Define the term proteome.

To produce transgenic bacteria that synthesize human insulin, the insulin gene must be integrated into a bacterial plasmid. Describe the specific roles of restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase in preparing and creating this recombinant plasmid.

Flavr Savr tomatoes were genetically engineered to have a longer shelf-life by introducing a gene that transcribes antisense RNA. This single-stranded antisense RNA is complementary to the mRNA of the gene encoding polygalacturonase (an enzyme that degrades pectin, causing softening). Suggest how this antisense RNA prevents the translation of the polygalacturonase enzyme.