is split, leaving a net gain of two ATP."},{"text":"0 ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"This subtracts all ATP produced or overlooks substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis uses two ATP and produces four, so its net yield is two ATP."},{"text":"8 ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly includes energy later obtained from reduced NAD or double-counts ATP production. Glycolysis itself has a net yield of two ATP per glucose."}]},{"id":"34fd23bc-d2bd-4188-8401-767a6218fa77","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to NAD during glycolysis?","back":"NAD is reduced to reduced NAD.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"NAD is reduced to reduced NAD.","correct":true,"explanation":"NAD accepts hydrogen atoms and electrons released when triose phosphate is oxidised. Gaining electrons reduces NAD, producing reduced NAD for later oxidative phosphorylation."},{"text":"NAD is oxidised to oxidised NAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"NAD begins in its oxidised form and accepts hydrogen and electrons during glycolysis. It is therefore reduced to reduced NAD, not oxidised further."},{"text":"NAD is phosphorylated to NADP.","correct":false,"explanation":"NADP is a separate coenzyme mainly associated with anabolic reactions and photosynthesis. During glycolysis, NAD accepts hydrogen and electrons and becomes reduced NAD."},{"text":"NAD is unchanged during glycolysis.","correct":false,"explanation":"This overlooks the oxidation of triose phosphate, which transfers hydrogen and electrons to NAD. NAD is reduced to reduced NAD during glycolysis."}]},{"id":"fa82962d-840a-4876-898f-6d6ae76fec0c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Substrate-level phosphorylation makes ATP by transferring [ ] directly to [ ].","back":"Substrate-level phosphorylation makes ATP by transferring phosphate directly to ADP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Substrate-level phosphorylation makes ATP by transferring phosphate directly to ADP.","correct":true,"explanation":"A phosphate group is transferred directly from a phosphorylated intermediate to ADP, forming ATP without using the electron transport chain or ATP synthase."},{"text":"Substrate-level phosphorylation makes ATP by transferring phosphate directly to ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP is the product, not the phosphate acceptor. A phosphate group is transferred directly to ADP, converting the ADP into ATP."},{"text":"Substrate-level phosphorylation makes ATP by transferring electrons directly to ADP.","correct":false,"explanation":"This confuses substrate-level phosphorylation with electron transfer in oxidative phosphorylation. ATP forms when a phosphate group, not electrons, is transferred directly to ADP."},{"text":"Substrate-level phosphorylation makes ATP by transferring phosphate directly to AMP.","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses the wrong adenine nucleotide as the acceptor. Substrate-level phosphorylation transfers phosphate to ADP, producing ATP in a single enzyme-catalysed step."}]},{"id":"0b481477-d759-4df2-8742-63bce81b4426","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does the link reaction convert pyruvate into?","back":"Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA).","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA).","correct":true,"explanation":"Pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated before the remaining two-carbon acetyl group combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A."},{"text":"Lactic acid (lactate).","correct":false,"explanation":"Lactate is produced from pyruvate during anaerobic respiration in animals. In the aerobic link reaction, pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A."},{"text":"Citric acid (citrate).","correct":false,"explanation":"Citrate forms later, when acetyl coenzyme A combines with the regenerated 4-carbon molecule at the beginning of the Krebs cycle."},{"text":"Oxaloacetic acid (oxaloacetate).","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxaloacetate is the 4-carbon molecule regenerated during the Krebs cycle. The link reaction instead converts pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A."}]},{"id":"61320610-2a42-452b-ba97-d741313c1f40","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"In the link reaction, [ ] removes carbon dioxide and [ ] removes hydrogen.","back":"In the link reaction, decarboxylation removes carbon dioxide and dehydrogenation removes hydrogen.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"In the link reaction, decarboxylation removes carbon dioxide and dehydrogenation removes hydrogen.","correct":true,"explanation":"Decarboxylation removes a carboxyl group as carbon dioxide, while dehydrogenation removes hydrogen that is accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD."},{"text":"In the link reaction, dehydrogenation removes carbon dioxide and decarboxylation removes hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two processes have been reversed. Decarboxylation releases carbon dioxide, whereas dehydrogenation removes hydrogen and reduces NAD."},{"text":"In the link reaction, carboxylation removes carbon dioxide and dehydrogenation removes hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carboxylation adds carbon dioxide rather than removing it. Carbon dioxide is removed by decarboxylation, while dehydrogenation removes hydrogen."},{"text":"In the link reaction, decarboxylation removes carbon dioxide and hydrogenation removes hydrogen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Hydrogenation means adding hydrogen, so it cannot describe its removal. Dehydrogenation removes hydrogen, while decarboxylation removes carbon dioxide."}]},{"id":"d789e803-72dd-4310-807c-9076d8817196","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"How many carbon dioxide molecules are released in the link reaction per glucose?","back":"2 CO₂.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"2 CO₂.","correct":true,"explanation":"One carbon dioxide molecule is released from each pyruvate during the link reaction. One glucose produces two pyruvate, so two carbon dioxide molecules are released."},{"text":"1 CO₂.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is the yield from one pyruvate rather than one glucose. Because glucose forms two pyruvate molecules, the link reaction releases two carbon dioxide molecules."},{"text":"4 CO₂.","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly assumes that two carbon dioxide molecules are released from each pyruvate. Only one is released per pyruvate, giving two per glucose."},{"text":"6 CO₂.","correct":false,"explanation":"Six is the total carbon dioxide released when glucose is completely oxidised, including the Krebs cycle. The link reaction alone releases two molecules per glucose."}]},{"id":"1128e994-fedd-4793-93d6-892090b78679","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What molecule is regenerated during the Krebs cycle?","back":"The 4-carbon molecule.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The 4-carbon molecule.","correct":true,"explanation":"The 4-carbon molecule is regenerated at the end of the Krebs cycle, allowing it to combine with another acetyl coenzyme A and begin another turn."},{"text":"The 2-carbon molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 2-carbon acetyl group enters the cycle and combines with the 4-carbon molecule; it is subsequently oxidised and is not regenerated."},{"text":"The 5-carbon molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"A 5-carbon intermediate forms after the first decarboxylation, but it is converted into smaller intermediates. The 4-carbon molecule is regenerated."},{"text":"The 6-carbon molecule.","correct":false,"explanation":"The 6-carbon molecule forms when the acetyl group joins the 4-carbon molecule, but it is then decarboxylated. The 4-carbon molecule is regenerated."}]},{"id":"3dcbac37-be6a-4c6a-91d3-a42a74ec2541","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle releases [ ] and makes [ ].","back":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle releases 4 carbon dioxide and makes 2 ATP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle releases 4 carbon dioxide and makes 2 ATP.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each glucose produces two acetyl coenzyme A molecules, so the cycle turns twice. Each turn releases two carbon dioxide and makes one ATP."},{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle releases 2 carbon dioxide and makes 2 ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"The carbon dioxide yield has been counted for only one turn while the ATP yield is per glucose. Two turns release four carbon dioxide and make two ATP."},{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle releases 4 carbon dioxide and makes 4 ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"This assumes that each turn directly makes two ATP. Each turn makes only one ATP, so two turns per glucose make two ATP."},{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle releases 2 carbon dioxide and makes 1 ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are the products of one turn of the cycle, corresponding to one acetyl coenzyme A. Per glucose, two turns produce four carbon dioxide and two ATP."}]},{"id":"2e023af8-6ebc-47fa-814b-483c8c00c8e1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces [ ] and [ ].","back":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces 6 reduced NAD and 2 reduced FAD.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces 6 reduced NAD and 2 reduced FAD.","correct":true,"explanation":"Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces three reduced NAD and one reduced FAD. Two turns occur per glucose, doubling these yields to six and two."},{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces 3 reduced NAD and 1 reduced FAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"These are the yields from one turn of the Krebs cycle. One glucose supplies two acetyl coenzyme A molecules, so the cycle turns twice."},{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces 6 reduced NAD and 4 reduced FAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"The FAD yield has been doubled twice. Each turn produces one reduced FAD, so two turns per glucose produce two reduced FAD alongside six reduced NAD."},{"text":"Per glucose, the Krebs cycle produces 4 reduced NAD and 2 reduced FAD.","correct":false,"explanation":"This omits one NAD-reducing step from each turn. Three reduced NAD are formed per turn, giving six reduced NAD and two reduced FAD per glucose."}]},{"id":"e4539b39-05ea-45f0-98e6-70b71ef88518","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do reduced NAD and reduced FAD donate to the electron transport chain?","back":"Hydrogen/electrons.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Hydrogen/electrons.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reduced NAD and reduced FAD are oxidised when they donate hydrogen and high-energy electrons to carriers in the electron transport chain."},{"text":"Oxygen/water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen at the end of the chain to form water; it is not donated by reduced coenzymes. They donate hydrogen and electrons."},{"text":"ATP/phosphate.","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP and phosphate are involved in energy transfer and phosphorylation, not in carrying reducing power to the chain. Reduced NAD and FAD donate hydrogen and electrons."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide/oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide is released during decarboxylation, while oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Reduced NAD and reduced FAD instead donate hydrogen and electrons."}]},{"id":"9f9c9000-80db-4bdb-a394-39f6dc6fc7e8","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What does energy from electrons in the electron transport chain do to protons?","back":"It pumps protons into the intermembrane space.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It pumps protons into the intermembrane space.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy released as electrons pass along the electron transport chain powers proton pumps, moving protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space and creating an electrochemical gradient."},{"text":"It pumps protons into the mitochondrial matrix.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the direction of active proton transport. Electron transfer pumps protons out of the matrix into the intermembrane space, establishing the gradient used during chemiosmosis."},{"text":"It converts protons into electrons in the matrix.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons are not converted into electrons. Energy from electron transfer pumps protons into the intermembrane space, producing a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane."},{"text":"It pumps protons out of the mitochondrion.","correct":false,"explanation":"Protons cross only the inner membrane during this process, not the outer mitochondrial membrane. They are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space."}]},{"id":"e7e9f184-4b3e-4463-97bb-8454e75e2bd5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Through which enzyme do protons flow back into the matrix during chemiosmosis?","back":"ATP synthase.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP synthase.","correct":true,"explanation":"Protons diffuse down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase. Their flow drives changes in the enzyme that catalyse ATP formation from ADP and inorganic phosphate."},{"text":"NAD dehydrogenase.","correct":false,"explanation":"NAD dehydrogenase transfers electrons from reduced NAD and pumps protons out of the matrix. Protons return to the matrix through ATP synthase during chemiosmosis."},{"text":"Cytochrome c oxidase.","correct":false,"explanation":"Cytochrome c oxidase transfers electrons to oxygen and contributes to proton pumping. The controlled return flow of protons into the matrix occurs through ATP synthase."},{"text":"Pyruvate dehydrogenase.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyses the link reaction, converting pyruvate into acetate before acetyl coenzyme A forms. Protons flow into the matrix through ATP synthase."}]},{"id":"c71f0ca0-cb28-4fe0-9c0b-b7a6a58e2935","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What is oxygen's role at the end of oxidative phosphorylation?","back":"Final electron acceptor; accepts electrons and protons to form water.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Final electron acceptor; accepts electrons and protons to form water.","correct":true,"explanation":"Oxygen receives electrons at the end of the electron transport chain and combines with electrons and protons to form water, allowing electron flow and oxidative phosphorylation to continue."},{"text":"Initial electron donor; donates electrons and protons to the first carrier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced NAD and reduced FAD donate electrons to the chain, not oxygen. Oxygen acts at the opposite end as the final electron acceptor and forms water."},{"text":"Final proton pump; actively transports protons into the intermembrane space.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen does not pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It accepts electrons and protons at the end of the chain, producing water."},{"text":"Mobile electron carrier; transfers electrons between complexes to generate ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mobile carriers such as coenzyme Q and cytochrome c transfer electrons between complexes. Oxygen instead receives the electrons finally and combines with protons to form water."}]},{"id":"9eb7f8e7-cac8-4d5c-b77f-156adbeca3f7","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do the link reaction and Krebs cycle slow or stop without oxygen?","back":"Reduced NAD/FAD cannot be reoxidised efficiently.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reduced NAD/FAD cannot be reoxidised efficiently.","correct":true,"explanation":"Without oxygen as the final electron acceptor, the electron transport chain stops. Reduced NAD and FAD therefore cannot be reoxidised fast enough to supply the oxidised coenzymes needed."},{"text":"Oxidised NAD/FAD cannot be reduced efficiently.","correct":false,"explanation":"The problem is not an inability to reduce the coenzymes. Without oxygen, reduced NAD and FAD cannot be reoxidised, so oxidised coenzymes become unavailable for these pathways."},{"text":"Pyruvate and acetate cannot be oxidised efficiently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Although pyruvate processing eventually slows, the direct limitation is the shortage of oxidised NAD and FAD because their reduced forms cannot be reoxidised without electron transport."},{"text":"ADP and phosphate cannot be combined efficiently.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxidative ATP synthesis does stop, but the link reaction and Krebs cycle are limited specifically because reduced NAD and FAD cannot be reoxidised to accept more hydrogen."}]},{"id":"12608410-d016-4d50-a73e-7e2025316138","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is pyruvate converted to lactate in anaerobic muscle respiration?","back":"Regenerates oxidised NAD, so glycolysis can keep making net 2 ATP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Regenerates oxidised NAD, so glycolysis can keep making net 2 ATP.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pyruvate accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD when lactate forms. This regenerates oxidised NAD for glycolysis, allowing its oxidation step and net production of two ATP to continue."},{"text":"Regenerates reduced NAD, so glycolysis can keep making net 2 ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the coenzyme change. Lactate formation oxidises reduced NAD to regenerate oxidised NAD, which glycolysis needs to accept hydrogen and continue producing ATP."},{"text":"Produces additional ATP, so glycolysis yields more than net 2 ATP.","correct":false,"explanation":"The conversion of pyruvate to lactate produces no additional ATP. Its purpose is to regenerate oxidised NAD, enabling glycolysis to continue yielding net two ATP per glucose."},{"text":"Provides oxygen, so pyruvate can enter the link reaction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lactate formation neither produces oxygen nor directs pyruvate into the link reaction. It regenerates oxidised NAD so anaerobic glycolysis can continue when oxygen delivery is insufficient."}]},{"id":"c68081b6-a494-494a-8670-e82ece0d6750","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why can muscles rely more on anaerobic respiration during intense exercise?","back":"ATP demand rises faster than oxygen delivery.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP demand rises faster than oxygen delivery.","correct":true,"explanation":"During intense exercise, ATP is required faster than the cardiovascular and respiratory systems can supply oxygen. Anaerobic glycolysis provides ATP rapidly despite its low yield."},{"text":"Oxygen delivery rises faster than ATP demand.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the relationship. Anaerobic respiration becomes more important when ATP demand rises faster than oxygen can be delivered for aerobic respiration."},{"text":"Lactate removal rises faster than oxygen delivery.","correct":false,"explanation":"Lactate removal does not create the immediate need for anaerobic respiration. The key imbalance is that rapidly increasing ATP demand exceeds the rate of oxygen delivery."},{"text":"Glucose storage rises faster than ATP demand.","correct":false,"explanation":"Increasing glucose storage would not explain greater anaerobic respiration during exercise. Muscles rely on it because ATP demand outpaces the oxygen supply required for aerobic ATP production."}]},{"id":"09ce5cf7-6793-490c-b4ab-d495001b0db0","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What stores does EPOC help restore after exercise?","back":"ATP and phosphocreatine stores.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"ATP and phosphocreatine stores.","correct":true,"explanation":"Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption supports aerobic ATP production after activity. This ATP replenishes depleted ATP reserves and transfers phosphate back to creatine to restore phosphocreatine stores."},{"text":"Reduced NAD and FAD stores.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reduced coenzymes are temporary carriers rather than energy stores that EPOC replenishes. Post-exercise oxygen use helps restore ATP and phosphocreatine stores depleted during muscle contraction."},{"text":"Pyruvate and lactate stores.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pyruvate and lactate are metabolic intermediates, not stores that muscles aim to replenish. EPOC supplies energy needed to restore ATP and phosphocreatine reserves."},{"text":"Carbon dioxide and urea stores.","correct":false,"explanation":"Carbon dioxide and urea are waste products that are removed rather than replenished. EPOC helps restore the muscle’s depleted ATP and phosphocreatine stores."}]},{"id":"5209c3cb-d293-4c83-adf6-8f0bd054f498","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does a respirometer use soda lime or another carbon dioxide absorbent?","back":"So gas volume fall mainly shows oxygen uptake.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"So gas volume fall mainly shows oxygen uptake.","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiring organisms consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Absorbing the carbon dioxide means the measured decrease in gas volume is mainly due to oxygen being taken up."},{"text":"So gas volume fall mainly shows carbon dioxide production.","correct":false,"explanation":"The absorbent removes the carbon dioxide produced, so its accumulation is not measured. The resulting fall in gas volume mainly represents oxygen uptake by the organisms."},{"text":"So gas volume fall mainly shows nitrogen uptake.","correct":false,"explanation":"Nitrogen is generally neither consumed nor produced during respiration. Once carbon dioxide is absorbed, the decrease in gas volume mainly reflects oxygen uptake."},{"text":"So gas volume fall mainly shows water vapour loss.","correct":false,"explanation":"Changes in water vapour are controlled separately and do not represent respiratory gas consumption. Removing carbon dioxide makes the volume decrease mainly indicate oxygen uptake."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Aerobic and anaerobic respiration","title":"Aerobic and anaerobic respiration Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/edexcel/a/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"473073a4-bb16-5a36-8037-735486a91985","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]